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Ciwinska M, Messal HA, Hristova HR, Lutz C, Bornes L, Chalkiadakis T, Harkes R, Langedijk NSM, Hutten SJ, Menezes RX, Jonkers J, Prekovic S, Simons BD, Scheele CLGJ, van Rheenen J. Mechanisms that clear mutations drive field cancerization in mammary tissue. Nature 2024; 633:198-206. [PMID: 39232148 PMCID: PMC11374684 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations are abundant in the tissues of healthy individuals, but rarely form tumours1-3. Yet, the underlying protection mechanisms are largely unknown. To resolve these mechanisms in mouse mammary tissue, we use lineage tracing to map the fate of wild-type and Brca1-/-;Trp53-/- cells, and find that both follow a similar pattern of loss and spread within ducts. Clonal analysis reveals that ducts consist of small repetitive units of self-renewing cells that give rise to short-lived descendants. This offers a first layer of protection as any descendants, including oncogenic mutant cells, are constantly lost, thereby limiting the spread of mutations to a single stem cell-descendant unit. Local tissue remodelling during consecutive oestrous cycles leads to the cooperative and stochastic loss and replacement of self-renewing cells. This process provides a second layer of protection, leading to the elimination of most mutant clones while enabling the minority that by chance survive to expand beyond the stem cell-descendant unit. This leads to fields of mutant cells spanning large parts of the epithelial network, predisposing it for transformation. Eventually, clone expansion becomes restrained by the geometry of the ducts, providing a third layer of protection. Together, these mechanisms act to eliminate most cells that acquire somatic mutations at the expense of driving the accelerated expansion of a minority of cells, which can colonize large areas, leading to field cancerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ciwinska
- VIB-KULeuven Centre for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik A Messal
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hristina R Hristova
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catrin Lutz
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Bornes
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rolf Harkes
- Bioimaging Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathalia S M Langedijk
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan J Hutten
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée X Menezes
- Biostatistics Centre and Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin D Simons
- Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Rodriguez-Tirado C, Sosa MS. How much do we know about the metastatic process? Clin Exp Metastasis 2024; 41:275-299. [PMID: 38520475 PMCID: PMC11374507 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-023-10248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells can leave their primary sites and travel through the circulation to distant sites, where they lodge as disseminated cancer cells (DCCs), even during the early and asymptomatic stages of tumor progression. In experimental models and clinical samples, DCCs can be detected in a non-proliferative state, defined as cellular dormancy. This state can persist for extended periods until DCCs reawaken, usually in response to niche-derived reactivation signals. Therefore, their clinical detection in sites like lymph nodes and bone marrow is linked to poor survival. Current cancer therapy designs are based on the biology of the primary tumor and do not target the biology of the dormant DCC population and thus fail to eradicate the initial or subsequent waves of metastasis. In this brief review, we discuss the current methods for detecting DCCs and highlight new strategies that aim to target DCCs that constitute minimal residual disease to reduce or prevent metastasis formation. Furthermore, we present current evidence on the relevance of DCCs derived from early stages of tumor progression in metastatic disease and describe the animal models available for their study. We also discuss our current understanding of the dissemination mechanisms utilized by genetically less- and more-advanced cancer cells, which include the functional analysis of intermediate or hybrid states of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, we raise some intriguing questions regarding the clinical impact of studying the crosstalk between evolutionary waves of DCCs and the initiation of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodriguez-Tirado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute/Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Maria Soledad Sosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Montefiore Einstein Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute/Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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3
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Skjerven HK, Myklebust EM, Korvald C, Porojnicu AC, Kaaresen R, Hofvind S, Schlicting E, Sahlberg KK. Oncological outcomes after simple and skin-sparing mastectomy of ductal carcinoma in situ: A register-based cohort study of 576 Norwegian women. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:575-582. [PMID: 36509629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2022.11.