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Singh B, Srinivasan R, Bansal D, Rohilla M, Dey P, Saikia UN, Nada R. Childhood pilomatrixoma mimicking malignant small round blue cell tumor with positivity for CD99: Potential pitfall in cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2023; 51:E301-E307. [PMID: 37496195 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Pilomatrixoma is a relatively rare benign skin appendageal tumor, often presenting in the pediatric age group as a nodular lesion and most commonly involving the head and neck, making it amenable to primary fine needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis. We report the clinical and histopathological findings of two cases of pilomatrixoma in children, both of which were initially misdiagnosed as small round blue cell tumors due to high cellularity and misinterpretation of the proliferating basaloid cells. Histopathology revealed basal cell proliferation and mitoses indicating that they were progressive, early lesions. The first case showed membranous positivity for CD99 which prompted a diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma. Awareness of the morphological spectrum including positivity for CD99 and careful evaluation of cell block histology could have averted the misdiagnosis. Pilomatrixoma should be included as an important differential diagnosis when faced with primitive-appearing cells on FNA, especially in children with mass lesions in the head and neck region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijdeep Singh
- Department of Cytology & Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radhika Srinivasan
- Department of Cytology & Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics (Hematology-Oncology division), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Rohilla
- Department of Cytology & Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pranab Dey
- Department of Cytology & Gynecological Pathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Uma Nahar Saikia
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Wong YL, Okubo T, Uno E, Suda K, Ishii T. Role of CD99 in regulating homeostasis and differentiation in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 606:108-113. [PMID: 35339749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a glycoprotein primarily expressed in immune cells. Physiologically, it is involved in the adhesion, migration, and development of immune cells. The presence of CD99 in the skin was first reported in 2016 and its function is yet to be determined. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of CD99 in the skin using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). CD99 expression increased with the confluency of NHEK, while the CD99-high expressing NHEK lost their stem cell properties and played a role in barrier function. We characterized CD99-expressing NHEK as cells committed to early differentiation because they expressed early differentiation markers. However, the deficiency of CD99 in NHEK disrupted homeostasis and caused aberrant differentiation, as evidenced by larger cells with lesser Ki67 staining and higher expression of terminal differentiation markers. Hence, we propose that CD99 is involved in maintaining homeostasis and initiating early differentiation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li Wong
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
| | - Toru Okubo
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan.
| | - Eiko Uno
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
| | - Kazuma Suda
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Basic Research Development Division, Rohto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 6-5-4 Kunimidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0216, Japan
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Gulati N, Mishra H, Jain A, Juneja S, Shetty D. “Neuroectodermal influence of CD 99 immunoexpression correlates with the clinical behavior of odontogenic cysts and tumors”. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:423-429. [PMID: 35281139 PMCID: PMC8859606 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Takheaw N, Sittithumcharee G, Kariya R, Kasinrerk W, Okada S. Anti-human CD99 antibody exerts potent antitumor effects in mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1557-1567. [PMID: 33215253 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CD99 is a surface molecule expressed on various cell types including cancer cells. Expression of CD99 on multiple myeloma is associated with CCND1-IGH fusion/t(11;14). This translocation has been reported to be a genetic hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). MCL is characterized by overexpression of cyclin D1 and high tumor proliferation. In this study, high expression of CD99 on MCL cell lines was confirmed. Our generated anti-CD99 monoclonal antibody (mAb), termed MT99/3, exerted potent antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) activities against mantle B-cell lymphoma without direct cytotoxic effects. The anti-tumor activities of mAb MT99/3 were more effective in MCL than in other B-cell lymphomas. Moreover, in a mouse xenograft model using Z138 MCL cell line, treatment of mAb MT99/3 reduced tumor development and growth. Our study indicated that mAb MT99/3 is a promising immunotherapeutic candidate for mantle cell lymphoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuchjira Takheaw
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Gunya Sittithumcharee
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand. .,Biomedical Technology Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency at the Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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Abstract
The cell surface molecule CD99 has gained interest because of its involvement in regulating cell differentiation and adhesion/migration of immune and tumor cells. However, the molecule plays an intriguing and dual role in different cell types. In particular, it acts as a requirement for cell malignancy or as an oncosuppressor in tumors. In addition, the gene encodes for two different isoforms, which also act in opposition inside the same cell. This review highlights key studies focusing on the dual role of CD99 and its isoforms and discusses major critical issues, challenges, and strategies for overcoming those challenges. The review specifically underscores the properties that make the molecule an attractive therapeutic target and identifies new relationships and areas of study that may be exploited. The elucidation of the spatial and temporal control of the expression of CD99 in normal and tumor cells is required to obtain a full appreciation of this molecule and its signaling.
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Pasello M, Manara MC, Scotlandi K. CD99 at the crossroads of physiology and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:55-68. [PMID: 29305692 PMCID: PMC5842202 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD99 is a cell surface protein with unique features and only partly defined mechanisms of action. This molecule is involved in crucial biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, death, differentiation and diapedesis, and it influences processes associated with inflammation, immune responses and cancer. CD99 is frequently overexpressed in many types of tumors, particularly pediatric tumors including Ewing sarcoma and specific subtypes of leukemia. Engagement of CD99 induces the death of malignant cells through non-conventional mechanisms. In Ewing sarcoma, triggering of CD99 by specific monoclonal antibodies activates hyperstimulation of micropinocytosis and leads to cancer cells killing through a caspase-independent, non-apoptotic pathway resembling methuosis. This process is characterized by extreme accumulation of vacuoles in the cytoplasmic space, which compromises cell viability, requires the activation of RAS-Rac1 downstream signaling and appears to be rather specific for tumor cells. In addition, anti-CD99 monoclonal antibodies exhibit antitumor activities in xenografts in the absence of immune effector cells or complement proteins. Overall, these data establish CD99 as a new opportunity to treat patients with high expression of CD99, particularly those that are resistant to canonical apoptosis-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pasello
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Manara
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Lab, CRS Development of Biomolecular Therapies, Orthopaedic Rizzoli Institute, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
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