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Shu L, Chen A, Li L, Yao L, He Y, Xu J, Gu W, Li Q, Wang K, Zhang T, Liu G. NRG1 regulates Fra-1 transcription and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells via the c-Myc ubiquitination as manipulated by ERK1/2-mediated Fbxw7 phosphorylation. Oncogene 2022; 41:907-919. [PMID: 34992218 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin 1 (NRG1), an EGF family member, is expressed in most breast cancers. It promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis in HER2 receptor expressing breast cancer. However, its role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we observed that NRG1 knockdown resulted in the suppression of TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231 cell and MDA-MB-468 cell) metastasis and downregulation of Fra-1 (FOS-like 1, AP-1 transcription factor subunit, which is an overexpressed transcription factor in TNBC and acts as a coordinator of metastasis). In addition, the transcriptional regulation of Fra-1 by NRG1 was mediated by ERK1/2-induced recruitment of c-Myc (MYC proto-oncogene, transcription factor) to the promoter of Fra-1. Furthermore, c-Myc was targeted by an E3 ligase Fbxw7 and its ubiquitination and degradation by Fbxw7 was regulated by NRG1 expression and ERK1/2-mediated Fbxw7 phosphorylation that results in the dissociation and nuclear import of c-Myc. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrated that NRG1 regulates the Fra-1 expression to coordinate the TNBC metastasis via the novel ERK1/2-Fbxw7-c-Myc pathway and targeting NRG1 expression could be a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Shu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ao Chen
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linrui Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Yao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiduo He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life Science and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Takabatake K, Kawai H, Omori H, Qiusheng S, Oo MW, Sukegawa S, Nakano K, Tsujigiwa H, Nagatsuka H. Impact of the Stroma on the Biological Characteristics of the Parenchyma in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207714. [PMID: 33081066 PMCID: PMC7590027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors consist of the tumor parenchyma and stroma. The standard concept of oncology is that the tumor parenchyma regulates the tumor stroma and promotes tumor progression, and that the tumor parenchyma represents the tumor itself and defines the biological characteristics of the tumor tissue. Thus, the tumor stroma plays a pivotal role in assisting tumor parenchymal growth and invasiveness and is regarded as a supporter of the tumor parenchyma. The tumor parenchyma and stroma interact with each other. However, the influence of the stroma on the parenchyma is not clear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of the stroma on the parenchyma in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We isolated tumor stroma from two types of OSCCs with different invasiveness (endophytic type OSCC (ED-st) and exophytic type OSCC (EX-st)) and examined the effect of the stroma on the parenchyma in terms of proliferation, invasion, and morphology by co-culturing and co-transplanting the OSCC cell line (HSC-2) with the two types of stroma. Both types of stroma were partially positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin. The tumor stroma increased the proliferation and invasion of tumor cells and altered the morphology of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. ED-st exerted a greater effect on the tumor parenchyma in proliferation and invasion than EX-st. Morphological analysis showed that ED-st changed the morphology of HSC-2 cells to the invasive type of OSCC, and EX-st altered the morphology of HSC-2 cells to verrucous OSCC. This study suggests that the tumor stroma influences the biological characteristics of the parenchyma and that the origin of the stroma is strongly associated with the biological characteristics of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.N.); Tel.: +81-086-235-6651 (H.K. & H.N.)
| | - Haruka Omori
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Shan Qiusheng
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - May Wathone Oo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Shintaro Sukegawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kagawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kagawa 7600065, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 7000005, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama 7008525, Japan; (K.T.); (H.O.); (S.Q.); (M.W.O.); (S.S.); (K.N.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (H.N.); Tel.: +81-086-235-6651 (H.K. & H.N.)
