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Huang X, Wu Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Wu W, Lyu L, Li W. Overexpression of RuFLS2 Enhances Flavonol-Related Substance Contents and Gene Expression Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214230. [PMID: 36430708 PMCID: PMC9699159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As an emerging third-generation fruit, blackberry has high nutritional value and is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism is a popular research topic, but no related details have been reported for blackberry. Based on previous transcriptome data from this research group, two blackberry flavonol synthase genes were identified in this study, and the encoded proteins were subjected to bioinformatics analysis. RuFLS1 and RuFLS2 are both hydrophobic acidic proteins belonging to the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily. RuFLS2 was expressed at 27.93-fold higher levels than RuFLS1 in red-purple fruit by RNA-seq analysis. Therefore, RuFLS2-overexpressing tobacco was selected for functional exploration. The identification of metabolites from transgenic tobacco showed significantly increased contents of flavonoids, such as apigenin 7-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, astragalin, and quercitrin. The high expression of RuFLS2 also upregulated the expression levels of NtF3H and NtFLS in transgenic tobacco. The results indicate that RuFLS2 is an important functional gene regulating flavonoid biosynthesis and provides an important reference for revealing the molecular mechanism of flavonoid accumulation in blackberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8434-7022 (Y.W.); +86-25-8542-8513 (W.L.)
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8434-7022 (Y.W.); +86-25-8542-8513 (W.L.)
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Huang X, Wu Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Wu W, Lyu L, Li W. Variation in Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Rubus Fruits at Different Developmental Stages. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081169. [PMID: 35454756 PMCID: PMC9026527 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blackberry and raspberry have high nutritional, health value, and are popular with consumers for their unique flavors. To explore the relationships between nutrient accumulation, antioxidant substance contents in blackberry and raspberry fruits, and fruit growth and development, seven Rubus cultivars were selected, and contents of the main active substance were determined. "Clode Summit" had the highest soluble sugar and fructose contents, "Chester"-the highest total phenol content, and "Bristol'-the highest anthocyanin content. Generally, the contents of flavonoids and total phenols showed a downward trend with the development of fruit in seven Rubus cultivars, and the content of anthocyanins increased rapidly in the later stage of development. Pearson correlation analysis showed extremely significant correlation between antioxidant activity and the contents of vitamin E, total phenols, and flavonoids. Flavonoids were extremely significantly positively correlated with the content of total phenols, and the contents of flavonoids and anthocyanins in various cultivars were highly negatively correlated. Considering the different nutritional ingredients and active antioxidant substance contents, "Clode Summit", "Bristol", and "Chester" are recommended for raw consumption, processing, and medicinal purposes, respectively. These results provide a reference for comparing the main active substance contents in different Rubus cultivars and their changes across fruit development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.H.); (S.Z.); (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.H.); (S.Z.); (W.W.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8434-7022 (Y.W.); +86-25-8542-8531 (W.L.)
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.H.); (S.Z.); (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Hao Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.H.); (S.Z.); (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Jiangsu Provincial Platform for Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Germplasm, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China; (X.H.); (S.Z.); (W.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-25-8434-7022 (Y.W.); +86-25-8542-8531 (W.L.)
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