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Cerbu M, Cerbu C, Papuc I. M-Mode Echocardiography in Canine Veterinary Practice: A Comprehensive Review of Left Ventricular Measurements in 44 Different Dog Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2986. [PMID: 37760386 PMCID: PMC10525205 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the use of canine M-mode in veterinary medicine, specifically in assessing the left ventricle measurements in several breeds. It traces the historical development of echocardiography techniques, including A-mode, B-mode, and motion mode (M-mode), which provide accurate unidimensional records of cardiac structures. This article highlights the significance of M-mode measurements in diagnosing stage B2 of MMVD, where left ventricular end-diastolic internal diameter corrected with body weight (LVIDdN) is essential for identifying cardiac enlargement. It also explains the role of M-mode in diagnosing DCM, outlining criteria such as left ventricular dilatation. The authors emphasize the importance of breed-specific reference values for echocardiographic measurements due to variations in somatotype among dogs. This review provides a comprehensive table summarizing M-mode measurements of the left ventricle for 44 different dog breeds, including interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular internal diameter, and left ventricular posterior wall thickness during systole and diastole. This review's methodology involves compiling data from various scientific literature sources, providing an extensive tabular representation of M-mode measurements for different breeds, ages, and sexes. Overall, this review highlights the critical role of M-mode echocardiography in diagnosing and managing cardiac diseases in dogs, underscores the importance of breed-specific reference values, and presents a comprehensive summary of M-mode measurements for various dog breeds, aiding both clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cerbu
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
| | - Constantin Cerbu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionel Papuc
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.C.); (I.P.)
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Czopowicz M, Jońska I, Bonecka J, Jank M. Cardiological Reference Intervals in Adult American Staffordshire Terrier Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2436. [PMID: 37570245 PMCID: PMC10417027 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine reference intervals (RI) for echocardiography, electrocardiography (ECG), vertebral heart score (VHS) measurement, and arterial systolic blood pressure (SBP) in American Staffordshire Terrier dogs. The study population included 29 clinically healthy AST dogs of different ages, genders, and body weights. SBP measurement, ECG, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography were performed on each dog. Compared to RIs available for the general population of dogs, the duration of the P wave and QRS complex was longer and VHS was higher. Moreover, the left ventricular dimension in diastole and systole, left atrial dimension, and end point to septal separation values were higher, while the interventricular septum in diastole and systole and aortic root diameter were lower compared to general similar average body weight. The AST breed has a different heart shape, which in this breed is more rounded compared to other dog breeds, especially the deep chest. The specific body structure and the shape of the heart had an impact on the results of the cardiological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Izabella Jońska
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bonecka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (I.J.); (J.B.)
| | - Michał Jank
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Niimi S, Kobayashi H, Take Y, Ikoma S, Namikawa S, Fujii Y. Reference intervals for echocardiographic measurements in healthy Chihuahua dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:754-759. [PMID: 35444075 PMCID: PMC9246697 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chihuahuas are one of the most common small breed dogs in Japan, and this breed is known
to be predisposed to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Echocardiographic assessment
is essential for definitive diagnosis of MMVD in dogs as well as determining the stage.
