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Hedayat M, Khezri MR, Jafari R, Malekinejad H, Majidi Zolbanin N. Concomitant effects of paclitaxel and celecoxib on genes involved in apoptosis of triple-negative metastatic breast cancer cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:263. [PMID: 37548777 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although triple-negative breast cancer accounts for less than one-fifth of breast cancers, it has a higher rate of metastasis and mortality. This study investigated the effects of combination treatment with paclitaxel and celecoxib on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis of triple-negative metastatic breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured and then treated with certain concentrations of celecoxib (CLX), paclitaxel (PTX), and combination of them for 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT method. The real-time PCR method was utilized to assess the expression level of the genes involved in apoptosis. Western blotting was used for evaluating protein expression. IC50 values for CLX and PTX were 73.95 μM and 3.15 μM, respectively. The results demonstrated that PTX, CLX, and PTX + CLX significantly (p < 0.05) reduced cell viability. The comparison of combination treatment with PTX showed a significant increase in caspase 3 gene expression at both time points, in Bax gene expression after 48 h, and a remarkable decrease in Bcl-2 gene expression at both times. Western blotting results were in line with genes' expression. These findings indicate that a combination of PTX and CLX results in a significantly more reduction in cell viability of breast cancer cells. In addition, it seems CLX may be an effective agent in regulating the expression level of caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2 when combined with PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Hedayat
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Sero Road, Urmia, 5715799313, Iran.
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2
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Martelli A, Omrani M, Zarghooni M, Citi V, Brogi S, Calderone V, Sureda A, Lorzadeh S, da Silva Rosa SC, Grabarek BO, Staszkiewicz R, Los MJ, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Mehrbod P, Klionsky DJ, Ghavami S. New Visions on Natural Products and Cancer Therapy: Autophagy and Related Regulatory Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5839. [PMID: 36497321 PMCID: PMC9738256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) has been a highly conserved process throughout evolution and allows cells to degrade aggregated/misfolded proteins, dysfunctional or superfluous organelles and damaged macromolecules, in order to recycle them for biosynthetic and/or energetic purposes to preserve cellular homeostasis and health. Changes in autophagy are indeed correlated with several pathological disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, infections, cancer and inflammatory diseases. Conversely, autophagy controls both apoptosis and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the cells. Therefore, any changes in the autophagy pathway will affect both the UPR and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that several natural products can modulate (induce or inhibit) the autophagy pathway. Natural products may target different regulatory components of the autophagy pathway, including specific kinases or phosphatases. In this review, we evaluated ~100 natural compounds and plant species and their impact on different types of cancers via the autophagy pathway. We also discuss the impact of these compounds on the UPR and apoptosis via the autophagy pathway. A multitude of preclinical findings have shown the function of botanicals in regulating cell autophagy and its potential impact on cancer therapy; however, the number of related clinical trials to date remains low. In this regard, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are warranted to better clarify the utility of natural compounds and their modulatory effects on autophagy, as fine-tuning of autophagy could be translated into therapeutic applications for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzieh Omrani
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarghooni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto Alumna, Toronto, ON M5S 3J3, Canada
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition, Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C. da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Beniamin Oscar Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- GynCentrum, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Virology, 40-851 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek J. Los
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite 62760-000, Brazil
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre, Via Cortenocera, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, Italy
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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3
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Jin G, Zhang J, Cao T, Zhu H, Shi Y. Celecoxib Reverse Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer through Lnc_AC006548.28-miR-223-LAMC2 Pathway. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:6140727. [PMID: 35669642 PMCID: PMC9167023 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6140727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is a traditional nonsteroidal antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in clinic, which has inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and other malignant tumors. This study showed that Celecoxib could significantly reverse the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer and improved the pathological changes due to GC. We collected the clinical specimens to analyze the correlation between the expression of Lnc_AC006548.28, miR-223, and LAMC2. In the mouse model, Celecoxib can slowdown the growth of GC tumor and the occurrence of this effect may depend on Lnc_AC006548.28-miR-223-LAMC2 pathway, in vitro transfection, RT-PCR, western blot, CCK8, small chamber assay, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry to retest the protective effect of celecoxib. Our results showed that Celecoxib could