Multifocal Choroiditis with Retinal Vasculitis, Optic Neuropathy, and Keratoconus in a Young Saudi Male

Maculopathies Referred to Neuro-Ophthalmology Clinic as Optic Neuropathies: A Case Series

BACKGROUND

The clinical features of maculopathies and optic neuropathies often overlap: Both present with decreased visual acuity and variable loss of color vision; thus, maculopathy can be misdiagnosed as optic neuropathy, leading to patient harm. We aimed to determine what findings and/or tests were most helpful in differentiating between optic neuropathy and maculopathy.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of consecutive patients over 4.5 years who were referred to neuro-ophthalmology clinics with the diagnosis of optic neuropathy but whose final diagnosis was maculopathy. Patient demographics, mode of presentation, clinical profile, complete ophthalmological examination, results of all ancillary testing, and final diagnosis were recorded.

RESULTS

A total of 47 patients (27 women) were included. The median age was 55 years (range, 18-85). Most referrals were by ophthalmologists (72.3%) and optometrists (12.8%). The diagnosis of maculopathy was made in 51.1% of patients at the time of first neuro-ophthalmic consultation. Only 6.4% patients (3) had relative afferent pupillary defect. Benign disc anomalies (tilted, myopic, small, or anomalous discs) were present in 34.0%, and 21.3% had pathologic disc changes unrelated or secondary to maculopathy. Macular ocular coherence tomography (OCT) was abnormal in 84.4% (with outer retinal pathology in 42.2% and inner retina pathology in 17.8%). Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was normal in 82.6% of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Macular OCT is a high-yield test in differentiating between optic neuropathy and maculopathy and should be obtained in patients with suspected optic neuropathies who have normal RNFL thickness. Macular dystrophies, particularly cone dystrophies, unspecified retinal disorders, and macular degeneration were the most common mimics of optic neuropathy. The diagnosis was often present on OCT of the macula. The presence of coexistent benign and pathological disc anomalies may lead to maculopathy being misdiagnosed as optic neuropathy.

Anterior segment parameters in Behçet's patients with ocular involvement

PURPOSE

To evaluate anterior segment findings in Behçet's disease patients within the ocular involvement inactive period.

METHODS

One hundred twenty patients with Behçet uveitis in the inactive period (Behçet's disease group) and 121-age and sex matched healthy subjects (control group) were examined. Anterior segment parameters were assessed by Scheimpflug camera.

RESULTS

In Behçet's disease group, the mean age was 39.89 ± 10.16 years, and 55.8% of patients were male; in the control group, the mean age was 38.69 ± 14.08 years, and 56.2% of control subjects were male. Pachymetric measurements of corneal apex (523.84 ± 30.36 µ vs 540.73 ± 27.85 µ, p < 0.001) thinnest point (518.70 ± 30.75 µ vs 537 ± 28.66 µ, p < 0.001), mean corneal volume (57.90 ± 3.39 mm³ vs 59.57 ± 3.37 mm³, p < 0.001) were significantly lower and anterior elevation [5.0 (1.0-34.0) vs 2.0 (1.0-7.0) diopter(D), p < 0.001], posterior elevation [11.0 (1.0-66.0) vs 4.0 (0-22.0) D, p < 0.001)] and corneal astigmatism [1.1 (0-7.1) vs 0.7 (0.1-5.7) D, p = 0.005] were significantly higher in the Behçet's disease group than in control group. No significant difference was found in other anterior segment parameters between the Behçet's disease group and control group. Concurrent keratoconus was detected in two cases (1.7%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the corneal measurements and frequency of uveitis attacks.

CONCLUSION

The chronic inflammatory process associated with various proinflammatory cytokines, which play a role in the pathogenesis of keratoconus, may also contribute to a decrease in corneal thickness and corneal volume in Behçet's patients with ocular involvement.