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Jang SG, Kim YI, Casel MAB, Choi JH, Gil JR, Rollon R, Kim EH, Kim SM, Ji HY, Park DB, Hwang J, Ahn JW, Kim MH, Song MS, Choi YK. HA N193D substitution in the HPAI H5N1 virus alters receptor binding affinity and enhances virulence in mammalian hosts. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2302854. [PMID: 38189114 PMCID: PMC10840603 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2302854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
During the 2021/2022 winter season, we isolated highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses harbouring an amino acid substitution from Asparagine(N) to Aspartic acid (D) at residue 193 of the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor binding domain (RBD) from migratory birds in South Korea. Herein, we investigated the characteristics of the N193D HA-RBD substitution in the A/CommonTeal/Korea/W811/2021[CT/W811] virus by using recombinant viruses engineered via reverse genetics (RG). A receptor affinity assay revealed that the N193D HA-RBD substitution in CT/W811 increases α2,6 sialic acid receptor binding affinity. The rCT/W811-HA193N virus caused rapid lethality with high virus titres in chickens compared with the rCT/W811-HA193D virus, while the rCT/W811-HA193D virus exhibited enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts with multiple tissue tropism. Surprisingly, a ferret-to-ferret transmission assay revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D virus replicates well in the respiratory tract, at a rate about 10 times higher than that of rCT/W811-HA193N, and all rCT/W811-HA193D direct contact ferrets were seroconverted at 10 days post-contact. Further, competition transmission assay of the two viruses revealed that rCT/W811-HA193D has enhanced growth kinetics compared with the rCT/W811-HA193N, eventually becoming the dominant strain in nasal turbinates. Further, rCT/W811-HA193D exhibits high infectivity in primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, suggesting the potential for human infection. Taken together, the HA-193D containing HPAI H5N1 virus from migratory birds showed enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts, but not in avian hosts, with multi-organ replication and ferret-to-ferret transmission. Thus, this suggests that HA-193D change increases the probability of HPAI H5N1 infection and transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony B. Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Ji
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Bin Park
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Ahn
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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An SH, Kim NY, Heo GB, Kang YM, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Development and evaluation of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of H5, H7, and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114942. [PMID: 38670532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
H5, H7 and H9 are the major subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) that cause economic losses in the poultry industry and sporadic zoonotic infection. Early detection of AIV is essential for preventing disease spread. Therefore, molecular diagnosis and subtyping of AIV via real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) is preferred over other classical diagnostic methods, such as egg inoculation, RT-PCR and HI test, due to its high sensitivity, specificity and convenience. The singleplex rRT-PCRs for the Matrix, H5 and H7 gene used for the national surveillance program in Korea have been developed in 2017; however, these methods were not designed for multiplexing, and does not reflect the sequences of currently circulating strains completely. In this study, the multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR assay was developed with sets of primers and probe updated or newly designed to simultaneously detect the H5, H7 and H9 genes. Multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR showed 100% specificity without cross-reactivity with other subtypes of AIVs and avian disease-causing viruses or bacteria, and the limit of detection was 1-10 EID50/0.1 ml (50% egg infectious dose). Artificial mixed infections with the three different subtypes could be detected accurately with high analytical sensitivity even under highly biased relative molecular ratios by balancing the reactivities of each subtype by modifying the concentration of the primers and probes. The multiplex H5/7/9 rRT-PCR assay developed in this study could be a useful tool for large-scale surveillance programs for viral detection as well as subtyping due to its high specificity, sensitivity and robustness in discriminating viruses in mixed infections, and this approach would greatly decrease the time, cost, effort and chance of cross-contamination compared to the conventional method of testing three subtypes by different singleplex rRT-PCR methods in parallel or in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Na-Yeong Kim
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, South Korea.