Because the Chihuahua’s body size is the smallest among the dog breeds and the widely used
echocardiographic reference range is established on the basis of larger dogs, it is
unclear whether the existing reference range can be applied to the Chihuahua breed as
well. Therefore, this study aimed to determine an echocardiographic reference range for
Chihuahua dogs. The left atrial short-axis diameter (LA), aortic valve short-axis
diameter, interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole, left ventricular internal
dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at
end-diastole from 47 healthy Chihuahuas were analyzed. These parameters increased
logarithmically as body weight increased. Furthermore, LA and LVIDd were within the
previously established reference range generated primarily from multiple breeds of
moderate to large breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Niimi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | | | - Yukika Take
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Shiori Ikoma
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Saki Namikawa
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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de Lima AM, Moreira RM, Gomes MS, Ramos MT, dos Santos-Sousa CA, Souza-Júnior P, Abidu-Figueiredo M. Echocardiographic evaluation of working dogs of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro: effects of the breed and body weight. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022; 44:e001322. [PMID: 35775866 PMCID: PMC9239521 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Military Police of Rio de Janeiro state use dogs as a decisive tool for patrol and detection of drugs, weapons, and explosives. Complementary tests, such as echocardiography, are essential to maintain the integrity of these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the echocardiographic parameters of the working dogs belonging to the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro and compare them with the available data. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed on 48 healthy adult dogs from the Canine Action Battalion of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The sample consisted of 13 Labrador Retrievers, 12 Malinois Belgian Shepherds, 10 German Shepherds, 8 Dobermann Pinschers, and 5 Dutch Shepherds. Echocardiographic variables were correlated with body weight (BW). A positive correlation (P=0.0142, r=0.6837) between BW and the diameter of the left atrium was found in Malinois Belgian Shepherds. In German Shepherds, a positive correlation between BW and the internal diameter of the right ventricle during diastole (P=0.0320, r=0.6757) was observed; in addition, a positive correlation between BW and left ventricular internal diameter (P=0.0344, r=0.6689) during diastole was also found. Echocardiographic evaluations of these working dogs differed slightly from those previously established for similar-sized dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcia Torres Ramos
- Veterinarian, DSc. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA). Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Augusto dos Santos-Sousa
- Veterinarian, DSc. Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC). Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Souza-Júnior
- Veterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA). Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
- Correspondence
Paulo Souza-Júnior
Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa – UNIPAMPA
Rodovia BR 472, Km 585, Campus Uruguaiana
CEP 97501-970 - Uruguaiana (RS), Brasil
E-mail:
| | - Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo
- Veterinarian, DSc. Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Szpinda O, Parzeniecka-Jaworska M, Jank M, Garncarz M, Czopowicz M. Impact of selected individual dog traits on echocardiographic parameters obtained in 1-dimensional (M-mode) and 2-dimensional (2D) imaging. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2021; 85:112-118. [PMID: 33883818 PMCID: PMC7995538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The popularity and availability of echocardiography in veterinary practice for companion animals have substantially increased in recent years. The results obtained during the procedure are compared to reference values established for the general dog population or to standards developed for a specific dog breed. The aim of this study was to determine whether individual dog traits, such as body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance, affect the reference values for echocardiographic parameters. Published reference values for echocardiographic examination parameters for 32 dog breeds were analyzed and the relationship between individual echocardiographic parameters and body weight, chest structure, and level of physical activity and performance was then statistically analyzed. It was found that echocardiographic parameters are affected by the dog's weight and physical activity. There was no significant relationship between heart size and chest structure. The great variety of dog breeds means that echocardiographic findings should be individually interpreted rather than establishing reference ranges for each breed in population studies. This will allow for a more accurate interpretation of the results obtained in the echocardiographic examination and consequently lead to earlier diagnosis of changes in myocardial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Szpinda
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Jank
