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Spiroiu F, Minuzzi L, Duarte D, McCabe R, Soreni N. Neurocognitive Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38913323 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2371303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used with increasing frequency as a therapeutic tool to alleviate clinical symptoms of obsessive compulsive-disorder (OCD). However, little is known about the effects of tDCS on neurocognitive functioning among OCD patients. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature examining the effects of tDCS on specific neurocognitive functions in OCD. A literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Web of Science. The search yielded 4 results: one randomized, sham-controlled study (20 patients), one randomized, controlled, partial crossover trial (12 patients), one open-label study (5 patients), and one randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled, parallel-group trial (37 patients). A total of 51 patients received active tDCS with some diversity in electrode montages targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the pre-supplementary motor area, or the orbitofrontal cortex. tDCS was associated with improved decision-making in study 1, enhanced attentional monitoring and response inhibition in study 2, improved executive and inhibitory control in study 3, and reduced attentional bias and improved response inhibition and working memory in study 4. Limitations of this review include its small sample, the absence of a sham group in half of the studies, and the heterogeneity in tDCS parameters. These preliminary results highlight the need for future testing in randomized, sham-controlled trials to examine whether and how tDCS induces relevant cognitive benefits in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- FlaviaI Spiroiu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Dante Duarte
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - RandiE McCabe
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
| | - Noam Soreni
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West | Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
- Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th St. | Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7
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Kushwaha A, Basera DS, Kumari S, Sutar RF, Singh V, Das S, Agrawal A. Assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2024; 15:182-193. [PMID: 38746499 PMCID: PMC11090569 DOI: 10.25259/jnrp_456_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Memory deficits are observed across psychiatric disorders ranging from the prodrome of psychosis to common mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, and dissociative disorders. Memory deficits among patients recovering from psychiatric disorders could be directly related to the primary illness or secondary to the adverse effect of a treatment such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT). The trouble in the meaningful integration of working-memory and episodic memory is the most commonly affected domain that requires routine assessments. An update on the recent trends of methods of assessment of memory deficits is the first step towards understanding and correcting these deficits to target optimum recovery. A systematic literature search was conducted from October 2018 to October 2022 to review the recent methods of assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders. The definition of 'Memory deficit' was operationalized as 'selective processes of memory, commonly required for activities of daily living, and affected among psychiatric disorders resulting in subjective distress and dysfunction'. We included 110 studies, most of them being conducted in western countries on patients with schizophrenia. Other disorders included dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery, California Verbal Learning Test, Trail Making Test Part A and B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale, Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale-IV were the most common neuropsychological assessments used. Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment were the most common bedside assessment tools used while Squire Subjective Memory Questionnaire was commonly used to measure ECT-related memory deficits. The review highlights the recent developments in the field of assessment of memory deficits in psychiatric disorders. Findings recommend and emphasize routine assessment of memory deficits among psychiatric disorders in developing countries especially severe mental illnesses. It remains interesting to see the role of standardized assessments in diagnostic systems given more than a decade of research on memory deficits in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Kushwaha
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Singh Basera
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sangita Kumari
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Roshan Fakirchand Sutar
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijender Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saikat Das