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3
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An SH, Heo GB, Kang YM, Sagong M, Kim NY, Lee YJ, Lee KN. Statistical Analysis of the Performance of Local Veterinary Laboratories in Molecular Detection (rRT-PCR) of Avian Influenza Virus via National Proficiency Testing Performed during 2020-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040823. [PMID: 37112804 PMCID: PMC10145527 DOI: 10.3390/v15040823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For the early detection of avian influenza virus (AIV), molecular diagnostic methods such as real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) are the first choice in terms of accuracy and speed in many countries. A laboratory's capability to perform this diagnostic method needs to be measured through external and independent assessment to ensure that the method is validated within the laboratory and in interlaboratory comparison. The Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of Korea has implemented five rounds of proficiency testing (PT) for rRT-PCR targeting local veterinary service laboratories involved in the AIV national surveillance program from 2020 to 2022. In each round, a portion composed of six or more samples was selected from the entire PT panel consisting of H5, H7, and H9 viruses isolated in Korea and distributed to each participant, and at least one pair of samples was commonly included in each panel for interlaboratory comparison. During the five rounds of PT, a few incorrect and outlying results were detected that required immediate inspection or corrective actions. However, in the quantitative measurement of Ct values, the average standard deviation or coefficient of variation decreased as multiple PT rounds progressed, and a positive correlation between consecutive rounds of PT was observed since 2021. The better consistency or stability in the experimental performance appeared to contribute to the more harmonized results in the latest PTs, and it is assumed that the positive reaction of participants to the challenges of quantitative assessment reports showing their status intuitively might work. We need to continue operating the PT program for local laboratories because they play crucial roles at the front line of the national avian influenza surveillance program, and frequent changes in the human resources or environment for diagnosis in those laboratories are inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingeun Sagong
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeong Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Nyeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Baek YG, Lee YN, Park YR, Chung DH, Kwon JH, Si YJ, Heo GB, Lee YJ, Lee DH, Lee EK. Evolution, Transmission, and Pathogenicity of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4, South Korea, 2014–2016. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:906944. [PMID: 35799844 PMCID: PMC9253604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.906944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2014–2016, clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) caused the largest known avian influenza epidemic in South Korea. Based on data from earlier H5N8 outbreaks, primitive H5N8 virus in South Korea was classified into five subgroups: C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5. The present study investigated the pathogenic and molecular epidemiologic characteristics of H5N8 viruses obtained from 388 cases of poultry farms and 85 cases of wild bird infections in South Korea during 2014–2016. Representative viruses of subgroups C1, C2, and C4 showed significant pathobiological differences in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, with the H1731 (C1) virus showing substantially lower infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity than the H2102 (C2) and H1924 (C4) viruses. Full genome sequence analysis showed the number of mutations that significantly increased in domestic duck-origin H5N8 HPAIVs compared to the viruses from gallinaceous poultry. These differences may have been due to the long-term circulation of viruses in domestic duck farms. The same mutations, at positions 219 and 757 of PB1, independently evolving in the C0, C1, and C2 subgroups may have been positively selected, resulting in convergent evolution at the amino acid level. Bayesian discrete trait phylodynamic analysis (DTA) indicated multiple introductions of H5N8 HPAIV from wild birds into domestic poultry in various regions in South Korea. Following initial viral introduction into domestic duck farms in the western part of Korea, domestic ducks played a major role in viral transmission and maintenance. These findings highlight the need for continued genomic surveillance and pathobiological characterization of HPAIV in birds. Enhanced biosecurity in poultry farms should be implemented to prevent the introduction, maintenance, and spread of HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Gi Baek
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Park
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - David H. Chung
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Beom Heo
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Dong-Hun Lee
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Avian Influenza Research & Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