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Garncarz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics (Szpinda, Parzeniecka-Jaworska, Garncarz), Department of Preclinical Sciences (Jank), and Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (Czopowicz), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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Wess G, Bauer A, Kopp A. Echocardiographic reference intervals for volumetric measurements of the left ventricle using the Simpson's method of discs in 1331 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:724-738. [PMID: 33675121 PMCID: PMC7995437 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic measurements play an important role in detecting cardiac enlargement and assessing cardiac function. In human cardiology, M‐mode measurements have been widely replaced by volumetric measurements of the left ventricle (LV) using Simpson's method of disc (SMOD). In veterinary cardiology, more large‐scale studies are necessary to generate reference intervals (RIs) for SMOD LV volume measurements. Objective To generate body size independent RIs for LV volume measurements in dogs. Animals Healthy adult dogs (n = 1331) of variable size and somatotype. Methods Prospective study. The SMOD was measured from the right parasternal long axis and the left apical 4‐chamber view in clinically healthy dogs. The SMOD measurements were normalized to various allometric scales (kg, kg2/3, or kg1/3). RIs for LV end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) and LV end‐systolic volume (LVESV) using SMOD were estimated as prediction intervals of both a linear and an additive regression model. Additionally, after normalization to body weight, 95% RIs were determined using nonparametric methods with 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles serving as the lower and upper limits. Separate analyses were performed for 120 sighthound breeds and 1211 other breeds. Results Echocardiographic LV volumes correlated best with weight in kilograms. The additive model proved to be more flexible and accurate than the other 2 methods to generate RIs. Separate RIs for sighthound and all other breeds are provided. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Body size and breed‐independent RIs for LV volume measurements using SMOD were generated prospectively from a large and diverse population of dogs and are available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Kopp
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Esser LC, Borkovec M, Bauer A, Häggström J, Wess G. Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2242-2252. [PMID: 33009675 PMCID: PMC7694859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. OBJECTIVES To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. DOGS: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. METHODS Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobserver-variability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. RESULTS Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE Findings of our study reinforces the value of BW-dependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Borkovec
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLMU UniversityMunichGermany
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Mostafa AA, Peper KE, Berry CR. Use of cardiac sphericity index and manubrium heart scores to assess radiographic cardiac silhouettes in large-and small-breed dogs with and without cardiac disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 256:288-896. [PMID: 32223705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.256.8.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the usefulness of manubrium heart scores (MHSs) in distinguishing between dogs with and without cardiac disease. ANIMALS 184 client-owned dogs with (n = 64) and without (120) cardiac disease. PROCEDURES Medical records, including thoracic radiographic images, of dogs that either had echocardiographically confirmed moderate to severe cardiac disease with cardiomegaly (case dogs) or were healthy and without evidence of cardiac disease (control dogs) were retrospectively reviewed. From right lateral thoracic radiographic images, the lengths of the cardiac short and long axes and the manubrium were measured and cardiac sphericity indices (CSIs), MHSs, and vertebral heart scores were determined. Dogs were grouped on the basis of whether they did or did not have cardiac disease (case dogs vs control dogs), breed size (large-breed dogs vs small-breed dogs), and whether cardiac disease affected the right side of the heart (right-sided cardiac disease) or the left side of heart (left-sided cardiac disease). Results were compared across groups. RESULTS The mean CSI was greatest in case dogs with right-sided cardiac disease, compared with other groups. In dogs of the present study, a combination of high short-, long-, and overall-MHSs was more suggestive of left-sided cardiac disease, whereas a high short-MHS without high long- and overall-MHSs was more suggestive of right-sided cardiac disease. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that MHSs could be useful, objective values to help assess dogs for potential heart disease, and we recommend that MHSs be added to the diagnostic tools used by veterinarians when screening for heart disease in dogs.
