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Hakimi S, Dutta P, Layton AT. Renal calcium and magnesium handling during pregnancy: modeling and analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F77-F90. [PMID: 38721663 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00001.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with elevated demand of most nutrients, with many trace elements and minerals critical for the development of fetus. In particular, calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are essential for cellular function, and their deficiency can lead to impaired fetal growth. A key contributor to the homeostasis of these ions is the kidney, which in a pregnant rat undergoes major changes in morphology, hemodynamics, and molecular structure. The goal of this study is to unravel the functional implications of these pregnancy-induced changes in renal handling of Ca2+ and Mg2+, two cations that are essential in a healthy pregnancy. To achieve that goal, we developed computational models of electrolyte and water transport along the nephrons of a rat in mid and late pregnancy. Model simulations reveal a substantial increase in the reabsorption of Mg2+ along the proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs. In contrast, the reabsorption of Ca2+ is increased in the proximal tubules but decreased in the thick ascending limbs, due to the lower transepithelial concentration gradient of Ca2+ along the latter. Despite the enhanced transport capacity, the marked increase in glomerular filtration rate results in elevated urinary excretions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in pregnancy. Furthermore, we conducted simulations of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. We found that hypocalcemia lowers Ca2+ excretion substantially more than Mg2+ excretion, with this effect being more pronounced in virgin rats than in pregnant ones. Conversely, hypomagnesemia reduces the excretion of Mg2+ and Ca2+ to more similar degrees. These differences can be explained by the greater sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to Ca2+ compared with Mg2+.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A growing fetus' demands of minerals, notably calcium and magnesium, necessitate adaptations in pregnancy. In particular, the kidney undergoes major changes in morphology, hemodynamics, and molecular structure. This computational modeling study provides insights into how these pregnancy-induced renal adaptation impact calcium and magnesium transport along different nephron segments. Model simulations indicate that, despite the enhanced transport capacity, the marked increase in glomerular filtration rate results in elevated urinary excretions of calcium and magnesium in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Hakimi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritha Dutta
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Advanced Maternal Age Impairs Uterine Artery Adaptations to Pregnancy in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169191. [PMID: 36012456 PMCID: PMC9409016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced maternal age (≥35 years) is associated with pregnancy complications. Aging impairs vascular reactivity and increases vascular stiffness. We hypothesized that uterine artery adaptations to pregnancy are impaired with advanced age. Uterine arteries of nonpregnant and pregnant (gestational day 20) young (4 months) and aged (9 months; ~35 years in humans) Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated. Functional (myogenic tone, n = 6−10/group) and mechanical (circumferential stress-strain, n = 10−24/group) properties were assessed using pressure myography and further assessment of elastin and collagen (histology, n = 4−6/group), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2, zymography, n = 6/group). Aged dams had worse pregnancy outcomes, including smaller litters and fetal weights (both p < 0.0001). Only in arteries of pregnant young dams did higher pressures (>100 mmHg) cause forced vasodilation. Across the whole pressure range (4−160 mmHg), myogenic behavior was enhanced in aged vs. young pregnant dams (p = 0.0010). Circumferential stress and strain increased with pregnancy in young and aged dams (p < 0.0001), but strain remained lower in aged vs. young dams (p < 0.05). Arteries from young nonpregnant rats had greater collagen:elastin ratios than the other groups (p < 0.05). In aged rats only, pregnancy increased MMP-2 active capacity. Altered functional and structural vascular adaptations to pregnancy may impair fetal growth and development with advanced maternal age.
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Sharp JL, Ethridge SB, Ballard SL, Potter KM, Schmidt KT, Smith MA. The effects of chronic estradiol treatment on opioid self-administration in intact female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 225:108816. [PMID: 34171824 PMCID: PMC8282761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Heroin intake decreases significantly during proestrus in normally cycling female rats, and this effect is mediated by endogenous estradiol but not endogenous progesterone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether chronic administration of exogenous estradiol decreases intake of the semi-synthetic opioid, heroin, and the fully synthetic opioid, remifentanil, in intact female rats. Normally cycling female rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and trained to self-administer heroin on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. Rats were treated chronically with daily administration of either a low dose of estradiol (0.5 mcg, sc), a high dose of estradiol (5.0 mcg, sc), or vehicle (peanut oil, sc). After two weeks of heroin self-administration training, dose-effect curves were determined for both heroin and remifentanil. Chronic administration of estradiol non-significantly decreased heroin intake and significantly decreased remifentanil intake. Estradiol-induced decreases in remifentanil intake were dose-dependent, characterized by large effect sizes, and greatest in rats treated with the high dose of estradiol. These data indicate that chronic estradiol administration decreases opioid intake in intact female rats with medium to large effect sizes across opioids. These findings suggest that estrogen-based pharmacotherapies may represent a novel treatment approach for women with opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Sharp
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Kenzie M Potter
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA
| | - Karl T Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.