- Eun-Kyoung Lee
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5
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Soda K, Ozaki H, Ito H, Usui T, Okamatsu M, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Yamaguchi T, Ito T. Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in 2016-2017 winter in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1891-1898. [PMID: 34732610 PMCID: PMC8762421 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Large highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6
viruses occurred in Japan during the 2016–2017 winter. To date, several reports regarding
these outbreaks have been published, however a comprehensive study including geographical
and time course validations has not been performed. Herein, 58 Japanese HPAI virus (HPAIV)
isolates from the 2016–2017 season were added for phylogenetic analyses and the antigenic
relationships among the causal viruses were elucidated. The locations where HPAIVs were
found in the early phase of the outbreaks were clustered into three regions. Genotypes C1,
C5, and C6–8 HPAIVs were found in specific areas. Two strains had phylogenetically
distinct hemagglutinin (HA) and non-structural (NS) genes from other previously identified
strains, respectively. The estimated latest divergence date between the viral genotypes
suggests that genetic reassortment occurred in bird populations before their winter
migration to Japan. Antigenic differences in 2016–2017 HPAIVs were not observed,
suggesting that antibody pressure in the birds did not contribute to the selection of
HPAIV genotypes. In the late phase, the majority of HPAI cases in wild birds occurred
south of the lake freezing line. At the end of the outbreak, HPAI re-occurred in East
coast region, which may be due to the spring migration route of Anas bird
species. These trends were similar to those observed in the 2010–2011 outbreaks,
suggesting there is a typical pattern of seeding and dissemination of HPAIV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Tatsufumi Usui
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Division of Risk Analysis and Management, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
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Multiple Gene Segments Are Associated with Enhanced Virulence of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mallards. J Virol 2021; 95:e0095521. [PMID: 34232725 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00955-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses from the H5Nx Goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to cause outbreaks in domestic and wild bird populations. Two distinct genetic groups of H5N8 HPAI viruses, hemagglutinin (HA) clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4B, caused intercontinental outbreaks in 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2017, respectively. Experimental infections using viruses from these outbreaks demonstrated a marked difference in virulence in mallards, with the H5N8 virus from 2014 causing mild clinical disease and the 2016 H5N8 virus causing high mortality. To assess which gene segments are associated with enhanced virulence of H5N8 HPAI viruses in mallards, we generated reassortant viruses with 2014 and 2016 viruses. For single-segment reassortants in the genetic backbone of the 2016 virus, pathogenesis experiments in mallards revealed that morbidity and mortality were reduced for all eight single-segment reassortants compared to the parental 2016 virus, with significant reductions in mortality observed with the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2), nucleoprotein (NP), and matrix (M) reassortants. No differences in morbidity and mortality were observed with reassortants that either have the polymerase complex segments or the HA and neuraminidase (NA) segments of the 2016 virus in the genetic backbone of the 2014 virus. In vitro assays showed that the NP and polymerase acidic (PA) segments of the 2014 virus lowered polymerase activity when combined with the polymerase complex segments of the 2016 virus. Furthermore, the M segment of the 2016 H5N8 virus was linked to filamentous virion morphology. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that gene segments related to the more virulent 2016 H5N8 virus have persisted in the contemporary H5Nx HPAI gene pool until 2020. IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of H5Nx HPAI viruses from the goose/Guangdong/96 lineage continue to occur in many countries and have resulted in substantial impact on wild birds and poultry. Epidemiological evidence has shown that wild waterfowl play a major role in the spread of these viruses. While HPAI virus infection in gallinaceous species causes high mortality, a wide range of disease outcomes has been observed in waterfowl species. In this study, we examined which gene segments contribute to severe disease in mallards infected with H5N8 HPAI viruses. No virus gene was solely responsible for attenuating the high virulence of a 2016 H5N8 virus, but the PB2, NP, and M segments significantly reduced mortality. The findings herein advance our knowledge on the pathobiology of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and have potential implications on the ecology and epidemiology of H5Nx HPAI in wild bird populations.
