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Maniego J, Pesko B, Habershon-Butcher J, Hincks P, Taylor P, Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Stewart G, Proudman C, Ryder E. Use of mitochondrial sequencing to detect gene doping in horses via gene editing and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1429-1437. [PMID: 35362263 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gene editing and subsequent cloning techniques offer great potential not only in genetic disease correction in domestic animals, but also in livestock production by enhancement of desirable traits. The existence of the technology, however, leaves it open to potential misuse in performance-led sports such as horseracing and other equestrian events. Recent advances in equine gene editing, regarding the generation of gene-edited embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and somatic cell nuclear transfer, has highlighted the need to develop tools to detect potential prohibited use of the technology. One possible method involves the characterisation of the mitochondrial genome (which is not routinely preserved during cloning) and comparing it to the sequence of the registered dam. We present here our approach to whole-mitochondrial sequencing using tiled long-range PCR and next-generation sequencing. To determine whether the background mutation rate in the mitochondrial genome could potentially confound results, we sequenced ten sets of dam and foal duos. We found variation between duos but none within duos, indicating that this method is feasible for future screening systems. Analysis of WGS data from over one hundred Thoroughbred horses revealed wide variation in the mitochondria sequence within the breed, further displaying the utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Maniego
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Bogusia Pesko
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Pamela Hincks
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Polly Taylor
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Teruaki Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Aoi Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Graham Stewart
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Christopher Proudman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Edward Ryder
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
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Bebbere D, Ulbrich SE, Giller K, Zakhartchenko V, Reichenbach HD, Reichenbach M, Verma PJ, Wolf E, Ledda S, Hiendleder S. Mitochondrial DNA Depletion in Granulosa Cell Derived Nuclear Transfer Tissues. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664099. [PMID: 34124044 PMCID: PMC8194821 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a key technology with broad applications that range from production of cloned farm animals to derivation of patient-matched stem cells or production of humanized animal organs for xenotransplantation. However, effects of aberrant epigenetic reprogramming on gene expression compromise cell and organ phenotype, resulting in low success rate of SCNT. Standard SCNT procedures include enucleation of recipient oocytes before the nuclear donor cell is introduced. Enucleation removes not only the spindle apparatus and chromosomes of the oocyte but also the perinuclear, mitochondria rich, ooplasm. Here, we use a Bos taurus SCNT model with in vitro fertilized (IVF) and in vivo conceived controls to demonstrate a ∼50% reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the liver and skeletal muscle, but not the brain, of SCNT fetuses at day 80 of gestation. In the muscle, we also observed significantly reduced transcript abundances of mtDNA-encoded subunits of the respiratory chain. Importantly, mtDNA content and mtDNA transcript abundances correlate with hepatomegaly and muscle hypertrophy of SCNT fetuses. Expression of selected nuclear-encoded genes pivotal for mtDNA replication was similar to controls, arguing against an indirect epigenetic nuclear reprogramming effect on mtDNA amount. We conclude that mtDNA depletion is a major signature of perturbations after SCNT. We further propose that mitochondrial perturbation in interaction with incomplete nuclear reprogramming drives abnormal epigenetic features and correlated phenotypes, a concept supported by previously reported effects of mtDNA depletion on the epigenome and the pleiotropic phenotypic effects of mtDNA depletion in humans. This provides a novel perspective on the reprogramming process and opens new avenues to improve SCNT protocols for healthy embryo and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bebbere
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- ETH Zürich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Giller
- ETH Zürich, Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valeri Zakhartchenko
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst-Dieter Reichenbach
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Institute of Animal Breeding, Grub, Germany
| | - Myriam Reichenbach
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Bayern-Genetik GmbH, Grub, Germany
| | - Paul J Verma
- Livestock Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergio Ledda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefan Hiendleder
- Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Science, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Embryonic Stem Cells in Clinical Trials: Current Overview of Developments and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1312:19-37. [PMID: 33159303 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first isolation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) reported in the late 90s opened a new window to promising possibilities in the fields of human developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Subsequently, the differentiation of hESC lines into different precursor cells showed their potential in treating different incurable diseases. However, this promising field has consistently had remarkable ethical and experimental limitations. This paper is a review of clinical trial studies dealing with hESC and their advantages, limitations, and other specific concerns. Some of the hESC limitations have been solved, and several clinical trial studies are ongoing so that recent clinical trials have strived to improve the clinical applications of hESC, especially in macular degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. However, regarding hESC-based therapy, several important issues need more research and discussion. Despite considerable studies to Date, hESC-based therapy is not available for conventional clinical applications, and more studies and data are needed to overcome current clinical and ethical limitations. When all the limitations of Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are wholly resolved, perhaps hESC can become superior to the existing stem cell sources. This overview will be beneficial for understanding the standard and promising applications of cell and tissue-based therapeutic approaches and for developing novel therapeutic applications of hESC.
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Akagi S, Matsukawa K, Takahashi S. Factors affecting the development of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in Cattle. J Reprod Dev 2015; 60:329-35. [PMID: 25341701 PMCID: PMC4219988 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer is a complex multistep procedure that includes oocyte maturation, cell cycle synchronization of donor
cells, enucleation, cell fusion, oocyte activation and embryo culture. Therefore, many factors are believed to contribute to
the success of embryo development following nuclear transfer. Numerous attempts to improve cloning efficiency have been
conducted since the birth of the first sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, the efficiency of somatic cell
cloning has remained low, and applications have been limited. In this review, we discuss some of the factors that affect the
developmental ability of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Akagi
- Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research Division, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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