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Bhattacharya M, Kashyap H, Reddy YJ. Cognitive Training in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review. Indian J Psychol Med 2024; 46:110-118. [PMID: 38725718 PMCID: PMC11076946 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231207781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive training (CT) for illness-linked neuropsychological deficits has been attempted in psychiatric disorders and, more recently, in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, studies are few and far between, with a limited understanding of factors contributing to efficacy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive critical review of studies employing CT in OCD. Methods This systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Empirical studies that used any form of CT/remediation in individuals with OCD were included. Results Eight articles met the criteria for inclusion, of which five were randomized controlled trials, two were case series, and one was an open-label trial. The studies have predominantly demonstrated improved trained cognitive functions, with only two showing generalization to untrained domains like clinical symptoms and socio-occupational functioning. Conclusion There are few controlled trials of CT in OCD, which limits conclusions of efficacy. Given the sparse research in the area, the review summarizes the current status of research and examines important methodological considerations that may inform future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahashweta Bhattacharya
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain Disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Government of India
| | - Himani Kashyap
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Y.C. Janardhan Reddy
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
- Accelerator Program for Discovery in Brain Disorders using Stem cells (ADBS), Government of India
- Dept. of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Proshina E, Martynova O, Portnova G, Khayrullina G, Sysoeva O. Long-range temporal correlations in resting state alpha oscillations in major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1339590. [PMID: 38450096 PMCID: PMC10914983 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1339590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental disorders are a significant concern in contemporary society, with a pressing need to identify biological markers. Long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) of brain rhythms have been widespread in clinical cohort studies, especially in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, research on LRTC in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is severely limited. Given the high co-occurrence of OCD and MDD, we conducted a comparative LRTC investigation. We assumed that the LRTC patterns will allow us to compare measures of brain cortical balance of excitation and inhibition in OCD and MDD, which will be useful in the area of differential diagnosis. Methods In this study, we used the 64-channel resting state EEG of 29 MDD participants, 26 OCD participants, and a control group of 37 volunteers. Detrended fluctuation analyzes was used to assess LRTC. Results Our results indicate that all scaling exponents of the three subject groups exhibited persistent LRTC of EEG oscillations. There was a tendency for LRTC to be higher in disorders than in controls, but statistically significant differences were found between the OCD and control groups in the entire frontal and left parietal occipital areas, and between the MDD and OCD groups in the middle and right frontal areas. Discussion We believe that these results indicate abnormalities in the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems, predominantly affecting areas related to executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshina
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Martynova
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Portnova
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Sysoeva
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius Center for Cognitive Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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Fornaro S, Vallesi A. Functional connectivity abnormalities of brain networks in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a systematic review. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by cognitive abnormalities encompassing several executive processes. Neuroimaging studies highlight functional abnormalities of executive fronto-parietal network (FPN) and default-mode network (DMN) in OCD patients, as well as of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) more specifically. We aim at assessing the presence of functional connectivity (FC) abnormalities of intrinsic brain networks and PFC in OCD, possibly underlying specific computational impairments and clinical manifestations. A systematic review of resting-state fMRI studies investigating FC was conducted in unmedicated OCD patients by querying three scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo) up to July 2022 (search terms: “obsessive–compulsive disorder” AND “resting state” AND “fMRI” AND “function* *connect*” AND “task-positive” OR “executive” OR “central executive” OR “executive control” OR “executive-control” OR “cognitive control” OR “attenti*” OR “dorsal attention” OR “ventral attention” OR “frontoparietal” OR “fronto-parietal” OR “default mode” AND “network*” OR “system*”). Collectively, 20 studies were included. A predominantly reduced FC of DMN – often related to increased symptom severity – emerged. Additionally, intra-network FC of FPN was predominantly increased and often positively related to clinical scores. Concerning PFC, a predominant hyper-connectivity of right-sided prefrontal links emerged. Finally, FC of lateral prefrontal areas correlated with specific symptom dimensions. Several sources of heterogeneity in methodology might have affected results in unpredictable ways and were discussed. Such findings might represent endophenotypes of OCD manifestations, possibly reflecting computational impairments and difficulties in engaging in self-referential processes or in disengaging from cognitive control and monitoring processes.