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Wesselowski S, Saunders AB, Gordon SG. Anatomy, baseline characteristics, and procedural outcome of patent ductus arteriosus in German Shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:471-477. [PMID: 30556180 PMCID: PMC6430865 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background German Shepherd dogs (GSD) are predisposed to developing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and are reportedly prone to type III (tubular) PDA anatomy. Dogs with type III anatomy are not considered favorable candidates for device‐based intervention. Objective To describe the PDA anatomy, baseline characteristics, and procedural outcome of GSD with PDA. Animals Twenty‐eight client‐owned GSD. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of 28 GSD diagnosed with PDA that underwent surgical ligation or transcatheter device closure between 2007 and 2017. Results German Shepherd dogs with PDA often presented with clinical signs (50%), concurrent congenital heart disease (35.7%), and arrhythmias (29%). Dogs were typically mature at presentation (median age, 12.1 months) and evenly distributed by sex (57% female). The PDA anatomy was classified in 24 of 28 GSD, with type II anatomy being most common (21/24). Three dogs had unusual anatomy (type IV in 1, type V in 2). Median minimal ductal diameter (MDD) in this population was larger than previously reported in a mixed population and ranged between 4.4 and 4.9 mm depending upon imaging modality. Successful closure was achieved using an Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) in 22 dogs or by surgical ligation in 6 dogs. No cases of type III anatomy were confirmed. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The majority of GSD in this population had type II PDA anatomy that was amenable to ACDO deployment. Predisposition for large MDD and occasional, unusual PDA anatomy suggests that transesophageal echocardiography may be beneficial for optimal procedural planning in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Ashley B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Sonya G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Mostafa AA, Berry CR. Radiographic assessment of the cardiac silhouette in clinically normal large- and small-breed dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:168-177. [PMID: 28140637 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine manubrium heart scores (MHSs) from measurements of cardiac short-axis length (cSAL) and long-axis length (cLAL) relative to the corresponding manubrium length (ML) on thoracic radiographic views of dogs and assess correlation of MHSs with vertebral heart scores (VHSs). ANIMALS 120 clinically normal large-breed dogs (LBDs) and small-breed dogs (SBDs). PROCEDURES On right lateral views (RLVs) and ventrodorsal views (VDVs) for each dog, cSAL and cLAL were measured and expressed as a ratio; the cSAL:ML ratio (short-MHS), cLAL:ML ratio (long-MHS), and cSAL-and-cLAL:ML ratio (overall-MHS) were also calculated. The VHS was determined from the RLV. Correlation of VHS with MHS was assessed. RESULTS On RLVs and VDVs, mean cSAL:cLAL ratios were 0.77 (SD, 0.05) and 0.72 (SD, 0.05), respectively, in 60 LBDs and 0.81 (SD, 0.06) and 0.78 (SD, 0.06), respectively, in 60 SBDs. In LBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.1 (SD, 0.22), 2.7 (SD, 0.24), and 4.8 (SD, 0.5), respectively, on RLVs and 2.3 (SD, 0.26), 3.2 (SD, 0.34), and 5.4 (SD, 0.6), respectively, on VDVs. In SBDs, mean short-MHS, long-MHS, and overall-MHS were 2.4 (SD, 0.39), 2.9 (SD, 0.50), and 5.3 (SD, 0.83), respectively, on RLVs and 2.5 (SD, 0.44), 3.2 (SD, 0.51), and 5.8 (SD, 0.92), respectively, on VDVs. Mean VHSs were 10.73 (SD, 0.52) and 10.27 (SD, 0.81) in LBDs and SBDs, respectively. A significant correlation was identified between VHS and each MHS in LBDs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In the dogs evaluated, radiographic cardiac dimensions and MHSs were correlated. Validity of the MHS for cardiac dimension assessment in other healthy dogs and dogs with cardiac disease warrants investigation.
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Spasojević Kosić L, Trailović DR, Krstić N. Age-dependent electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes in German Shepherd dogs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2017; 18:43-48. [PMID: 28588632 PMCID: PMC5454578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By causing numerous changes in the cardiovascular system, ageing leads to a decreased threshold for clinical manifestation of heart disease. The aim of this study was to define the existence of cardiac structural and functional changes in healthy dogs of different age. Radiographic, electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic examinations of 20 clinically healthy German Shepherd dogs were performed in order to define the values of relevant parameters. Afterwards, the values of cardio examinations were compared between young and old dogs and statistically analyzed. The ECG recordings did not show the appearance of clinically significant arrhythmias, nor was their appearance significantly different between dogs of different age. Statistically significant differences in QRS duration (P<0.05) and R wave amplitude (P<0.05) existed between groups, but all values were within the range of ECG reference values for healthy dogs. Concerning structural changes, the left ventricle wall thickness at end-diastole (LVWd) and end-systole (LVWs), and the relative wall thickness (RWT) between young and old dogs differed significantly (P<0.001, P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). These differences in heart structure were not accompanied by systolic dysfunction, estimated by a left ventricle shortening fraction. The diastolic wall stress index (WSID) was significantly decreased in old dogs (P<0.05). Young and old dogs showed similar electrical and systolic function. Old dogs had different cardiac structure compared to the young dogs, which could result in diastolic function change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lj. Spasojević Kosić
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - D. R. Trailović