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Schuler G. Steroid sulfates in domestic mammals and laboratory rodents. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106622. [PMID: 33765496 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically steroid sulfates have been considered predominantly as inactive metabolites. It was later discovered that by cleavage of the sulfate residue by steroid sulfatase (STS), they can be (re-)converted into active forms or into precursors for the local production of active steroids. This sulfatase pathway is now a very active field of research, which has gained considerable interest particularly in connection with the steroid metabolism of human steroid hormone-dependent cancer tissue. In comparison, there is much less information available on the occurrence of the sulfatase pathway in physiological settings, where the targeted uptake of steroid sulfates by specific transporters and their hydrolysis could serve to limit steroid effects to a subgroup of potentially steroid responsive cells. In humans, steroid sulfates of adrenal origin circulate in intriguingly high concentrations throughout most of life. Thus, ample substrate is available for the sulfatase pathway regardless of sex. However, the abundant adrenal output of steroid sulfates is a specific feature of select primates. Compared to humans, in our domestic mammals (dogs, cats, domestic ungulates) and laboratory rodents (mouse, rat) research into the biology of steroid sulfates is still in its infancy and information on the subject has so far been largely limited to punctual observations, which indicate considerable species-specific peculiarities. The aim of this overview is to provide a summary of the relevant information available in the above-mentioned species, predominantly taking into account data on concentrations of steroid sulfates in blood as well as the expression patterns and activities of relevant sulfotransferases and STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schuler
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Calcium signaling cascades differentially regulate PGF 2α-induced myometrial contractions in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1651-1664. [PMID: 33884445 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study unravels the differential involvement of calcium signaling pathway(s) in PGF2α-induced contractions in myometrium of nonpregnant (NP) and pregnant buffaloes. Compared to the myometrium of pregnant animals, myometrium of NP buffaloes was more sensitive to PGF2α as manifested by changes in mean integral tension (MIT) and tonicity. In the presence of nifedipine, myometrial contraction to PGF2α was significantly attenuated in both NP and pregnant uteri; however, mibefradil and NNC 55-0396 produced inhibitory effects only in uterus of pregnant animals, thus suggesting the role of extracellular Ca2+ influx through nifedipine-sensitive L-type Ca2+-channels both in NP and pregnant, but T-type Ca2+ channels seem to play a role only during pregnancy. Entry of extracellular Ca2+ is triggered by enhanced functional involvement of Pyr3-sensitive TRPC3 channels and Rho-kinase pathways as evidenced by a significant rightward shift of the concentration-response curve of PGF2α in the presence of Pyr3 and Y-27632 in NP myometrium. But significant down-expressions of TRPC3 and Rho-A proteins during pregnancy apparently facilitate uterine quiescence. In the presence of Ca2+-free solution and cyclopiazonic acid (SERCA blocker), feeble contraction to PGF2α was observed in both NP and pregnant myometrium which suggests minor role of intracellular source of Ca2+ in mediating PGF2α-induced contractions in these tissues.
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Barbosa-Moyano H, Rodríguez-Chaparro S, Santos RLSR, Ramírez-Pinilla MP. Plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations during the female reproductive cycle in a highly placentotrophic viviparous lizard, Mabuya sp. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 295:113530. [PMID: 32526330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The neotropical genus Mabuya are obligate placentotrophic viviparous lizards, which have a short vitellogenesis that produces microlecithal oocytes and a prolonged time of gestation (9 to 10 months). The hormonal control of female reproductive activity during follicular growth and pregnancy has not been studied, although it is known that the corpus luteum can produce progesterone, but regresses early in pregnancy, being replaced in this function by the placenta. Through enzyme immunoassay (EIA) we measured the plasma concentrations of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in females of a population of Mabuya sp at different stages of their reproductive cycle. Previously, we confirmed the presence of P4 in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography methods with diode-array detector ultraviolet (HPLC-DAD-UV). The average concentration values of E2 and P4 were compared among reproductive stages and their dynamics were related to what is known in other oviparous and viviparous amniotes. The plasma E2 concentrations of Mabuya sp. are below the levels found in other viviparous reptiles, probably related to the substantial reduction of its follicular growth phase. Its highest concentration was detected during vitellogenesis, related to its function in the growth and maturation of the ovarian follicles and oviduct preparation for pregnancy; lower levels were observed during pregnancy, but they increase at the end when a new vitellogenesis event begins and massive placental maternal-fetal nutrient transfer occurs. High concentrations of P4 were found during pregnancy, related to its function in the maintenance of the developing embryos within the oviduct. The highest levels of P4 were found at early gestation, then they descend from mid-gestation to the end of gestation. Although some characteristics of hormonal control related to the high level of placentotrophy were observed in this species, the changes in plasma sex steroid concentrations during the reproductive cycle in females of Mabuya sp. follow patterns seen in other viviparous amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Barbosa-Moyano