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Piras F, Banaj N, Ciullo V, Piras F, Ducci G, Demaria F, Vicari S, Spalletta G. Dysfunctional Beliefs and Cognitive Performance across Symptom Dimensions in Childhood and Adolescent OCD. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010219. [PMID: 36615019 PMCID: PMC9821226 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although etiological and maintenance cognitive factors have proved effective in predicting the disease course in youths with OCD, their contribution to symptom severity and specific OCD dimensions has been scarcely examined. In a cohort of children and adolescents with OCD (N = 41; mean age = 14; age range = 10-18 yrs.), we investigated whether certain dysfunctional beliefs and cognitive traits could predict symptom severity, and whether they were differentially associated with specific symptom dimensions. We found that self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism and intolerance to uncertainty were associated with higher obsession severity, which was not uniquely related to any neuropsychological variable. Greater severity of obsessions and compulsions about harm due to aggression/injury/violence/natural disasters was predicted by excessive concerns with the expectations of other people. Severity in this dimension was additionally predicted by decreasing accuracy in performing a problem-solving, non-verbal reasoning task, which was also a significant predictor of severity of obsessions about symmetry and compulsions to count or order/arrange. Apart from corroborating both the belief-based and neuropsychological models of OCD, our findings substantiate for the first time the specificity of certain dysfunctional beliefs and cognitive traits in two definite symptom dimensions in youth. This bears important clinical implications for developing treatment strategies to deal with unique dysfunctional core beliefs, and possibly for preventing illness chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Piras
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciullo
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ducci
- Mental Health Department, ASL Roma 1, Piazza Santa Maria della Pietà 5–Pad. 26, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Demaria
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1977 Butler Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5150-1575
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Brar J, Sidana A, Chauhan N, Bajaj MK. A randomized, open-label pilot trial of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on neuropsychological functions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:439-444. [PMID: 35598501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is enough empirical literature suggesting impairments in neuropsychological functioning in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) despite inconsistencies. AIM The aim of the index study was to study the effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) on neuropsychological functions and illness severity in drug-naïve subjects with OCD. METHODS A total of 50 subjects with diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM-5) in the age range of 18-55 years, drug naïve, without comorbid depression/anxiety disorders were randomized to receive either Sertraline or Fluvoxamine. Neuropsychological functions and severity of illness were evaluated using NIMHANS neuropsychological battery and Y-BOCS at baseline and 12 weeks posttreatment with SSRIs. RESULTS At baseline, study subjects had moderate severity of OCD and neuropsychological functions were impaired in a substantial number of subjects. More than half of the subjects were having impairment in verbal fluency and category fluency i.e., executive function impairment; the scores for DSST, DVT (assessing mental speed and sustained attention), Verbal N Back 1 error (assessing verbal working memory) WCST total trials (assessing set shifting) were found to be significantly correlated with Y-BOCS score i.e. severity of illness. Significant improvement was observed in both the illness severity and neuropsychological functions at end point. The proportion of adequate performers on various neuropsychological tests increased significantly at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION A substantial number of patients with OCD have neuropsychological impairments, however, the pattern of impairments does not follow any sequence. Adequate management of OCD with SSRIs leads to improvement in both illness severity and neuropsychological functions in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Brar
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ajeet Sidana
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Govt. Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh, India.
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Zafarmand M, Farahmand Z, Otared N. A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis on Effectiveness of Neurofeedback for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Neurocase 2022; 28:29-36. [PMID: 35253624 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.2019790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the evidences related to the effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for people with OCD. A literature review and meta-analysis of current controlled trials for patients with OCD symptoms was conducted across different databases. So, the primary outcome measure was OCD symptoms in subjects based on DSM IV. Y-BOCS was considered as primary outcomes. Nine met inclusion criteria (including 1211 patients). Analysis showed there was an important benefit of neurofeedback treatment in comparison to other treatments (MD = -6.815; 95% CI = [-9.033, -4.598]; P < 0.001). The results provide preliminary evidence that NFB is efficacious method for OCD and suggest that more clinical trials are needed to compare common treatment such as medication, neurological, and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Farahmand
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Otared