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3
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Liubomirski Y, Lerrer S, Meshel T, Rubinstein-Achiasaf L, Morein D, Wiemann S, Körner C, Ben-Baruch A. Tumor-Stroma-Inflammation Networks Promote Pro-metastatic Chemokines and Aggressiveness Characteristics in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:757. [PMID: 31031757 PMCID: PMC6473166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays key roles in promoting disease progression in the aggressive triple-negative subtype of breast cancer (TNBC; Basal/Basal-like). Here, we took an integrative approach and determined the impact of tumor-stroma-inflammation networks on pro-metastatic phenotypes in TNBC. With the TCGA dataset we found that the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), as well as their target pro-metastatic chemokines CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), and CCL5 (RANTES) were expressed at significantly higher levels in basal patients than luminal-A patients. Then, we found that TNFα- or IL-1β-stimulated co-cultures of TNBC cells (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, BT-549) with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CXCL8 compared to non-stimulated co-cultures or each cell type alone, with or without cytokine stimulation. CXCL8 was also up-regulated in TNBC co-cultures with breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) derived from patients. CCL2 and CCL5 also reached the highest expression levels in TNFα/IL-1β-stimulated TNBC:MSC/CAF co-cultures. The elevations in CXCL8 and CCL2 expression partly depended on direct physical contacts between the tumor cells and the MSCs/CAFs, whereas CCL5 up-regulation was entirely dependent on cell-to-cell contacts. Supernatants of TNFα-stimulated TNBC:MSC "Contact" co-cultures induced robust endothelial cell migration and sprouting. TNBC cells co-cultured with MSCs and TNFα gained migration-related morphology and potent migratory properties; they also became more invasive when co-cultured with MSCs/CAFs in the presence of TNFα. Using siRNA to CXCL8, we found that CXCL8 was significantly involved in mediating the pro-metastatic activities gained by TNFα-stimulated TNBC:MSC "Contact" co-cultures: angiogenesis, migration-related morphology of the tumor cells, as well as cancer cell migration and invasion. Importantly, TNFα stimulation of TNBC:MSC "Contact" co-cultures in vitro has increased the aggressiveness of the tumor cells in vivo, leading to higher incidence of mice with lung metastases than non-stimulated TNBC:MSC co-cultures. Similar tumor-stromal-inflammation networks established in-culture with luminal-A cells demonstrated less effective or differently-active pro-metastatic functions than those of TNBC cells. Overall, our studies identify novel tumor-stroma-inflammation networks that may promote TNBC aggressiveness by increasing the pro-malignancy potential of the TME and of the tumor cells themselves, and reveal key roles for CXCL8 in mediating these metastasis-promoting activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Liubomirski
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shalom Lerrer
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Linor Rubinstein-Achiasaf
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dina Morein
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cindy Körner
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Mori H, Cardiff RD, Borowsky AD. Aging Mouse Models Reveal Complex Tumor-Microenvironment Interactions in Cancer Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:35. [PMID: 29651417 PMCID: PMC5884881 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) are essential experimental tools for the understanding molecular mechanisms within complex biological systems. GEMM are especially useful for inferencing phenocopy information to genetic human diseases such as breast cancer. Human breast cancer modeling in mice most commonly employs mammary epithelial-specific promoters to investigate gene function(s) and, in particular, putative oncogenes. Models are specifically useful in the mammary epithelial cell in the context of the complete mammary gland environment. Gene targeted knockout mice including conditional targeting to specific mammary cells can reveal developmental defects in mammary organogenesis and demonstrate the importance of putative tumor suppressor genes. Some of these models demonstrate a non-traditional type of tumor suppression which involves interplay between the tumor susceptible cell and its host/environment. These GEMM help to reveal the processes of cancer progression beyond those intrinsic to cancer cells. Furthermore, the, analysis of mouse models requires appropriate consideration of mouse strain, background, and environmental factors. In this review, we compare aging-related factors in mouse models for breast cancer. We introduce databases of GEMM attributes and colony functional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mori
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Alexander D Borowsky
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Kawai H, Tsujigiwa H, Siar CH, Nakano K, Takabatake K, Fujii M, Hamada M, Tamamura R, Nagatsuka H. Characterization and potential roles of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in cancer development and metastasis. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1406-1414. [PMID: 30275769 PMCID: PMC6158661 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The tumor microenvironment and its stromal cells play an important role in cancer development and metastasis. Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), a rich source of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells, putatively contribute to this tumoral stroma. However their characteristics and roles within the tumor microenvironment are unclear. In the present study, BMDCs in the tumor microenvironment were traced using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) bone marrow transplantation model. