1
|
Zheng L, Shi L, Wu X, Hu P, Zhang B, Han X, Wang K, Li X, Yang F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R. Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38338017 PMCID: PMC10854898 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important exocrine fluid that is easy to collect and is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules from multiple sources from which considerable biological information can be mined. Pig saliva, as an easily available biological liquid rich in bioactive ingredients, is rich in nucleic acid analytes, such as eggs, enzymes, amino acids, sugars, etc. The expression levels of these components in different diseases have received extensive attention, and the analysis of specific proteins, metabolites, and biological compositions in pig saliva has become a new direction for disease diagnosis and treatment. The study of the changes in analytes in pig saliva can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the detection methods and research progress of porcine salivary analytes are reviewed, the application and research progress of porcine salivary analytes in diseases are discussed, and the future application prospect is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
D’Annunzio G, Ostanello F, Muscatello LV, Orioles M, Jacumin N, Tommasini N, Leotti G, Luppi A, Mandrioli L, Sarli G. Porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus alone or associated are frequent intralesional detected viruses in porcine respiratory disease complex cases in Northern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1234779. [PMID: 37720469 PMCID: PMC10500834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1234779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods This study aimed to examine the pathological impact of Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) through histological and immunohistochemical analysis of 79 cases of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) collected from 22 farms in Northern Italy. Lung tissue and several lymphoid organ samples were deployed to associate PCV2-positive stain with Circovirus-associated Diseases (PCVD). Results The most common lung lesion observed was interstitial pneumonia, alone or combined with bronchopneumonia. By immunohistochemistry, 44 lungs (55.7%) tested positive for PCV2, 34 (43.0%) for PRRSV, 16 (20.3%) for both viruses and in 17 cases (21.5%) neither virus was detected. Twenty-eight out of 44 (63.6%) PCV2-positive cases had lymphoid depletion or granulomatous inflammation in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined; thus, they were classified as PCV2 Systemic Diseases (PCV2-SD). In the remaining 16 out of 44 cases (36.4%), PCV2-positive lung lesions were associated with hyperplastic or normal lymphoid tissues, which showed PCV2-positive centrofollicular dendritic cells in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined. Therefore, these cases were classified as PRDC/PCV2-positive. In the PCV2-positive animals, 42.9% of the PCV2-SD cases (12/28) showed immunohistochemistry (IHC) positivity for PRRSV in the lung tissue, while 25.0% of PRDC/PCV2-positive cases (4/16) showed double positivity for PCV2 and PRRSV. Discussion In light of the caseload presented in this study, characterized by the high proportion of PCV2-SD cases alongside the overall respiratory symptomatology, it is imperative to emphasize the crucial role of a comprehensive sampling protocol. This is critical to avoid underestimating the harm caused by PCV2 in farms, particularly with respect to the systemic form of the disease. PCV2 and PRRSV remain the primary infections associated with PRDC in Italy that can significantly impact farm health and co-infections in the field can worsen the pathology, thus the selection of appropriate preventive measures is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Annunzio
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Orioles
- Dipartimento di Scienze agroalimentari, ambientali e animali, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Niccolò Jacumin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Leotti
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Italia SpA, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Isituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia – Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niazi AM, ZiHeng Z, Fuke N, Toyama K, Habibi WA, Kawaguchi N, Yamaguchi R, Hirai T. Detection of Swine Influenza A and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses in Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue. J Comp Pathol 2022; 197:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
4
|