- Department of Equine, Small Animal, Poultry and Wild Animals Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N. Krstić
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Lim CK, Fosgate GT, Green HW, Kirberger RM. Two-dimensional left atrium-to-aorta ratios and left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:374-82. [PMID: 27027836 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the left atrium-to-aorta ratio (LA:Ao) and establish 95% prediction intervals for left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. ANIMALS 40 healthy Dachshunds. PROCEDURES For each dog, 3 standard 2-D echocardiographic methods (diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area) were used to measure the left atrium and aorta and calculate the LA:Ao from right parasternal short axis (RPSA) images obtained at the level of the aortic valve cusps. Left ventricular M-mode measurements were acquired from RPSA images obtained at the chordal level immediately below the mitral valve. Descriptive data were generated, and the 95% prediction intervals were calculated by use of an allometric scaling equation and linear regression and compared with those calculated on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds in a previous study. RESULTS The mean (SD) LA:Ao was 1.40 (0.13), 2.09 (0.17), and 2.85 (0.48) for the diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area methods, respectively. The 95% prediction intervals for the left ventricular M-mode measurements determined by an allometric scaling equation on the basis of Dachshund-specific data were narrower than those determined on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds. For that allometric equation, scaling exponents on the basis of Dachshund-specific data ranged from 0.129 to 0.397 and did not absolutely conform to the presumed index for linear measurements (ie, body weight(0.333)). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The LA:Aos and 95% prediction intervals calculated in this study can be used as preliminary guidelines for echocardiographic measurements of clinically normal Dachshunds.
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Reference intervals and allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in Bengal cats. J Vet Cardiol 2015; 17 Suppl 1:S282-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Torad FA, Hassan EA. Two-dimensional cardiothoracic ratio for evaluation of cardiac size in German shepherd dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:237-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Singh P, Singh N, Mahajan SK, Singh T. Echocardiography as an approach for canine cardiac disease diagnosis. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.960-965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:91-100. [PMID: 24834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). ANIMALS 134 healthy adult CKCS. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio.
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Gugjoo MB, Hoque M, Saxena AC, Shamsuz Zama MM, Dey S. Reference values of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in conscious Labrador Retriever dogs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2014; 15:341-346. [PMID: 27175128 PMCID: PMC4789210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Breed-wise standard echocardiographic values in dogs have been reported as there is variation in body and chest conformation which limits the application of data of one breed for other breed. Labrador Retrievers being originated from hunting dogs, might have different echocardiographic values from standard normal range of other dog breeds. So, the present study was aimed to determine the M-mode echocardiographic reference ranges in Labrador Retriever dogs and to evaluate the effect of body weight and gender on these parameters. The data obtained were also compared with that of the other dog breeds. Conscious clinically healthy Labrador Retriever dogs (n=24) of both sexes were made the subject of the study. All the measurements were made from a right parasternal long axis left ventricular outflow tract view and the parameters measured were: left ventricular dimensions, left ventricular function, left ventricular volumes, left atrial and aortic root diameter and mitral valve parameters. Data obtained were also compared with that available for other dog breeds. Significant correlation (P<0.05) with body weight was obtained for some of the left ventricular, atrial and mitral valve parameters, being strong for LAD, AOD, LVIDd, LVIDs, IVSd and IVSs (r>0.5); moderate for LVPWd, LVPWs, EPSS, EF Slope and SV (r=0.3 to 0.5); weak for EDV and ESV (r<0.3). Non-significant effect of gender was seen on all the echocardiographic parameters. However, some of the parameters had a significant breed effect. It is expected that the obtained data will be valuable for the progress of studies on small animal cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Gugjoo
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - M. Hoque
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - A. C. Saxena
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - M. M. Shamsuz Zama
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
| | - S. Dey
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, India
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Al-haidar A, Farnir F, Deleuze S, Sandersen C, Leroux A, Borde L, Cerri S, Amory H. Effect of breed, sex, age and body weight on echocardiographic measurements in the Equine species. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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NOVIANA DENI, KURNIAWAN LYNNKAATLAURA. Heart Size Evaluation of Indonesian Domestic House Cat by Motion Mode Echocardiography Imaging. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.20.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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20
