Dietary risk factors for urolithiasis in Korea: A case-control pilot study

Factors Associated With Urolithiasis: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

Urolithiasis is a common preventable ailment. Previous studies showed that there are a lot of factors, such as dietary, health and environmental factors, which are likely to develop this condition. Only a few research have been conducted on urolithiasis in the UAE. Therefore, our study aimed to identify the factors associated with urolithiasis in the country, identify the symptoms of urolithiasis among the cases and identify the most common diagnostic methods.

METHODOLOGY

It was a case-control study design. The study population was adults above 18 years attending a tertiary care centre. Those who have confirmed diagnosis of urolithiasis and gave informed consent were considered cases and those who have not confirmed diagnosis of urolithiasis as controls. Patients with renal, bladder or urinary tract impairment or anomaly were excluded from the study. Ethical approval was obtained for the study.

RESULTS

Crude odds ratio (OR) showed that age, gender, past treatment for urinary stones, and lifestyle factors such as diet and smoking are risk factors while exercising is a protective factor. Age-adjusted OR found that past treatment for the urinary disease (OR=10.4), consumption of oily food (OR=11.5), consumption of fast food (OR=11.0) and consumption of energy drinks (OR=5.9) were the significant risk factors for urolithiasis.

CONCLUSION

We found that past urinary disease treatment and diet are vital in developing urinary stones. Higher consumption of salty, oily, sugary and protein foods increases the odds of urinary diseases. Public awareness programs are essential to educating people about urolithiasis risk factors and preventive measures.

Association of meteorological factors and ambient air pollution on medical care utilization for urolithiasis: a population-based time-series study

BACKGROUND

To identify the association of meteorological factors/ambient air pollutants with medical care utilization for urolithiasis and estimate the effect size/time lags.

METHODS

This is a population-based time-series analysis of 300,000 urolithiasis cases from eight large metropolitan areas in Korea. Seventeen meteorological factors and ambient air pollutants were measured daily during 2002-2017 for each metropolis. Data on daily medical utilization owing to urolithiasis were collected. A generalized additive model was used while factoring in the nonlinear relationship between meteorological factors/ambient air pollutants and urolithiasis and a time lag of ≤10 days. A multivariate analysis was performed. Backward elimination with an Akaike information criterion was used for fitting the multivariate model.

RESULTS

Urolithiasis was significantly associated with average temperature, diurnal temperature range, sunshine duration, particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5 μm, and carbon monoxide (CO) levels. The incidence of ureteral stones was positively correlated with average temperature, PM ≤2.5 μm level, and CO level (time lags 0-9, 2-4, and 0-9 days, respectively). The incidence of renal stones was positively correlated with PM ≤2.5 μm and CO levels (time lags 2-4 and 0-9 days, respectively). PM ≤2.5 μm (0.05 and 0.07% per 10 μg/m³⁾ and CO (2.05 and 2.25% per 0.1 ppm) conferred the highest excess risk on ureteral and renal stones.

CONCLUSIONS

Urolithiasis is affected by various meteorological factors and ambient air pollutants, PM ≤2.5 μm, and CO levels may be novel potential risk factors for this condition.

Risk factors for urinary stone

Urolithiasis is one of the most common urologic diseases in Korea. The annual incidence of urolithiasis in Korea has increased over time. Understanding the epidemiology and risk factors for urolithiasis is essential for patient care and prevention. The purpose of this review was to summarize the recent literature regarding the risk factors for urolithiasis. The available Korean-population-based trials were enrolled in this study. The peak incidence age was the fifth to sixth decades in Korea. There has been a persistent male predominance in the prevalence and incidence of stone disease. The gender gap has continuously narrowed over the world. Climate and seasonal variations, such as temperature and humidity, have a profound effect on the development of urolithiasis. Various dietary factors, including calcium, sodium, animal protein, and oxalate, play an important role in the development of urolithiasis. Dehydration is a wellknown risk factor for stone disease. Many metabolic diseases can affect urolithiasis, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gout, and metabolic syndrome. The fast-moving super-aged society and global warming can increase stone disease burden in the near future. To prevent and reduce stone diseases, clinicians should understand the risk factors affecting stone formation.

Association of kidney stone disease with dietary factors: a review

Kidney stone disease is one of the most common urologic disorders worldwide. The incidence of kidney stones disease is increasing all over the world. It is a multifactorial disease accompanied by various factors. The dietary factor is one of the most important risk factors for the formation and recurrence of kidney stone disease. Formation and recurrence of kidney stone disease can be prevented by modifying our day to day dietary habits. Fewer intakes of animal protein, higher intake of fluid, higher intake of fruits, and higher intake of green leafy vegetables, which contain a low amount of oxalate, can prevent the formation of kidney stones and recurrence of kidney stones. From this review, it may be presumed that the higher prevalence rate of kidney stone disease in northeast India may be the dietary factors accompanied by environmental and climatic conditions of the region.

Study on the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Korea over the last 10 years: An analysis of National Health Insurance Data

Purpose

We aimed to analyze the incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis in Korea over the last decade using the National Health Insurance (NHI) sample cohort data.

Materials and Methods

From January 2002 to December 2013, we enrolled sample cohort data from the NHI. Patients diagnosed with international classification of diseases code N20 or N13.2 were included. The incidence and prevalence rate was counted from the same period and patients previously diagnosed with urolithiasis were excluded. We compared the incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis by region, age, and sex, and identified the changes.

Results

Total 1,111,828 subjects were included. Of these subjects, 36,857 had urolithiasis. The male-to-female ratio was 1.57:1, and total incidence rate was 3.27 per 1,000 person-years (1,000p-yrs). The annual incidence was lowest in 2013 (3,138 patients) and highest in 2005 (3,751 patients). Incidence rate by diagnostic code was highest in ureter stone only (2.49 per 1,000p-yrs) and was lowest in kidney and ureter stone both (0.17 per 1,000p-yrs). Prevalence gradually increased from 3,172 in 2002 and 5,758 in 2013. Jeollanam-do had the highest incidence rate of 3.70 persons per 1,000p-yrs, and Jeju had the lowest rate of 2.84 persons per 1,000p-yrs. In gender analysis, Daegu had the highest incidence (4.56) in males, Jeollanam-do had the highest incidence (3.20) in females.

Conclusions

Annual incidence remained stable, whereas prevalence gradually increased. The incidence in male was 1.57 times higher than female, and the peak incidence age was 45–49 years, with the highest incidence occurring in Jeollanam-do and the lowest in Jeju.