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS), recurrence is shown to be higher after skin-sparing (SSM) versus simple (SM) mastectomy. This study aimed to compare the two groups recurrence rates, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall (OS) survival. METHODS We conducted a retrospective register-based cohort study of women operated with SSM (n = 338) or SM (n = 238) for DCIS between 2007 and 2017. Data from the Norwegian Breast Cancer Registry was used to estimate recurrences rates, DFS and OS. RESULTS Mean age was 51 and 61 years in the SSM and SM groups, respectively. Median follow-up time was 77 months for SSM (range: 21-152 months) vs 84 months for SM (range: 7-171 months). After five years of follow-up, the overall recurrence rate (OR) was 2.1%; 3.9% for SSM and 0.9% for SM. After ten years, the rates were 3.0%, 6.2% for SSM and still 0.9% for SM. DFS was after ten years 92.2%; 91.8% for SSM, and 92.4% for SM. OS was 95.0%; 97.5% for SSM and 93.3% for SM at ten years. For SSM, involved margins represented a significant risk for recurrence. CONCLUSION The recurrence rate was higher in the SSM versus the SM group. Whether the difference is due to the operating procedures or underlying risk factors remains unknown. When stratifying for the difference in age, there was no statistical difference in DFS or OS. Involved margins in the SSM group were associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Kristine Skjerven
- Section for Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Even Moa Myklebust
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
| | - Christian Korvald
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rolf Kaaresen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Hofvind
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, The Artic University, UiT, Tromsø, Norway; Section for Breast Cancer Screening, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Schlicting
- Section for Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine Kleivi Sahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Research and Innovation, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Drammen, Norway
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4
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Łazarczyk A, Streb J, Hałubiec P, Streb-Smoleń A, Jach R, Hodorowicz-Zaniewska D, Łuczyńska E, Szpor J. Neoductgenesis in Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Coexists with Morphological Abnormalities Characteristic for More Aggressive Tumor Biology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040787. [PMID: 36832275 PMCID: PMC9954835 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive form of breast cancer that is generally indolent, however, could advance to invasive carcinoma in more than one-third of cases if left untreated. Thus, there is continuous research to find DCIS characteristics that would enable clinicians to decide if it could be left without intensive treatment. Neoductgenesis (i.e., formation of the new duct of improper morphology) is a promising, but still not sufficiently evaluated indicator of future tumor invasiveness. We gathered data from 96 cases of DCIS (histopathological, clinical, and radiological) to assess the relationship between the neoductgenesis and well-established features of high-risk tumor behavior. Furthermore, our intention was to determine which degree of neoductgenesis should be considered clinically significant. Our major finding was that neoductgenesis is strictly related to other characteristics that indicate the invasive potential of the tumor and, to achieve more accurate prediction, neoductgenesis should be accordingly recognized to less strict criteria. Therefore, we conclude that neoductgenesis is another important revelator of tumor malignancy and that it requires further investigation during prospective controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Łazarczyk
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Streb
- Department of Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 50 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Cracow, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Anna Streb-Smoleń
- Department of Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 11 Gancarska Street, 31-115 Cracow, Poland
| | - Robert Jach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Cracow, Poland
| | - Diana Hodorowicz-Zaniewska
- General, Oncological, and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 2 Jakubowskiego Street, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Łuczyńska
- Department of Electroradiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego Street, 31-126 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szpor
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland
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Ductal keratin 15 + luminal progenitors in normal breast exhibit a basal-like breast cancer transcriptomic signature. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:81. [PMID: 35821504 PMCID: PMC9276673 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal breast luminal epithelial progenitors have been implicated as cell of origin in basal-like breast cancer, but their anatomical localization remains understudied. Here, we combine collection under the microscope of organoids from reduction mammoplasties and single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of FACS-sorted luminal epithelial cells with multicolor imaging to profile ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) and compare them with breast cancer subtypes. Unsupervised clustering reveals eleven distinct clusters and a differentiation trajectory starting with keratin 15+ (K15+) progenitors enriched in ducts. Spatial mapping of luminal progenitors is confirmed at the protein level by staining with critical duct markers. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of normal luminal cells with those of breast cancer subtypes suggests a strong correlation between normal breast ductal progenitors and basal-like breast cancer. We propose that K15+ basal-like breast cancers originate in ductal progenitors, which emphasizes the importance of not only lineages but also cellular position within the ductal-lobular tree.