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Locatelli C, Santini A, Bonometti GA, Palermo V, Scarpa P, Sala E, Brambilla PG. Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:246-53. [PMID: 21539569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of body surface area, age and gender on echocardiographic parameters and to establish echocardiographic reference values for dogue de Bordeaux dogs. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy dogue de Bordeaux dogs of both sexes, older than one year, were recruited and 31 of these were included in the study. The classic linear regression model proved to be the best way to analyse the data. The reference limits of the echocardiographic measurements were calculated using the regression equations. The difference between the mean values of body surface area in both gender groups was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A significant correlation was seen between several echocardiographic parameters and body surface area or body surface area and age, and high coefficients of determination (R2) were found. No effect of gender was detected on echocardiographic variables, except for the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The echocardiographic parameters related to body surface area, in the absence of correlation with other independent variables (gender and age) should be interpreted with caution because their variation could be significant for the presence of heart disease. The proposed statistical model allows estimation of echocardiographic parameters in dogue de Bordeaux dogs with different body surface areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, Italy
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Summerfield N, Peters ME, Hercock CA, Mobasheri A, Young IS. Immunohistochemical evidence for expression of fast-twitch type sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA1) in German shepherd dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy myocardium. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:17-23. [PMID: 20188644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common acquired canine heart diseases. It is particularly common in large and giant breed dogs. Although a great deal is known about the clinical progression and manifestations of the disease, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. One widely held belief is that calcium-handling abnormalities are critically involved in the disease process. This study investigates the changes in expression of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) isoforms in DCM myocardium from German shepherd dogs. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Affected tissue samples were obtained from German shepherd dogs with DCM, euthanized for intractable congestive heart failure while normal myocardial tissue samples were obtained from German shepherd dogs, euthanized for non-cardiovascular reasons. Tissue microarrays containing normal and DCM myocardium samples were prepared, immunostained with SERCA1 and SERCA2 antibodies and analyzed. RESULTS We were able to demonstrate, for the first time, that while there is little change in the expression of the cardiac isoform (SERCA2), there is clear expression of the fast-twitch skeletal muscle isoform SERCA1 in the myocardium of dogs diagnosed with DCM. CONCLUSION We propose that SERCA1 expression is evidence of a natural adaptive response to the impaired Ca2+ handling thought to occur in German shepherd dogs with DCM and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Summerfield
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, Surrey RH1 4QP, United Kingdom
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22
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Diez-Prieto I, García-Rodríguez MB, Ríos-Granja MA, Cano-Rábano MJ, Peña-Penabad M, Pérez-García CC. M-mode echocardiographic changes in growing beagles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2010; 49:31-35. [PMID: 20122313 PMCID: PMC2824964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Heart growth in 6 female beagle dogs was measured by using M-mode echocardiography at 4, 7, 10, 13, 17, and 21 mo of age. The same 6 dogs were evaluated throughout the study to establish when cardiac development ends in this breed. The following parameters were measured during systole and diastole: left ventricle posterior wall thickness, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular internal dimension, left atrial dimension during ventricular systole, aortic root dimension at end diastole, E-point to septal separation, left ventricular preejection period, ejection time of the left ventricular outflow, and time between the cessation and onset of the mitral inflow intervals. The percentage of the left ventricle posterior wall thickening, fractional shortening, ejection fraction, left ventricular end systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ratio of the left atrial dimension to aortic root dimension, and the Tei index of myocardial performance were calculated. The heart rate was measured by cardiac auscultation. The influence of ageing on each echocardiographic parameter and relationships with body weight and surface were studied. Results show that cardiac development in female beagles can be considered finished by the age of 1 y, perhaps as soon as 7 mo. The cardiac indexes studied were unaffected by the age and corporal dimensions, confirming the usefulness of these parameters for evaluating cardiac functionality alterations independent of a dog's age and body weight or surface area.