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Meraj MB, Singh S, Kar SK, Sharma E, Sarraf SR. Metacognitions in Symptomatic and Remitted Patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Preliminary Evidence for Metacognitive State and Trait Markers. Indian J Psychol Med 2022; 44:22-29. [PMID: 35509663 PMCID: PMC9022912 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620975295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenomenon of metacognition is instrumental in the conceptualization and management of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Studies on the comparison between metacognitions in OCD patients and healthy controls or those with other clinical conditions have been conducted. We aimed to compare metacognitions among currently symptomatic OCD (S-OCD) patients, currently remitted OCD patients (R-OCD), and healthy controls (HC). METHOD This cross-sectional research was conducted in the Department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital in North India. Purposive sampling method was used to recruit 40 OCD patients, including an equal number of R-OCD and S-OCD patients, and 20 HC matched for age and education. Meta-Cognition Questionnaire and Thought Control Questionnaire were used to assess metacognitive functions. RESULTS The findings showed a gradient of highest maladaptive metacognitions in the S-OCD group and lowest in HC. In the OCD subgroups, specific metacognitive beliefs (negative beliefs F = 65.52; need to control thoughts F = 61.03) and strategies (worry F = 83.55; low distraction F = 105.61) remained significantly different (P ≤ 0.001) between S-OCD and R-OCD patients. Certain other metacognitions remained consistently more or less stable between S-OCD and R-OCD patients, that is, metacognitive beliefs (cognitive confidence F = 11.43; cognitive self-consciousness F = 37.12) and strategies (punishment F = 17.45; low social control F = 12.89). This finding is further corroborated by positive correlations of severity of OCD with need to control thoughts (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), negative beliefs (r = 0.63, P < 0.001), and worry (r = 0.76, P < 0.001), and negative correlations with distraction (r = - 0.79, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study provides preliminary evidence for specific metacognitions distinguished as potential state and trait markers for OCD, which needs to be established on a larger sample using a longitudinal study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shweta Singh
- Dept. of Psychiatry, George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujit K Kar
- Dept. of Psychiatry, George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Eesha Sharma
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Seema Rani Sarraf
- Dept. of Pediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wang P, Yan Z, Chen T, Cao W, Yang X, Meng F, Liu Y, Li Z. Visuospatial working memory capacity moderates the relationship between anxiety and OCD related checking behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1039849. [PMID: 36699497 PMCID: PMC9868399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1039849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compulsive checking behavior is the most prevalent compulsive behavior in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). While some studies have shown that anxiety and executive function influence compulsive checking behavior, the relationship between these constructs is inconclusive. Hence, we sought to explore the interplay between executive function, anxiety and compulsive checking behavior. MATERIALS AND METHODS 47 healthy participants (HC) and 51 patients with OCD participated in the study. Symptoms and emotional states were assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Participants also completed three tests of neuropsychological functioning: the Stop Signal Task, the Spatial working memory Task, and the Wisconsin card sorting test. We analyzed the relationships between anxiety, executive function, and compulsive checking symptoms. RESULTS Patients with OCD showed significantly greater anxiety (p < 0.001) and impairments in visuospatial working memory function (p = 0.030) compared to HC participants, while inhibition and set-shifting were not significantly different between the two groups. Visuospatial working memory was negatively related to compulsive checking behavior (p = 0.016). Visuospatial working memory also played a moderating role in the positive relationship between anxiety and compulsive checking behavior (β = -0.281, p = 0.022). CONCLUSION Anxiety symptoms play an important role in explaining compulsive checking behavior in patients with OCD who have relatively weak visuospatial working memory ability. These findings provide a foundation for further research regarding the roles of emotion and cognitive inflexibility in compulsive checking behavior in patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenwen Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanqiang Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjiang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Giuliani M, Martoni RM, Crespi SA, O'Neill J, Erzegovesi S, de'Sperati C, Grgic RG. Did i do that? Cognitive flexibility and self-agency in patients with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114170. [PMID: 34392163 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-agency can be understood as the ability to infer causal relationships between actions and sensory events. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) patients with checking compulsions often report lack of "action-completion" sensations, possibly due to an altered sense of agency in these patients. The present study aimed to investigate whether self-agency was related to cognitive flexibility in OCD checkers. In 18 adult OCD checkers and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, cognitive flexibility was assessed with the Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task (IED). Self-agency attribution was evaluated in two tasks that targeted the novel construct of "gaze-agency", the capability of an observer to identify his or her own eye movements as the cause of a concurrent event (here, an auditory beep). This technique allows sensitive measurement of agency under subtly varying investigator-controlled conditions. OCD checkers manifested significantly inferior performance correctly ascribing the beeps to their own ocular saccades than controls, even when after a hint was provided. Although cognitive inflexibility (errors on the IED) did not differ significantly between the two groups, within the OCD sample there were positive correlations between errors in self-agency attribution and total and extra-dimensional shift errors. These findings show that cognitive inflexibility is related to self-agency in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Giuliani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffele-Ville Turro, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Sofia Allegra Crespi
- Laboratory of Action, Perception and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Experimental Psychology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; CERMAC, Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neurosciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stefano Erzegovesi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffele-Ville Turro, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio de'Sperati