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were irradiated and rescued by bone marrow transplantation from GFP-transgenic mice. Lewis lung cancer cells were inoculated into the mice to generate subcutaneous allograft tumors or lung metastases. Confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry for GFP, α-SMA, CD11b, CD31, CD34 and CD105, and double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry for GFP-CD11b, GFP-CD105 and GFP-CD31 were performed. Results: Round and dendritic-shaped GFP-positive mononuclear cells constituted a significant stromal subpopulation in primary tumor peripheral area (PA) and metastatic tumor area (MA) microenvironment, thus implicating an invasive and metastatic role for these cells. CD11b co-expression in GFP-positive cells suggests that round/dendritic cell subpopulations are possibly BM-derived macrophages. Identification of GFP-positive mononuclear infiltrates co-expressing CD31 suggests that these cells might be BM-derived angioblasts, whereas their non-reactivity for CD34, CD105 and α-SMA implies an altered vascular phenotype distinct from endothelial cells. Significant upregulation of GFP-positive, CD31-positive and GFP/CD31 double-positive cell densities positively correlated with PA and MA (P<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, in vivo evidence of traceable GFP-positive BMDCs in primary and metastatic tumor microenvironment suggests that recruited BMDCs might partake in cancer invasion and metastasis, possess multilineage potency and promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hotaka Kawai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidetsugu Tsujigiwa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chong Huat Siar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Keisuke Nakano
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Takabatake
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masae Fujii
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mei Hamada
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamamura
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Moonshots and metastatic disease: the need for a multi-faceted approach when studying atypical responses. NPJ Breast Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28649647 PMCID: PMC5460258 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-017-0010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical research generally focuses on results involving a statistical mean with little attention in trial design to patients who respond considerably better or worse than average. Exploring the reasons underlying an “atypical response” will increase understanding of the mechanisms involved in cancer progression and treatment resistance, accelerate biomarker identification, and improve precision medicine by allowing clinicians to prospectively select optimal treatments. Based on our review, we suggest two ways to move this field forward. First, we suggest that clear categorization of “atypical responders” is needed. This encompasses three sub-categories of patients: “exceptional responders” (those with an unusually favorable treatment response), “rapid progressors” (patients demonstrating an unusually poor or no therapeutic response), and “exceptional survivors” (patients who have far outlived their initial prognosis). Such categorization may depend upon the clinical context and disease subtype. Second, we suggest that atypical responses may be due not only to somatic mutations in tumors, but also to inherited polymorphisms in non-tumor tissue, host and tumor environments, lifestyle factors, co-morbidities, use of complementary and integrative medicine, and the interaction among these components. Here, we summarize new research initiatives exploring atypical responses, the potential reasons for atypical responses, and a strategic call to action. Rigorous studies of normal and atypical responses to treatment will be needed to strengthen understanding of the role of non-tumor factors. Clinical trial design for targeted and other types of therapies should be enhanced to collect data in a standardized manner beyond tumor genetics, resulting in more thorough study of the whole patient.
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Wang J, Liu X, Jiang Z, Li L, Cui Z, Gao Y, Kong D, Liu X. A novel method to limit breast cancer stem cells in states of quiescence, proliferation or differentiation: Use of gel stress in combination with stem cell growth factors. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:1355-1360. [PMID: 27446437 PMCID: PMC4950051 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer stem cells exist in the G0, or quiescent phase of the cell cycle. However, the cells can escape quiescence following routine radiotherapy and chemotherapy, resulting in tumor recurrence. Presently, achieving the accurate regulation of cancer stem cell growth in order to study a specific state, including the quiescent (mostly G0 or G1 phase), proliferative (mostly S phase) or differential (mostly G2/M phase) states, can be challenging. This makes the determination of cell cycle state-specific characteristics and analysis of potential intervention treatments difficult, particularly for quiescent cells. Breast cancer stem cells were cultured on a soft or hard agar matrix surface in the presence or absence of stem cell growth factors. Cells could be successfully limited in either the quiescent, proliferative or differentiated states. These findings provide a foundation for further study of the cell cycle in breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Xiangming Liu
- Department of Esophageal Neoplasms, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhongmin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Di Kong
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Central Laboratory, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
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