1
|
Li J, Lou Y, Li P, Wang T, Lv Z, Guo Z, Geng N, Meng F, Liu S, Li N. Retrospective Investigation and Genetic Variation Analysis of Chicken Infectious Anemia in Shandong Province, 2020-2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040263. [PMID: 37104419 PMCID: PMC10142966 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is a vertical transmission infectious chicken disease caused by the chicken infectious anemia virus (CAV). The disease can induce stunting and immunosuppression in chicks by infecting bone marrow-derived stem cells, causing huge economic losses for the poultry industry. To determine the prevalence of CIA in Shandong Province, China, 854 suspected CIA samples were collected and analyzed in 13 cities in Shandong from 2020 to 2022. The PCR results showed that a total of 115 CAV were isolated. The CAV-positive rates were 17.21% (26/151) in 2020, 12.23% (35/286) in 2021, and 12.94% (54/417) in 2022, with severe mixed infections. Among them, CAV and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were the most common, accounting for 40.86%. VP1 gene homology analysis showed that isolated strains shared 96.1-100% homology with the previously reported CAV strains. Genetic variation analysis showed that most of the isolated CAV strains were located in genotype A. These results indicate that CIA infection in Shandong chickens in recent years has been prevalent and mixed infections are common, but there were no significant genetic variations. Our results extend the understanding of the prevalence and genetic evolution of CIA in Shandong Province. They will offer new references for further study of the epidemiology and virus variation and the prevention and control of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Yufei Lou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Peixun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Tailong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Zehao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Zhiyun Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ningwei Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 61 Daizong Road, Taian 271000, China
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin Shandong Province, 61 Daizong Street, Taian 271000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang XW, Feng J, Jin JX, Zhu XJ, Sun AJ, Liu HY, Wang JJ, Wang R, Yang X, Chen L, Liao YF, Zhuang GQ. Molecular Epidemiology and Pathogenic Characterization of Novel Chicken Infectious Anemia Viruses in Henan Province of China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:871826. [PMID: 35419450 PMCID: PMC8995968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.871826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) is an immunosuppressive disease caused by the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) resulting in heavy economic losses once an outbreak is established. This study conducted a systematic analysis of the epidemiology and pathology of CIA in Henan province, China. A total of 437 clinical tissue samples and 120 poultry disease-related live attenuated vaccines were collected during 2017–2020; of which 45 were positive for CIAV nucleic acid, with a positive rate of 8.08%. Our results showed that genome sequence similarity among a total of 12 CIAV isolates was high, and ranged from 97.1 to 99.3%, and their similarity to the vaccine strains Cux-1 and Del-Ros ranged from 97.8 to 98.6%. However, There were mutations in the locus of the major capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 among all isolates. The subsequent sequence analysis indicated that the isolates of HN-4 and HN-8 showed genetic recombination and follow up animal experiments revealed that HN-4 might be a pathogenic strain. Our results reveal that both field infection and non-CIAV vaccines contamination promote the epidemiology of CIAV in China and some dominant epidemic viruses have undergone recombination and evolution. This study provides important information to help with the prevention and control of CIAV in the poultry industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ai-Jun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Liu
- Wolong Animal's Sanitation Administration, Nanyang, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guo-Qing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guo-Qing Zhuang
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng JH, Lai GH, Lien YY, Sun FC, Hsu SL, Chuang PC, Lee MS. Identification of nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal of VP1 from the chicken anemia virus and effects on VP2 shuttling in cells. Virol J 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 30953524 PMCID: PMC6451244 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VP1 of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a structural protein that is required for virus encapsulation. VP1 proteins are present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, the functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) of VP1 are still unknown. This study aimed to characterize the NLS and NES motifs of VP1 using bioinformatics methods and multiple-site fragment deletions, and investigate shuttling of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm by co-transfection with VP1. METHODS Two putative NLS motifs were predicted by the WoLF PSORT and NLStradamus programs from the amino acid sequence of VP1. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. All mutants were created by multiple-site fragment deletion mutagenesis. VP1 and VP2 were co-expressed in cells using plasmid transfection. RESULTS A functional NLS motif was identified at amino acid residues 3 to 10 (RRARRPRG) of VP1. Critical amino acids 3 to 10 were significantly involved in nuclear import in cells and were evaluated using systematic deletion mutagenesis. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. A functional NES was identified at amino acid residues 375 to 388 (ELDTNFFTLYVAQ). Leptomycin B (LMB) treatment demonstrated that VP1 export from nucleus to cytoplasm occurred through a chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent pathway. With co-expression of VP1 and VP2 in cells, we observed that VP1 may transport VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Our data showed that VP1 of CAV contained functional NLS and NES motifs that modulated nuclear import and export through a CRM1-dependent pathway. Further, VP1 may play a role in the transport of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Tai-Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 833
| | - Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ling Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Fooyin University, School of Nursing, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chuang
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Tai-Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 833
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fang L, Zhen Y, Su Q, Zhu H, Guo X, Zhao P. Efficacy of CpG-ODN and Freund's immune adjuvants on antibody responses induced by chicken infectious anemia virus VP1, VP2, and VP3 subunit proteins. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1121-1126. [PMID: 30376069 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken infectious anemia virus is an important pathogen that causes severe anemia and immunosuppression in chickens, leading to serious economic losses worldwide in the poultry industry. However, no commercialized inactivated vaccine, subunit vaccine, or genetically engineered vaccine that is effective for controlling this virus is available. In this study, 3 recombinant plasmids were constructed to produce corresponding viral proteins in an Escherichia coli system. The immune effects of the subunit proteins accompanied by CpG-ODN or Freund's immune adjuvants were evaluated and analyzed in systemic animal experiments. The results showed that VP1 induced the highest antibody titers with the participation of VP2 protein, indicating better protection under combined treatment, and the CpG-ODN adjuvant induced higher antibody titers and smaller dispersion of antibody titers than Freund's adjuvants. This is the first study to demonstrate that VP1 protein formulated with VP2 and CpG-ODN adjuvant can induce highest antibody titers and markedly enhance the immune response, indicating its promise as a vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Zhen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tissue Tropism of Chicken Anaemia Virus in Naturally Infected Broiler Chickens. J Comp Pathol 2019; 167:32-40. [PMID: 30898295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) causes chicken infectious anaemia, a severe disease characterized by anaemia and immunosuppression and leading to serious economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Although CAV infection has been investigated under experimental conditions, information regarding natural infection is scarce. This report describes an outbreak of CAV infection in 18-day-old broiler chickens and investigates virus tropism in affected birds. Thymic atrophy, pale bone marrow, swelling of the legs and foot ulcers (gangrenous dermatitis) were the most common gross lesions. Severe lymphoid cell depletion in the thymic cortex and presence of intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies, depletion of haemopoietic cells in bone marrow and presence of lymphoid infiltrates in several organs were also observed. Immunohistochemical labelling demonstrated the CAV antigens VP1 and VP3 in several organs. The expression of both proteins was similar in the thymic cortex and in the bone marrow, the main target organs of CAV; however, VP3 expression was more abundant in the other organs. Labelling of serial sections showed that CD3+ T lymphocytes might be responsible for the dissemination of the virus from the thymus and bone marrow to other organs and that virus-induced apoptosis, mediated through caspase-3, occurred mainly in the thymus and bone marrow.
Collapse
|
6
|
Trinh DQ, Ogawa H, Bui VN, Baatartsogt T, Kizito MK, Yamaguchi S, Imai K. Characterization of mAbs to chicken anemia virus and epitope mapping on its viral protein, VP1. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1086-1097. [PMID: 25568186 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three (MoCAV/F2, MoCAV/F8 and MoCAV/F11) of four mouse mAbs established against the A2/76 strain of chicken anemia virus (CAV) showed neutralization activity. Immunoprecipitation showed a band at ~50 kDa in A2/76-infected cell lysates by neutralizing mAbs, corresponding to the 50 kDa capsid protein (VP1) of CAV, and the mAbs reacted with recombinant VP1 proteins expressed in Cos7 cells. MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 neutralized the 14 CAV strains tested, whereas MoCAV/F11 did not neutralize five of the strains, indicating distinct antigenic variation amongst the strains. In blocking immunofluorescence tests with the A2/76-infected cells, binding of MoCAV/F11 was not inhibited by the other mAbs. MoCAV/F2 inhibited the binding of MoCAV/F8 to the antigens and vice versa, suggesting that the two mAbs recognized the same epitope. However, mutations were found in different parts of VP1 of the escape mutants of each mAb: EsCAV/F2 (deletion of T89+A90), EsCAV/F8 (I261T) and EsCAV/F11 (E144G). Thus, the epitopes recognized by MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 seemed to be topographically close in the VP1 structure, suggesting that VP1 has at least two different neutralizing epitopes. However, MoCAV/F8 did not react with EsCAV/F2 or EsCAV/F8, suggesting that binding of MoCAV/F8 to the epitope requires coexistence of the epitope recognized by MoCAV/F2. In addition, MoCAV/F2, with a titre of 1 : 12 800 to the parent strain, neutralized EsCAV/F2 and EsCAV/F8 with low titres of 32 and 152, respectively. The similarity of the reactivity of MoCAV/F2 and MoCAV/F8 to VP1 may also suggest the existence of a single epitope recognized by these mAbs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Chicken anemia virus/genetics
- Chicken anemia virus/immunology
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Epitope Mapping
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Q Trinh
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Vuong N Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tugsbaatar Baatartsogt
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mugimba K Kizito
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yamaguchi
- Japan Livestock Technology Association, 3-20-9 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Imai
- Research Center for Animal Hygiene and Food Safety, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 2-11 Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahgoub EO. The Development and Application of an Indirect ELISA Test for the Detection of Chicken Anaemia Virus (CAV) by VP1 in Chicken Flock Serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgen.2014.44029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|