Sarli G, D’Annunzio G, Gobbo F, Benazzi C, Ostanello F. The Role of Pathology in the Diagnosis of Swine Respiratory Disease. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110256. [PMID: 34822629 PMCID: PMC8618091 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition “porcine respiratory disease complex” (PRDC) is used to indicate the current approach for presenting respiratory pathology in modern pig farming. PRDC includes pneumonias with variable pictures, mixed with both aerogenous and hematogenous forms with variable etiology, often multimicrobial, and influenced by environmental and management factors. The notion that many etiological agents of swine respiratory pathology are ubiquitous in the airways is commonly understood; however, their isolation or identification is not always associable with the current pathology. In this complex context, lung lesions registered at slaughterhouse or during necropsy, and supplemented by histological investigations, must be considered as powerful tools for assigning a prominent role to etiologic agents. In recent years, the goal of colocalizing causative agents with the lesions they produce has been frequently applied, and valid examples in routine diagnostics are those that indicate pulmonary involvement during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Woonwong Y, Kedkovid R, Arunorat J, Sirisereewan C, Nedumpun T, Poonsuk K, Panyasing Y, Poolperm P, Boonsoongnern A, Thanawongnuwech R. Oral fluid samples used for PRRSV acclimatization program and sow performance monitoring in endemic PRRS-positive farms. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:291-298. [PMID: 28980168 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An effective gilt acclimatization program is one of the most important management strategies for controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. Recently, oral fluid samples have been used as alternative diagnostic samples for various swine diseases. This study utilized oral fluids for PRRSV monitoring during the gilt acclimatization period in PRRSV endemic farms. The study was performed in two selected commercial breeding herds (farm A and farm B). PRRSV RNA and PRRSV-specific antibodies were monitored using oral fluid and serum samples. Sow performance parameters related to PRRSV infection were recorded and assessed. After PRRSV exposure during acclimatization, viral RNA was demonstrated in oral fluids from 1 to 10 weeks post-exposure (WPE). PRRSV RNA was detected in serum at 1 and 4 WPE in farm A and at 1, 4, 8, and 12 WPE in farm B. Prolonged viremia of gilts from farm B was possibly due to re-infection (within the herd) and later, reproductive problems were found in the breeding herd. The correlation of PRRSV RNA concentration in oral fluids and serum was evident. The S/P ratio values of PRRSV antibodies in oral fluid samples were higher and had similar patterns of antibody responses to the serum samples. The results suggest that the use of oral fluid samples for PRRSV monitoring during gilt acclimatization in endemic farms is effective, convenient, practical, and economical and would be most beneficial when used with other parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonlayong Woonwong
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Inter-Department of Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Korakrit Poonsuk
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Yaowalak Panyasing
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pariwat Poolperm
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand.
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Habibi WA, Hirai T, Niazmand MH, Okumura N, Yamaguchi R. Experimental induction of chicken amyloid A amyloidosis in white layer chickens by inoculation with inactivated vaccines. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:497-505. [PMID: 28421832 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1321103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the amyloidogenic potential of inactivated vaccines and the localized production of serum amyloid A (SAA) at the injection site in white layer chickens. Hens in the treated group were injected intramuscularly three times with high doses of inactivated oil-emulsion Salmonella Enteritidis vaccine and multivalent viral and bacterial inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines at two-week intervals. Chickens in the control group did not receive any inoculum. In the treated group, emaciation and granulomas were present, while several chickens died between 4 and 6 weeks after the first injection. Hepatomegaly was seen at necropsy, and the liver parenchyma showed inconsistent discolouration with patchy green to yellowish-brown areas, or sometimes red-brown areas with haemorrhage. Amyloid deposition in the liver, spleen, duodenum, and at injection sites was demonstrated using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Congo red, and immunohistochemistry. The incidence of chicken amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis was 47% (28 of 60) in the treated group. In addition, RT-PCR was used to identify chicken SAA mRNA expression in the liver and at the injection sites. Furthermore, SAA mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization in fibroblasts at the injection sites, and also in hepatocytes. We believe that this is the first report of the experimental induction of systemic AA amyloidosis in white layer chickens following repeated inoculation with inactivated vaccines without the administration of amyloid fibrils or other amyloid-enhancing factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wazir Ahmad Habibi
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Mohammad Hakim Niazmand
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Naoko Okumura
