Prediction of chronic kidney disease progression used by calcineurin inhibitor concentration and estimated glomerular filtration rate early after liver transplantation

Impact of Sirolimus versus Mycophenolate Mofetil on Kidney Function after Calcineurin Inhibitor Dose Reduction in Liver Transplant Recipients

Impaired kidney function is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Although immunosuppressants are essential in these patients, they impair kidney function. This study aimed to compare adverse kidney outcomes between patients treated with a reduced dose of tacrolimus (calcineurin inhibitor) plus sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the liver transplant center at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between April 2011 and December 2017. Propensity score matching was used to identify 232 patients. The risk of adverse kidney outcomes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, and changes in kidney function over time were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Acute kidney disease risks in this study cohort were not significantly different for the two immunosuppressants (aHR 1.04; 95% CI: 0.70-1.55, p = 0.8328). However, sirolimus use was significantly associated with a higher risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate decline > 30% than MMF (aHR, 2.09; 95% CI: 1.33-3.28; p = 0.0014). Our results demonstrate that sirolimus use may have worsened long-term kidney outcomes compared to MMF. Close monitoring of kidney function, dose adjustment, and timely transition to MMF is necessary for LT patients receiving sirolimus.

Current aspects of renal dysfunction after liver transplantation

The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after liver transplantation (LT) exerts a severe effect on the survival of patients. The widespread adoption of the model for end-stage liver disease score strongly impacted CKD incidence after the procedure, as several patients are transplanted with previously deteriorated renal function. Due to its multifactorial nature, encompassing pre-transplantation conditions, perioperative events, and nephrotoxic immunosuppressor therapies, the accurate identification of patients under risk of renal disease, and the implementation of preventive approaches, are extremely important. Methods for the evaluation of renal function in this setting range from formulas that estimate the glomerular filtration rate, to non-invasive markers, although no option has yet proved efficient in early detection of kidney injury. Considering the nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) as a factor of utmost importance after LT, early nephroprotective strategies are highly recommended. They are based mainly on delaying the application of CNI during the immediate postoperative-period, reducing their dosage, and associating them with other less nephrotoxic drugs, such as mycophenolate mofetil and everolimus. This review provides a critical assessment of the causes of renal dysfunction after LT, the methods of its evaluation, and the interventions aimed at preserving renal function early and belatedly after LT.

Risk Factors and Prognosis of New-Onset Chronic Kidney Disease Following Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND We have undertaken this investigation to explore the perioperative risk factors of new-onset chronic kidney disease (NOCKD) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and to provide an early prediction model for the screening of NOCKD high-risk populations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective case-control study was performed in adult recipients who received OLT in our center between January 2018 and January 2020. Perioperative data were collected using the center's electronic medical record system. Logistics regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for NOCKD within 1 year following OLT. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to evaluate the 1-year survival of recipients with NOCKD or without NOCKD. RESULTS A total of 174 patients were included in this study, and 29 patients developed NOCKD after OLT. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that preoperative diabetes, high model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI), and postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT) were independent risk factors for NOCKD 1 year after OLT. The 1-year survival rate of NOCKD recipients waas significantly lower than that of patients who did not receive NOCKD. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes mellitus, MELD score, postoperative AKI, and requirement for postoperative RRT are independent risk factors for NOCKD after OLT, which may have great potential for personalized decision making and predicting the 1-year postoperative mortality of the recipient.