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Tabár L, Dean PB, Tucker FL, Yen AMF, Fann JCY, Lin ATY, Smith RA, Duffy SW, Chen THH. Breast cancers originating from the terminal ductal lobular units: In situ and invasive acinar adenocarcinoma of the breast, AAB. Eur J Radiol 2022; 152:110323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2022.110323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chang RWJ, Chuang SL, Hsu CY, Yen AMF, Wu WYY, Chen SLS, Fann JCY, Tabar L, Smith RA, Duffy SW, Chiu SYH, Chen HH. Precision Science on Incidence and Progression of Early-Detected Small Breast Invasive Cancers by Mammographic Features. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1855. [PMID: 32664200 PMCID: PMC7408735 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate how the inter-screening interval affected the performance of screening by mammographic appearances. This was a Swedish retrospective screening cohort study with information on screening history and mammography features in two periods (1977-1985 and 1996-2010). The pre-clinical incidence and the mean sojourn time (MST) for small breast cancer allowing for sensitivity by mammographic appearances were estimated. The percentage of interval cancer against background incidence (I/E ratio) was used to assess the performance of mammography screening by different inter-screening intervals. The sensitivity-adjusted MSTs (in years) were heterogeneous with mammographic features, being longer for powdery and crushed stone-like calcifications (4.26, (95% CI, 3.50-5.26)) and stellate masses (3.76, (95% CI, 3.15-4.53)) but shorter for circular masses (2.65, (95% CI, 2.06-3.55)) in 1996-2010. The similar trends, albeit longer MSTs, were also noted in 1977-1985. The I/E ratios for the stellate type were 23% and 32% for biennial and triennial screening, respectively. The corresponding figures were 32% and 43% for the circular type and 21% and 29% for powdery and crushed stone-like calcifications, respectively. Mammography-featured progressions of small invasive breast cancer provides a new insight into personalized quality assurance, surveillance, treatment and therapy of early-detected breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Wei-Jung Chang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan; (R.W.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Shu-Lin Chuang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City 100, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yang Hsu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan; (R.W.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Amy Ming-Fang Yen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; (A.M.-F.Y.); (S.L.-S.C.)
| | - Wendy Yi-Ying Wu
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Sam Li-Sheng Chen
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; (A.M.-F.Y.); (S.L.-S.C.)
| | - Jean Ching-Yuan Fann
- Department of Health Industry Management, College of Healthcare Management, Kainan University, Taoyuan City 338, Taiwan;
| | - Laszlo Tabar
- Department of Mammography, Falun Central Hospital, 791823 Falun, Sweden;
| | - Robert A. Smith
- Center for Cancer Screening, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Stephen W. Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Sherry Yueh-Hsia Chiu
- Department of Health Care Management, College of Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsi Chen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan; (R.W.-J.C.); (C.-Y.H.)
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Budkova Z, Sigurdardottir AK, Briem E, Bergthorsson JT, Sigurdsson S, Magnusson MK, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T, Hilmarsdottir B. Expression of ncRNAs on the DLK1-DIO3 Locus Is Associated With Basal and Mesenchymal Phenotype in Breast Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:461. [PMID: 32612992 PMCID: PMC7308478 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversed process mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) play a critical role in epithelial plasticity during development and cancer progression. Among important regulators of these cellular processes are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The imprinted DLK1-DIO3 locus, containing numerous maternally expressed ncRNAs including the lncRNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) and a cluster of over 50 miRNAs, has been shown to be a modulator of stemness in embryonic stem cells and in cancer progression, potentially through the tumor suppressor role of MEG3. In this study we analyzed the expression pattern and functional role of ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus in epithelial plasticity of the breast. We studied their expression in various cell types of breast tissue and revisit the role of the locus in EMT/MET using a breast epithelial progenitor cell line (D492) and its isogenic mesenchymal derivative (D492M). Marked upregulation of ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus was seen after EMT induction in two cell line models of EMT. In addition, the expression of MEG3 and the maternally expressed ncRNAs was higher in stromal cells compared to epithelial cell types in primary breast tissue. We also show that expression of MEG3 is concomitant with the expression of the ncRNAs from the DLK1-DIO3 locus and its expression is therefore likely indicative of activation of all ncRNAs at the locus. MEG3 expression is correlated with stromal markers in normal tissue and breast cancer tissue and negatively correlated with the survival of breast cancer patients in two different cohorts. Overexpression of MEG3 using CRISPR activation in a breast epithelial cell line induced partial EMT and enriched for a basal-like phenotype. Conversely, knock down of MEG3 using CRISPR inhibition in a mesenchymal cell line reduced the mesenchymal and basal-like phenotype of the cell line. In summary our study shows that maternally expressed ncRNAs are markers of EMT and suggests that MEG3 is a novel regulator of EMT/MET in breast tissue. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to fully dissect the molecular pathways influenced by non-coding RNAs at the DLK1-DIO3 locus in breast tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Budkova