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Salomé Rodríguez-Chaparro
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | | | - Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva de Vertebrados, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS), Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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Hu C, Liu B, Li H, Wu X, Guo T, Luo W, Zhou Y. Prostaglandin D 2 evokes potent uterine contraction via the F prostanoid receptor in postpartum rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 836:11-17. [PMID: 30107163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin (PG) D2, a prostanoid known to have hypotensive effect, can evoke increased in vitro prepartum myometrial contraction resulting from up-regulation of the F prostanoid (FP) receptor. The present study further determined postpartum rat uterine responses to PGD2 to evaluate the possibility of the prostanoid becoming a therapeutic for postpartum uterine atony, a major cause of postpartum hemorrhage that can lead to maternal morbidity. In vitro and in vivo postpartum uterine responses to PGD2 were determined and compared to those of prepartum rats. Here we show that in postpartum myometrial strips PGD2 did evoke a contraction sensitive to FP receptor antagonism. Interestingly, this response was not only to a greater extent than that of prepartum rats, but also comparable with the contraction obtained with PGF2α, a therapeutic for postpartum uterine atony but contradicted in conditions including hypertension. Indeed, PGD2 was also found to cause increases of basal uterine contraction under in vivo conditions. Western blots revealed that the expression of FP receptors in postpartum myometrium was higher than that of prepartum rats. Moreover, we noted that the amount of PGD2 produced in postpartum uteri, although lower than that of prepartum rats, was increased compared to non-pregnant conditions. These results thus demonstrate that due to a further up-regulation or high expression of myometrial FP receptors, PGD2 can evoke potent uterine contraction postpartum, and hence the prostanoid, which is naturally synthesized in uterine tissues, could be a potential therapeutic for postpartum uterine atony, especially in settings, such as hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangjia Hu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Hui Li
- The Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiangzhong Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Wenhong Luo
- The Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yingbi Zhou
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
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Sharma A, Nakade UP, Jaitley P, Sharma V, Choudhury S, Garg SK. WITHDRAWN: Differential involvement of L- and T-type Ca 2+ channels, store-operated calcium channel (TRPC) and Rho-kinase signaling pathway(s) in PGF 2α-induced contractions in myometrium of non-pregnant and pregnant buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017:S1098-8823(17)30021-7. [PMID: 28916261 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sharma
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Udayraj P Nakade
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Pooja Jaitley
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Vipin Sharma
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Soumen Choudhury
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Satish Kumar Garg
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya, Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India.
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Saglam ASY, Alp E, Elmazoglu Z, Menevse ES. Effect of API-1 and FR180204 on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human DLD-1 and LoVo colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2463-2474. [PMID: 27698814 PMCID: PMC5038487 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt) and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways are implicated in the majority of cancers. Selective inhibition of Akt and ERK represents a potential approach for cancer therapy. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of the novel and selective Akt inhibitor 4-amino-5,8-dihydro-5-oxo-8-β-D-ribofuranosyl-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide (API-1) and selective ERK1/2 inhibitor FR180204 (FR) alone and in combination on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (DLD-1 and LoVo). In addition, the effects of API-1 and FR on Akt and ERK signaling pathways were also investigated. The effects of the agents on DLD-1 and LoVo cells were evaluated in terms of cell viability, cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis rate, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity levels. In addition, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to examine relevant mRNA and protein levels. The present study observed that the combination of FR with API-1 resulted in significant apoptosis and cytotoxicity compared with any single agent alone in a time-dependent manner in these cells. Also, treatment with FR and API-1 in combination decreased the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2), Bcl-2-like1, cyclin D1 and cMYC, and increased the expression levels of BCL2-associated X protein and BCL2 antagonist/killer via phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated ERK1/2 downregulation. The combination of Akt and ERK1/2 inhibitors resulted in enhanced apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects against CRC cells. The present study hypothesizes that the combination of FR and API-1 in CRC cells may contribute toward potential anti-carcinogenic effects. Additional analyses using other cancer cell lines and animal models are required to confirm these findings in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiye Seda Yar Saglam
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Ebru Alp
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Giresun University, Giresun 28200, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Elmazoglu
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Emine Sevda Menevse
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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