- Laboratory of Action, Perception and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Experimental Psychology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Regina Gregori Grgic
- Laboratory of Action, Perception and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Experimental Psychology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Muñoz-López L, López-Torrecillas F, Martín I, Sánchez-Barrera MB, López-Torrecillas MDC, Serrano F. Writing Abilities in Compulsive Prisoners. Front Psychol 2021; 12:701941. [PMID: 34408713 PMCID: PMC8365834 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has found links between academic failure and criminal offending and suggest that many incarcerated young people have experienced significant behavioral and learning problems in school, which could result in criminal outcomes and poor academic performance. The objective of this study was to analyse writing disorders in impulsive and compulsive prisoners. The sample was composed of 194 male prisoners, of which 81 had been diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder and 113 with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. Male participants were recruited at the Granada Prison Center. They completed the Demographic, Crime, and Institutional Behavior Interview; the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE); The Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) and Assessment Battery of Writing Processes (PROESC in its Spanish acronym). We found that prisoners with writing disorders generally have difficulties in the skills necessary to write properly due to impulsive and compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Muñoz-López
- Consejería de Igualdad, Política Sociales y Conciliación de la Junta de Andalucía, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Martín
- Departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisca Serrano
- Centro de Investigación Mente, Cerebro y Comportamiento, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Youssef AM, AbouHendy WI, Elshabrawy A, Amin SI. Executive function in obsessive compulsive disorder at Zagazig University Hospitals: a case-control study. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-020-00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Executive function (EF) domain deficits which most reported include in particular set shifting and inhibition, which are considered main deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). So, this research aimed to assess EF in patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD in comparison to a healthy control group; in order to understand the impaction of this disorder on the patient’s neuropsychological status.
Results
There was no significant difference between OCD patients and controls regarding demographic characteristics. Average duration of illness in OCD group was 3.97 ± 5.08 years. Forty patients (60.6%) had OCD medication prior to the study. Depression was the most prevalent comorbidity among OCD group (36.4%) then anxiety (12.1%) and social anxiety (3%). Regarding WCST indices, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between both groups in total number of correct answers, total number of errors, mean of errors, total number of perseverative errors, mean of perseverative errors, total number of non-perseverative errors, mean of non-perseverative errors, and conceptual level responses without significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the remaining indices. In ToL indices, there was highly significant difference (P < 0.001) between both groups regarding total time, but not regarding total moves (P ≥ 0.05). The defect in EF was positively correlated to the severity of symptoms of OCD. There was no significant difference between patients who had been receiving medical treatment and those who had not, also between patients who had comorbidities accompanying OCD and those who had not regarding EF as evident by both WCST measured parameters and TOL parameters.
Conclusions
OCD patients appear to have EF deficits in the fields of set-shifting, inhibitory control, working memory, and planning ability.
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Rapid improvement of obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with schizophrenia with cariprazine add-on in a subject under paliperidone long-acting injection: a case report. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:113-118. [PMID: 32004167 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often associated with schizophrenia and may represent a significant challenge in the treatment as this comorbidity may not respond properly to antipsychotic medication and usually require a pharmacological and psychotherapeutic add-on. In the present case report, we present the case of a 26-year-old male blue-collar subject who developed obsessive-compulsive disorder after a year of complete remission of schizophrenia symptoms under paliperidone long-acting injection that rapidly resolved after low-dosage cariprazine add-on. No adverse effects were reported due to cariprazine- paliperidone long-acting injection combination.
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Nazeer A, Latif F, Mondal A, Azeem MW, Greydanus DE. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:S76-S93. [PMID: 32206586 PMCID: PMC7082239 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2019.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be found in about 4% of the general population and is characterized by various compulsions and obsessions that interfere with the person's quality of life from a mild to severe degree. The following discussion reflects on current concepts in this condition, including its epidemiology and etiologic underpinnings (behavioral, neurological, immunological, gastroenterological, as well as genetic). The interplay of PANS and PANDAS are included in this review. In addition, the core concepts of OCD diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and co-morbidities are considered. It is stressed that the quality of life for persons with pediatric OCD as well as for family members can be quite limited and challenged. Thus, principles of management are presented as a guide to improve the quality of life for these persons as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan Nazeer
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Finza Latif
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Aisha Mondal
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Donald E Greydanus
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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