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- a Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Regge N, Cay B. Comparison of PRRSV Nucleic Acid and Antibody Detection in Pen-Based Oral Fluid and Individual Serum Samples in Three Different Age Categories of Post-Weaning Pigs from Endemically Infected Farms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166300. [PMID: 27820859 PMCID: PMC5098819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the causative agent of an economically important disease in swine. Since it has been shown that PRRSV and PRRSV specific antibodies can be detected in oral fluid, many different aspects have been studied to show that oral fluid could be a worthy alternative diagnostic sample to serum for monitoring and surveillance of this disease. Thorough field evaluations are however missing to convincingly show its usefulness under representative field conditions. METHODOLOGY Pen-based oral fluid samples and serum samples from all individual pigs in the corresponding pens were collected from post-weaning pigs of three different age categories in eight endemically PRRSV infected farms and one PRRSV free farm in Belgium. All samples were tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and ELISA to detect PRRSV RNA and PRRSV specific antibodies, respectively. RESULTS While the relative specificity of PRRSV detection by qRT-PCR in pen-based oral fluid compared to serum collected from individual pigs was high in all age categories (>90%), the relative sensitivity decreased with the age of the pigs (89, 93 and 10% in 8-12w, 16-20w and 24-28w old pigs, respectively). The latter correlated with a lower percentage of PRRSV positive pigs in serum/pen in the different age categories (55, 29 and 6%, respectively). Irrespective of the age category, pen-based oral fluid samples were always found PCR positive when at least 30% of the individual pigs were positive in serum. PRRSV specific antibody detection in oral fluid by ELISA showed a 100% relative sensitivity to detection in serum since oral fluid samples were always positive as soon as one pig in the pen was positive in serum. On the other hand, two false positive oral fluid samples in 11 pens without serum positive pigs were found, resulting in a relative specificity of 82%. Indications are however present that the oral fluid result indicated the correct infection status but the absence of a golden standard test makes it difficult to define definitive test characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Overall it can be concluded that oral fluid seems to be a useful matrix for diagnosis of PRRSV under field conditions and that differences in kinetics of PRRSV and PRRSV specific antibody detection in oral fluid and serum of individual pigs can also be reflected in pen-based oral fluid results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick De Regge
- Enzootic and (Re)emerging Diseases, Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Enzootic and (Re)emerging Diseases, Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Ukkel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biernacka K, Karbowiak P, Wróbel P, Charęza T, Czopowicz M, Balka G, Goodell C, Rauh R, Stadejek T. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) in oral fluid of pigs. Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:74-80. [PMID: 27892877 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently oral fluid has become a novel sample type for pathogen nucleic acid and antibody detection, as it is easy to obtain with non-invasive procedures. The objective of the study was to analyze porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) circulation in growing pigs from three Polish production farms, using Real Time PCR and ELISA testing of oral fluid and serum. Oral fluids were collected every 2weeks, in the same 3-4 pens of pigs aged between 5 and 17weeks. Additionally, blood samples were collected every 4weeks from 4 pigs corresponding to the same pens as oral fluid and tested for the presence of PRRSV nucleic acid (pooled by 4) and antibodies. In farm A no PRRSV circulation was detected and only maternal antibodies were present. In farm B and farm C antibodies to PRRSV in serum and oral fluid were detected in most samples. In farm B PRRSV Type 1 was detected in 80.9% of oral fluid samples and in 58.3% of serum pools, and in farm C in 92.8% of oral fluid samples and 75% serum pools. Striking differences were observed between different pens in PRRSV detection patterns. In farms B and C ORF5 sequence analysis showed the presence of wild type strains which were about 84-85% identical to the modified live vaccine used. In all three farms two waves of IAV shedding with oral fluid were detected, in weaners and fatteners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Biernacka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Wróbel
- Swine Vet Consulting L.L.C., Bolewskiego 40, 63-700 Krotoszyn, Poland
| | | | - Michał Czopowicz
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gyula Balka
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, István u. 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Rolf Rauh
- Tetracore Inc, 9901 Belward Campus Drive Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|