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Oyagbemi AA, Adebayo AK, Adebiyi OE, Adigun KO, Folarin OR, Esan OO, Ajibade TO, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Ogunmiluyi IO, Olutayo Omobowale T, Ola-Davies OE, Olopade JO, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Nkadimeng SM, McGaw LJ, Yakubu MA, Nwulia E, Oguntibeju OO. Leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale ameliorates biomarkers of neuroinflammation, memory loss, and neurobehavioral deficit in N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats. Biomarkers 2023; 28:263-272. [PMID: 36632742 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2164354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anacardium occidentale commonly known as Cashew is a plant that is widely used in African traditional medicine. It is endowed with phytochemical constituents that are responsible for its medicinal properties. METHODS Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: Control (Group A), Group B (L-NAME 40 mg/kg), Group C (100 mg/kg Anacardium occidentale extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME), Group D (200 mg/kg extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME) and Group E (10 mg/kg of Lisinopril plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME). The animals were treated with oral administration of either the extracts or Lisnopril daily for 4 weeks. Neuro-behavioural tests such as the Morris Water Maze and Hanging Wire Grip tests were carried out to evaluate memory/spatial learning and muscular strength, respectively. Makers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and immunohistochemical staining of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionised Calcium Binding Adaptor molecule 1 were assessed. RESULTS L-NAME administration caused significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant status, acetylcholinesterase activity, altered neuro-behavioural changes, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. However, Anacardium occidentale reversed exaggerated oxidative stress biomarkers and improved neuro-behavioural changes. CONCLUSIONS Combining all, Anacardium occidentale enhanced brain antioxidant defence status, improved memory and muscular strength, thus, suggesting the neuroprotective properties of Anacardium occidentale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Kolawole Adebayo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olamide Elizabeth Adebiyi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Kabirat Oluwaseun Adigun
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwabusayo Racheal Folarin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Iyanuoluwa Omolola Ogunmiluyi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Science, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Evaristus Nwulia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Howard University Hospital, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
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Bodelón OG, Iglesias C, Garrido J, Clemente C, Garcia-Alonso MC, Escudero ML. Analysis of metallic traces from the biodegradation of endomedullary AZ31 alloy temporary implants in rat organs after long implantation times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:045015. [PMID: 26238295 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/4/045015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AZ31 alloy has been tested as a biodegradable material in the form of endomedullary implants in female Wistar rat femurs. In order to evaluate the accumulation of potentially toxic elements from the biodegradation of the implant, magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and fluorine (F) levels have been measured in different organs such as kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen and brain. Several factors that may influence accumulation have been taken into account: how long the implant has been in place, whether or not the bone is fractured, and the presence of an MgF2 protective coating on the implant. The main conclusions and the clinical relevance of the study have been that AZ31 endomedullary implants have a degradation rate of about 60% after 13 months, which is fully compatible with fracture consolidation. Neither bone fracture nor an MgF2 coating seems to influence the accumulation of trace elements in the studied organs. Aluminium is the only alloying element in this study that requires special attention. The increase in Al recovered from the sampled organs represents 3.95% of the amount contained in the AZ31 implant. Al accumulates in a statistically significant way in all the organs except the brain. All of this suggests that in long-term tests AZ31 may be a suitable material for osteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Bodelón
- Department of Surface Engineering, Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kumar V, Gill KD. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in aluminium neurotoxicity and its amelioration: a review. Neurotoxicology 2014; 41:154-66. [PMID: 24560992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium is light weight and toxic metal present ubiquitously on earth which has gained considerable attention due to its neurotoxic effects. The widespread use of products made from or containing aluminium is ensuring its presence in our body. There is prolonged retention of a fraction of aluminium that enters the brain, suggesting its potential for accumulation with repeated exposures. There is no known biological role for aluminium within the body but adverse physiological effects of this metal have been observed in mammals. The generation of oxidative stress may be attributed to its toxic consequences in animals and humans. The oxidative stress has been implicated in pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Though it remains unclear whether oxidative stress is a major cause or merely a consequence of cellular dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative diseases, an accumulating body of evidence implicates that impaired mitochondrial energy production and increased mitochondrial oxidative damage is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Being involved in the production of reactive oxygen species, aluminium may impair mitochondrial bioenergetics and may lead to the generation of oxidative stress. In this review, we have discussed the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions occurring in Al neurotoxicity. In addition, the ameliorative measures undertaken in aluminium induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India; Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Mohan S, Patel H, Bolinaga J, Soekamto N. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates L-arginine mediated cellular responses. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:40. [PMID: 23718875 PMCID: PMC3680329 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our prior study revealed the loss in short-term L-Arginine (ARG) therapeutic efficacy after continuous exposure; resulting in tolerance development, mediated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) down-regulation, secondary to oxidative stress and induced glucose accumulation. However, the potential factor regulating ARG cellular response is presently unknown. Method Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were incubated with 100 μM ARG for 2 h in buffer (short-term or acute), or for 7 days in culture medium and challenged for 2 h in buffer (continuous or chronic), in the presence or absence of other agents. eNOS activity was determined by analyzing cellular nitrite/nitrate (NO2–/NO3–), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity was assayed using SAMS peptide. 13C6 glucose was added to medium to measure glucose uptake during cellular treatments, which were determined by LC-MS/MS. Cellular glucose was identified by o-toluidine method. Superoxide (O2•–) was identified by EPR-spin-trap, and peroxynitrite (ONOO–) was measured by flow-cytometer using aminophenyl fluorescein dye. Results Short-term incubation of cells with 100 μM ARG in the presence or absence of 30 μM L-NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or 30 μM AMPK inhibitor (compound C, CMP-C) increased cellular oxidative stress and overall glucose accumulation with no variation in glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), or AMPK activity from control. The increase in total NO2–/NO3– after 2 h 100 μM ARG exposure, was suppressed in cells co-incubated with 30 μM CMP-C or L-NAME. Long-term exposure of ARG with or without CMP-C or L-NAME suppressed NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity below control, and increased overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO–. Gluconeogenesis inhibition with 30 μM 5-Chloro-2-N-2,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonamido-benzoxazole (CDB) during ARG exposure for 2 h maintained overall cellular glucose to control, but increased cellular glucose uptake. Continuous co-incubation with CDB and ARG increased NO2–/NO3–, glucose uptake, GLUT-1, AMPK expression and activity, and maintained overall cellular glucose, O2•– and ONOO– to control conditions. Conclusion The present study provides the fundamental evidence for AMPK as the primary modulator of ARG cellular responses and for regulating the mode of glucose accumulation during short-term and continuous ARG treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidi Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Harsh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Jorge Bolinaga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Nathania Soekamto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Avenue, Portland, ME 04103, USA
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Khan HA. N-nitro-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, aggravates iminodipropionitrile-induced neurobehavioral and vestibular toxicities in rats. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2012; 64:791-6. [PMID: 21388795 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) to rodents produces permanent behavioral syndrome characterized by repetitive head movements, circling and back walking. Other synthetic nitriles of industrial importance such as crotonitrile and allylnitrile are also able to produce similar motor deficits in experimental animals. However, due to the well-defined behavioral deficits and their easy quantification, IDPN-induced behavioral syndrome is a preferential animal model to test the interaction of various agents with synthetic nitriles. This study reports the effect of non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (NARG) on IDPN-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in adult male Wistar rats. Four groups of animals were given i.p. injections of IDPN (100 mg/kg) for 6 days. These rats were treated with oral administration of NARG in the doses of 0 (IDPN alone group), 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg, 60 min before IDPN, respectively. Control rats received vehicle only, whereas another group was treated with 300 mg/kg of NARG alone (without IDPN). The results showed that NARG significantly exacerbated the incidence and intensity of IDPN-induced dyskinetic head movements, circling and back walking. The histology of inner ear showed massive degeneration of the sensory hair cells in the crista ampullaris of rats receiving the combined treatment with IDPN and NARG, suggesting a possible role of nitric oxide in IDPN-induced neurobehavioral syndrome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahmad Khan
- Analytical and Molecular Bioscience Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Martínez-Romero R, Cañuelo A, Siles E, Oliver FJ, Martínez-Lara E. Nitric oxide modulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cross talk in response to hypobaric hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 112:816-23. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological response to hypobaric hypoxia represents a complex network of biochemical pathways in which the nitrergic system plays an important role. Previous studies have provided evidence for an interplay between the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) under hypoxia. Here, we evaluate the potential involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in the cross talk between these two proteins. With this aim, we studied comparatively the effect of pharmacological inhibitors of NO production or PARP activity in the response of the mouse cerebral cortex to 4 h of exposure to a simulated altitude of 31,000 ft. Particularly, we analyzed the NO and reactive oxygen species production, the expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, PARP-1 activity, HIF-1α expression and HIF-1 transcriptional activity, the protein level of the factor inhibiting HIF, and, finally, beclin-1 and fractin expression, as markers of cellular damage. Our results demonstrate that the reduction of NO level did not affect reactive oxygen species production but significantly 1) dampened the posthypoxic increase in neuronal NOS and inducible NOS expression without altering endothelial NOS protein level; 2) prevented PARP activation; 3) decreased HIF-1α response to hypoxia; 4) achieved a higher long-term HIF-1 transcriptional activity by reducing factor inhibiting HIF expression; and 5) reduced hypoxic damage. The pharmacological inhibition of PARP reproduced the NOS expression pattern and the HIF-1α response observed in NOS-inhibited mice, supporting its involvement in the NO-dependent regulation of hypoxia. As a whole, these results provide new data about the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of controlling NO production under hypobaric hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Cañuelo