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Anna Karen Sigurdardottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Eirikur Briem
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Snævar Sigurdsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Karl Magnusson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Bylgja Hilmarsdottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Pathology, Landspitali - University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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9
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A CD146 FACS Protocol Enriches for Luminal Keratin 14/19 Double Positive Human Breast Progenitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14843. [PMID: 31619692 PMCID: PMC6795797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer is believed to arise in luminal progenitors within the normal breast. A subset of these are double positive (DP) for basal and luminal keratins and localizes to a putative stem cell zone within ducts. We here present a new protocol based on a combination of CD146 with CD117 and CD326 which provides an up to thirty fold enrichment of the DP cells. We show by expression profiling, colony formation, and morphogenesis that CD146high/CD117high/CD326high DP cells belong to a luminal progenitor compartment. While these DP cells are located quite uniformly in ducts, with age a variant type of DP (vDP) cells, which is mainly CD146-negative, accumulates in lobules. Intriguingly, in specimens with BRCA1 mutations known to predispose for cancer, higher frequencies of lobular vDP cells are observed. We propose that vDP cells are strong candidates for tracing the cellular origin of breast cancer.
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10
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Kim J, Villadsen R. Expression of Luminal Progenitor Marker CD117 in the Human Breast Gland. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:879-888. [PMID: 30004288 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD117 is a putative marker of luminal progenitor cells in the human breast. However, so far mapping the expression pattern of CD117 within the normal gland has not been reported. Here, we examined the anatomical distribution of CD117-expressing cells in lobular and ductal structures by immunohistochemistry. The presence of CD117-positive luminal cells could be divided into three distinct patterns: (1) contiguous, with coherent positive cells and rare negative cells interspaced; (2) patched, with a roughly equal frequency of positive and negative cells distributed focally; or (3) scattered, with few or no positive cells in the structure. Generally, a patched or scattered expression pattern was more frequent in lobules compared with ducts. Furthermore, an age-correlated increase in heterogeneity was observed. When comparing women below and above 21 years of age this heterogeneity was evident for both lobules and ducts. Although CD117-expression was generally segregated from luminal-lineage transcription factor GATA3-positive cells, some did co-express both markers. Finally, co-staining with Ki-67 revealed that a prominent part of cycling cells belonged to the CD117-positive population. Together these data demonstrate the presence of a CD117-expressing progenitor compartment with the capacity to replenish the luminal lineage of the breast gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
We have devised a culture system with conditions that allow primary breast myoepithelial cells (MEPs) to be passaged in a manner that sustains either nonmyodifferentiated or myodifferentiated cell populations without permitting contaminating luminal cells to grow. We show that progenitor activity and potency of MEPs to generate luminal cells in culture and in vivo rely on maintenance of myodifferentiation. Specific isolation and propagation of topographically distinct MEPs reveal the existence of multipotent progenitors in terminal duct lobular units. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the emergence of candidate luminal precursor cells to human breast cancer. The human breast parenchyma consists of collecting ducts and terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). The TDLU is the site of origin of most breast cancers. The reason for such focal susceptibility to cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of a region-specific heterogeneity in luminal progenitors to interrogate the differentiation repertoire of candidate stem cells in TDLUs. We show that stem-like activity in serial passage culture and in vivo breast morphogenesis relies on the preservation of a myoepithelial phenotype. By enrichment for region-specific progenitors, we identify bipotent and multipotent progenitors in ducts and TDLUs, respectively. We propose that focal breast cancer susceptibility, at least in part, originates from region-specific myoepithelial progenitors.
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