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Huang CW, Chen LH, Lee DH, Liu YP, Li WC, Lee MS, Chen YP, Lee F, Chiou CJ, Lin YJ. Evolutionary history of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (clade 2.3.4.4c) circulating in Taiwan during 2015-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104885. [PMID: 33932612 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 H5N1 (Gs/GD) lineage has been transmitted globally and has caused deaths in wild birds, poultry, and humans. Clade 2.3.4.4c, one of the subclades of the Gs/GD lineage, spread through Taiwan in late 2014 and become an endemic virus. We analyzed 239 newly sequenced HPAI clade H5Nx isolates to explore the phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and evolutionary history of Taiwan HPAI H5Nx viruses from 2015 to 2018. Overall, 15 reassortant genotypes were identified among H5N2, H5N3, and H5N8 viruses. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies based on homologous hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix protein (MP) genes suggest that Taiwan HPAI H5Nx viruses share a most recent common ancestor that has diversified since October 2014 and is closely related to two HPAI H5N8 viruses identified from wild birds in Japan. Two waves of HPAI caused by multiple reassortants were identified, the first occurring in late 2014 and the second beginning in late 2016. The first wave consisted of seven H5Nx reassortants that spread through Taiwan. In the second wave, eight novel reassortants were detected which had newly introduced internal genes, mostly derived from the avian influenza virus gene pool maintained in wild birds in Asia. Phylodynamic reconstruction using the Bayesian Skygrid model revealed varied fluctuating patterns of relative genetic diversity among reassortants. The mean evolutionary rate also varied among reassortants and subtypes. The neuraminidase (NA) gene evolved faster than the HA gene in H5N2 viruses, while HA evolved faster than NA in H5N8 viruses. The HA mean evolutionary rate ranged from 6.10 × 10-3 to 7.73 × 10-3 and from 5.81 × 10-3 to 9.45 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year for H5N2 and H5N8 viruses, respectively. The continuous circulation of HPAI H5Nx variants and the emergence of novel reassortants in Taiwan highlight that the surveillance, biosecurity, and management systems of poultry farms need to be improved and carefully executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Huang
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Hsuan Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Yu-Pin Liu
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Chen Li
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Shiuh Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ping Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Chwei-Jang Chiou
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Zhang T, Fan K, Zhang X, Xu Y, Xu J, Xu B, Li R. Diversity of avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses in wild birds in southern China. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:902-909. [PMID: 32519938 PMCID: PMC7654745 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of H5N6 in ducks and continuous human cases have heightened its potential threat to public health in China. Therefore, the detection of emerging variants of H5N6 avian influenza viruses has become a priority for pandemic preparedness. Questions remain as to its origin and circulation within the wild bird reservoir and interactions at the wild-domestic interface. Samples were collected from migratory birds in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, PR China during the routine bird ring survey in 2014-16. Phylogenetic and coalescent analyses were conducted to uncover the evolutionary relationship among viruses circulating in wild birds. Here, we report the potential origin and phylogenetic diversity of H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake. Sequence analyses indicated that Jiangxi H5N6 viruses most likely evolved from Eurasian-derived H5Nx and H6N6 viruses through multiple reassortment events. Crucially, the diversity of the HA gene implies that these Jiangxi H5N6 viruses have diverged into two primary clades - clade 2.3.4.4 and clade 2.3.2.1 c. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two independent pathways of reassortment during 2014-16 that might have facilitated the generation of emerging variants within wild bird populations as well as inter-species infections. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic diversification of H5N6 viruses in the wild bird population. These results highlight the necessity of large-scale surveillance of wild birds in the Poyang Lake area to address the threat of regional epizootic epidemics and attendant pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yujuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Ministry of Education’s Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
- Centre for Healthy Cities, Institute for China Sustainable Urbanization, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruiyun Li
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Hassan KE, Saad N, Abozeid HH, Shany S, El-Kady MF, Arafa A, El-Sawah AAA, Pfaff F, Hafez HM, Beer M, Harder T. Genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 and H5N2 from Egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104375. [PMID: 32454245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, clade 2.2.1, and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses, G1-B lineage, are endemic in poultry in Egypt and have co-circulated for almost a decade. Surprisingly, no inter-subtypic reassortment events have been reported from the field during that time. After the introduction of HPAIV H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b, in Egyptian poultry in 2016, suddenly HP H5N2 reassortants with H9N2 viruses emerged. The current analyses focussed on studying 32 duck flocks, 4 broiler chicken flocks, and 1 turkey flock, suffering from respiratory manifestations with moderate to high mortality reared in two Egyptian governorates during 2019. Real-time RT-PCR substantiated the presence of HP H5N8 in 21 of the 37 investigated flocks with mixed infection of H9N2 in two of them. HP H5N1 was not detected. Full hemagglutinin (HA) sequencing of 10 samples with full-genome sequencing of three of them revealed presence of a single genotype. Very few substituting mutations in the HA protein were detected versus previous Egyptian HA sequences of that clade. Interestingly, amino acid substitutions in the Matrix (M2) and the Neuraminidase (NA) proteins associated with conferring both Amantadine and Oseltamivir resistance were present. Systematic reassortment analysis of all publicly available Egyptian whole genome sequences of HP H5N8 (n = 23), reassortant HP H5N2 (n = 2) and LP H9N2 (n = 53) viruses revealed presence of at least seven different genotypes of HPAI H5Nx viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Egypt since 2016. For H9N2 viruses, at least three genotypes were distinguishable. Heat mapping and tanglegram analyses suggested that several internal gene segments in both HP H5Nx and H9N2 viruses originated from avian influenza viruses circulating in wild bird species in Egypt. Based on the limited set of whole genome sequences available, annual replacement patterns of HP H5Nx genotypes emerged and suggested selective advantages of certain genotypes since 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem E Hassan
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Noha Saad
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hassanein H Abozeid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Salama Shany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdelsatar Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, 12618, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza A A El-Sawah
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald, Riems, Germany.