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Key Words
- a, time between the cessation and onset of the mitral inflow intervals
- ao, aortic root dimension at end-diastole
- b-mode, bidimensional
- bw, body weight
- epss, e-point to septal separation
- et, ejection time of the left ventricular outflow
- fs, fractional shortening of left ventricle
- ivsd, interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole
- ivss, interventricular septum thickness at end-systole
- la:ao, left atrial dimension to aortic root ratio
- la, left atrial dimension during ventricular systole
- lvedv, left ventricular end-diastolic volume
- lvesv, left ventricular end-systolic volume
- lvidd, left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole
- lvids, left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole
- lvpwd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole
- lvpws, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-systole
- m-mode, motion mode
- pep, left ventricular preejection period
- pep:et, ratio of left ventricular preejection period to ejection time
- pwt, percentage of left ventricular posterior wall thickening
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos C Pérez-García
- Biomedicine Institute University of León, León, Spain
- Laboratory Animal Service, University of León, León, Spain
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Lopes P, Nunes N, Sousa M, Paula D, Carareto R, Nishimori C, Santos P, Camacho A. Efeitos de diferentes FiO2 sobre variáveis ecocardiográficas em cães submetidos à infusão contínua de propofol. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Avaliaram-se os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes frações inspiradas de oxigênio (FiO2) em cães anestesiados com infusão contínua de propofol e mantidos em ventilação espontânea sobre os parâmetros ecocardiográficos, obtidos em modo M. Oito cães adultos foram submetidos a cinco protocolos anestésicos diferenciando um do outro pela FiO2 fornecida ao paciente. Formaram-se cinco grupos denominados G100 (FiO2=1), G80 (FiO2=0,8), G60 (FiO2=0,6), G40 (FiO2=0,4) e G20 (FiO2=0,21). Os animais foram induzidos à anestesia com propofol na dose necessária para intubação e, ato contínuo, iniciou-se a infusão do fármaco. Os cães receberam oxigênio conforme a FiO2 determinada para cada grupo. As primeiras mensurações foram efetuadas antes da administração do fármaco (M0), aos 30 minutos (M30) após o início da infusão do anestésico e a cada 15 minutos (M45, M60, M75 e M90) durante 60 minutos. Para espessura do septo interventricular ao final da sístole (ESIVs) registrada em M60, a média de G100 foi maior do que as obtidas de G60 e G20. Em M30, o espessamento fracional da parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (ELPVE) de G100 foi menor que de G80, e, em M75, G80 foi maior que G40. Em relação ao índice de volume ventricular esquerdo ao final da sístole (IVVEFs), em M45, G40 foi maior que G80. Conclui-se que as variáveis ecocardiográficas estudadas não são afetadas pelo emprego de diferentes FiO2.
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ROVIRA S, MUÑOZ A. Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:957-64. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. ROVIRA
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
| | - A. MUÑOZ
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
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Hall DJ, Cornell CC, Crawford S, Brown DJ. Meta-analysis of normal canine echocardiographic dimensional data using ratio indices. J Vet Cardiol 2008; 10:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lobo L, Canada N, Bussadori C, Gomes JL, Carvalheira J. Transthoracic echocardiography in Estrela Mountain dogs: reference values for the breed. Vet J 2007; 177:250-9. [PMID: 17574885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Of 100 Estrela Mountain dogs, 74 were examined to obtain echocardiographic reference values for the breed. The influence of bodyweight, age and sex on different echocardiographic parameters was studied using either analysis of variance or regression analysis. Statistically significant differences were found between sex and heart rate as well as interventricular septal thickness at end-systole and left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole. A statistically significant linear correlation was also found between several parameters and (1) age (mean arterial pressure, left ventricular internal dimension at end-systole, fractional shortening, circularity index in systole, aortic valve velocity time integral, pulmonic valve velocity time integral and mitral valve E wave peak velocity), (2) weight (left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole and end-systole, end-diastolic volume index, left atrium diameter, aortic valve peak velocity and mitral valve E wave deceleration time), (3) sex and age (left ventricle end-diastolic volume), and (4) sex and weight (aortic root diameter and pulmonic valve peak velocity). Reference values for the breed are presented, as well as dispersion graphics for selected parameters, based on a regression equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lobo
- ICBAS, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Largo Prof Abel Salazar 2, Porto, Portugal.
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