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén; and
| | - Eva Siles
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén; and
| | - F. Javier Oliver
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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The effects of chronic aluminum exposure on learning and memory of rats by observing the changes of Ras/Raf/ERK signal transduction pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:315-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sumathi T, Shobana C, Kumari BR, Nandhini DN. Protective role of Cynodon dactylon in ameliorating the aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain regions. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:843-53. [PMID: 21448563 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) is a creeping grass used as a traditional ayurvedic medicine in India. Aluminium-induced neurotoxicity is well known and different salts of aluminium have been reported to accelerate damage to biomolecules like lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether the aqueous extract of C. dactylon (AECD) could potentially prevent aluminium-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of the rat brain. Male albino rats were administered with AlCl(3) at a dose of 4.2 mg/kg/day i.p. for 4 weeks. Experimental rats were given C. dactylon extract in two different doses of 300 mg and 750 mg/keg/day orally 1 h prior to the AlCl(3) administration for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiments, antioxidant status and activities of ATPases in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum of rat brain were measured. Aluminium administration significantly decreased the level of GSH and the activities of SOD, GPx, GST, Na(+)/K(+) ATPase, and Mg(2+) ATPase and increased the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in all the brain regions when compared with control rats. Pre-treatment with AECD at a dose of 750 mg/kg b.w increased the antioxidant status and activities of membrane-bound enzymes (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase and Mg(2+) ATPase) and also decreased the level of LPO significantly, when compared with aluminium-induced rats. The results of this study indicated that AECD has potential to protect the various brain regions from aluminium-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangarajan Sumathi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Aquilano K, Baldelli S, Cardaci S, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. Nitric oxide is the primary mediator of cytotoxicity induced by GSH depletion in neuronal cells. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1043-54. [PMID: 21363890 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.077149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) levels progressively decline during aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the contribution of such event in mediating neuronal cell death is still uncertain. In this report, we show that, in neuroblastoma cells as well as in primary mouse cortical neurons, GSH decrease, induced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), causes protein nitration, S-nitrosylation and DNA strand breaks. Such alterations are also associated with inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity and microtubule network disassembly, which are considered hallmarks of nitric oxide (NO) toxicity. In neuroblastoma cells, BSO treatment also induces cell proliferation arrest through the ERK1/2-p53 pathway that finally results in caspase-independent apoptosis, as evident from the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria towards nuclei. A deeper analysis of the signaling processes indicates that the NO-cGMP pathway is involved in cell proliferation arrest and death. In fact, these events are completely reversed by L-NAME, a specific NO synthase inhibitor, indicating that NO, rather than the depletion of GSH per se, is the primary mediator of cell damage. In addition, the guanylate cyclase (GC) inhibitor LY83583 is able to completely block activation of ERK1/2 and counteract BSO toxicity. In cortical neurons, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) treatment results in GSH decrease and BSO-mediated NO cytotoxicity is enhanced by either epidermal growth factor (EGF) or NMDA. These findings support the idea that GSH might represent the most important buffer of NO toxicity in neuronal cells, and indicate that the disruption of cellular redox buffering controlled by GSH makes neuronal cells susceptible to endogenous physiological flux of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Stevanović ID, Jovanović MD, Čolić M, Jelenković A, Bokonjić D, Ninković M. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect cholinergic neurons against AlCl3 excitotoxicity in the rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2010; 81:641-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The effect of aminoguanidine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on AlCl3 toxicity in the rat hippocampus. ARCH BIOL SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/abs1004981s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented experiment was carried out to determine the effectiveness of
the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor - aminoguanidine in modulating
the toxicity of aluminum chloride on the nitrite levels, malondialdehyde
concentration, reduced glutathione content, as well as cytochrome c oxidase
activity of Wistar rats. The animals were killed 3 h and 30 days after
treatment and the hippocampus was removed. The biochemical results show that
aluminum acts as a pro-oxidant, while aminoguanidine exerts an antioxidant
action in aluminum chloride-treated animals. We have also applied
immunohistochemical techniques to identify iNOS expression after the
treatment. Our data suggest that aminoguanidine can be effective in the
protection of toxicity induced by aluminum chloride.
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