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10
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Shin J, Kang S, Byeon H, Cho SM, Kim SY, Chung YJ, Jung SH. Highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus subtype clade 2.3.4.4 indigenous in South Korea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7241. [PMID: 32350323 PMCID: PMC7190616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, caused by novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, resulted in the loss of one billion birds in South Korea. Here, we characterized the H5N6 viruses isolated from wild birds in South Korea from December 2017 to August 2019 by next-generation sequencing. The results indicated that clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 shared almost identical nucleotide sequences with the HPAI H5N6 viruses from 2016 in South Korea. This repeated detection of evolutionarily identical H5N6 viruses in same region for more than three years may suggest indigenization of the HPAI H5N6 virus in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 were evolutionarily distinct from those isolated in 2018. Molecular analysis revealed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in 2017 and 2019 had features associated with an increased risk of human infection (e.g. a deletion at position 133 of HA and glutamic acid residue at position 92 of NS1). Overall, these genomic features of HPAI H5N6 viruses highlight the need for continuous monitoring of avian influenza viruses in wild migratory birds as well as in domestic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoun Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shinseok Kang
- Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseop Byeon
- Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Cho
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Kim
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FYK, McCauley JW, Peiris JSM, Webby RJ, Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W. Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2099. [PMID: 32135031 PMCID: PMC9285678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Yamaji
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdi D Saad
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Department of Agriculture, OIE Collaborating Centre for Research on Emerging Avian Diseases, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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A novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 virus identified in South Korea in 2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104056. [PMID: 31683010 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since 2017, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been detected over a broad geographic region, including Eurasia. These viruses have evolved through reassortment with Eurasian low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs), resulting in multiple genotypes. Here, we sequenced the full-length genome of 15 H5N6 HPAIVs collected from wild birds and poultry farms in South Korea from January to March 2018. A comparative phylogenetic analysis was then conducted. Three distinct genotypes were identified in South Korea during 2017/2018, including a novel reassortant genotype, H214. The novel reassortant H5N6 viruses isolated in this study possessed PB2, PA, and NP gene segments of Eurasian LPAIV on a genetic backbone of the H35-like genotype, which was identified in Korea and the Netherlands during 2017. Bayesian molecular clock analysis suggested that the novel reassortant viruses were generated most likely during the fall migration/wintering season of migratory waterfowl in 2017. Considering the continued emergence and spread of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIV, enhanced surveillance of wild waterfowl is needed for early detection of HPAIV incursions.
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13
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Mine J, Uchida Y, Sharshov K, Sobolev I, Shestopalov A, Saito T. Phylogeographic evidence for the inter- and intracontinental dissemination of avian influenza viruses via migration flyways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218506. [PMID: 31242207 PMCID: PMC6594620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically related highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of H5N6 subtype caused outbreaks simultaneously in East Asia and Europe—geographically distinct regions—during winter 2017–2018. This situation prompted us to consider whether the application of phylogeographic analysis to a particular gene segment of AIVs could provide clues for understanding how AIV had been disseminated across the continent. Here, the N6 NA genes of influenza viruses isolated across the world were subjected to phylogeographic analysis to illustrate the inter- and intracontinental dissemination of AIVs. Those isolated in East Asia during winter and in Mongolia/Siberia during summer were comingled within particular clades of the phylogeographic tree. For AIVs in one clade, their dissemination in eastern Eurasia extended from Yakutia, Russia, in the north to East Asia in the south. AIVs in western Asia, Europe, and Mongolia were also comingled within other clades, indicating that Mongolia/Siberia plays an important role in the dissemination of AIVs across the Eurasian continent. Mongolia/Siberia may therefore have played a role in the simultaneous outbreaks of H5N6 HPAIVs in Europe and East Asia during the winter of 2017–2018. In addition to the long-distance intracontinental disseminations described above, intercontinental disseminations of AIVs between Eurasia and Africa and between Eurasia and North America were also observed. Integrating these results and known migration flyways suggested that the migration of wild birds and the overlap of flyways, such as that observed in Mongolia/Siberia and along the Alaskan Peninsula, contributed to the long-distance intra- and intercontinental dissemination of AIVs. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the movement of migratory birds and the dynamics of AIVs in breeding areas—especially where several migration flyways overlap—in forecasting outbreaks caused by HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestopalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Thailand–Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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14
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Mine J, Uchida Y, Nakayama M, Tanikawa T, Tsunekuni R, Sharshov K, Takemae N, Sobolev I, Shestpalov A, Saito T. Genetics and pathogenicity of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and a chicken in Japan during winter 2017-2018. Virology 2019; 533:1-11. [PMID: 31071540 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) outbreak occurred in poultry in Japan during January 2018, and H5N6 HPAIVs killed several wild birds in 3 prefectures during Winter 2017-2018. Time-measured phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the Hemagglutinin (HA) and internal genes of these isolates were genetically similar to clade 2.3.4.4.B H5N8 HPAIVs in Europe during Winter 2016-2017, and Neuraminidase (NA) genes of the poultry and wild bird isolates were gained through distinct reassortments with AIVs that were estimated to have circulated possibly in Siberia during Summer 2017 and Summer 2016, respectively. Lethal infectious dose to chickens was similar between the poultry and wild-bird isolates. H5N6 HPAIVs during Winter 2017-2018 in Japan had higher 50% chicken lethal doses and lower transmission efficiency than the H5Nx HPAIVs that caused previous outbreaks in Japan, thus explaining in part why cases during the 2017-2018 outbreak were sporadic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Mine
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Momoko Nakayama
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Kirill Sharshov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nobuhiro Takemae
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ivan Sobolev
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Shestpalov
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan; Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Kasetklang, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagito, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan.
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15
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Adlhoch C, Brouwer A, Kuiken T, Miteva A, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Gogin A, Muñoz Guajardo I, Baldinelli F. Avian influenza overview August - November 2018. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05573. [PMID: 32625795 PMCID: PMC7009621 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 16 August and 15 November 2018, 14 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria and seven HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks, one in captive birds in Germany and six in wild birds in Denmark and the Netherlands were reported in the European Union (EU). No human infection due to HPAI A(H5N8) and A(H5N6) viruses have been reported in Europe so far. Seroconversion of people exposed during outbreaks in Russia has been reported in one study. Although the risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low, appropriate personal protection measures of people exposed will reduce any potential risk. Genetic clustering of the viruses isolated from poultry in Bulgaria suggests three separate introductions in 2016 and a continuing circulation and transmission of these viruses within domestic ducks. Recent data from Bulgaria provides further indication that the sensitivity of passive surveillance of HPAI A(H5N8) in domestic ducks may be significantly compromised. Increased vigilance is needed especially during the periods of cold spells in winter when aggregations of wild birds and their movements towards areas with more favourable weather conditions may be encouraged. Two HPAI outbreaks in poultry were reported during this period from western Russia. Low numbers of HPAI outbreaks were observed in Africa and Asia, no HPAI cases were detected in wild birds in the time period relevant for this report. Although a few HPAI outbreaks were reported in Africa and Asia during the reporting period, the probability of HPAI virus introductions from non‐EU countries via wild birds particularly via the north‐eastern route from Russia is increasing, as the fall migration of wild birds from breeding and moulting sites to the wintering sites continues. Furthermore, the lower temperatures and ultraviolet radiation in winter can facilitate the environmental survival of any potential AI viruses introduced to Europe.
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