reverse invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through Lnc_AC006548.28-miR-223-LAMC2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianguang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Shen Z, Chen M, Luo F, Xu H, Zhang P, Lin J, Kang M. Identification of Key Genes and Pathways Associated With Paclitaxel Resistance in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Genet 2021; 12:671639. [PMID: 34456964 PMCID: PMC8386171 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.671639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in China. Although paclitaxel has been shown to be effective in treating ESCC, the prolonged use of this chemical will lead to paclitaxel resistance. In order to uncover genes and pathways driving paclitaxel resistance in the progression of ESCC, bioinformatics analyses were performed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database including GSE86099 and GSE161533. Differential expression analysis was performed in TCGA data and two GEO datasets to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Based on GSE161533, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify the key modules associated with ESCC tumor status. The DEGs common to the two GEO datasets and the genes in the key modules were intersected to obtain the paclitaxel resistance-specific or non-paclitaxel resistance-specific genes, which were subjected to subsequent least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection, whereby paclitaxel resistance-specific or non-paclitaxel resistance-specific key genes were selected. Ten machine learning models were used to validate the biological significance of these key genes; the potential therapeutic drugs for paclitaxel resistance-specific genes were also predicted. As a result, we identified 24 paclitaxel resistance-specific genes and 18 non-paclitaxel resistance-specific genes. The ESCC machine classifiers based on the key genes achieved a relatively high AUC value in the cross-validation and in an independent test set, GSE164158. A total of 207 drugs (such as bevacizumab) were predicted to be alternative therapeutics for ESCC patients with paclitaxel resistance. These results might shed light on the in-depth research of paclitaxel resistance in the context of ESCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingduan Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jihong Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingqiang Kang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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MicroRNA-758 Regulates Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via COX-2. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-020-02543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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6
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Wang X, Frederick J, Wang H, Hui S, Backman V, Ji Z. Spike-in normalization for single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic global transcriptional activity mediating anticancer drug response. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab054. [PMID: 34159316 PMCID: PMC8210883 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional plasticity of cancer cells promotes intercellular heterogeneity in response to anticancer drugs and facilitates the generation of subpopulation surviving cells. Characterizing single-cell transcriptional heterogeneity after drug treatments can provide mechanistic insights into drug efficacy. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq to examine transcriptomic profiles of cancer cells treated with paclitaxel, celecoxib and the combination of the two drugs. By normalizing the expression of endogenous genes to spike-in molecules, we found that cellular mRNA abundance shows dynamic regulation after drug treatment. Using a random forest model, we identified gene signatures classifying single cells into three states: transcriptional repression, amplification and control-like. Treatment with paclitaxel or celecoxib alone generally repressed gene transcription across single cells. Interestingly, the drug combination resulted in transcriptional amplification and hyperactivation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathway linking to enhanced cell killing efficiency. Finally, we identified a regulatory module enriched with metabolism and inflammation-related genes activated in a subpopulation of paclitaxel-treated cells, the expression of which predicted paclitaxel efficacy across cancer cell lines and in vivo patient samples. Our study highlights the dynamic global transcriptional activity driving single-cell heterogeneity during drug response and emphasizes the importance of adding spike-in molecules to study gene expression regulation using single-cell RNA-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jane Frederick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60628, USA
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim Backman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60628, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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7
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Panji M, Behmard V, Zare Z, Malekpour M, Nejadbiglari H, Yavari S, Nayerpour Dizaj T, Safaeian A, Bakhshi A, Abazari O, Abbasi M, Khanicheragh P, Shabanzadeh M. Synergistic effects of green tea extract and paclitaxel in the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines. Gene 2021; 787:145638. [PMID: 33848578 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea is a natural compound with anti-neoplastic properties. Paclitaxel (PTX) is a natural anti-tumor medication used to manage patients with advanced ovarian cancer. This manuscript evaluated the cytotoxic effects of green tea extract combined with PTX drug in two human ovarian cancer cell lines (p53-negative cell line, SKOV-3; and mutant type p53 cell line, OVCAR-3) and underlying mechanisms. METHODS The human ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with green tea extract, PTX, and green tea plus PTX for 24 h, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT method. Flow cytometric analyses were carried out to detect apoptosis. For the apoptotic process, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting analysis were applied to study pAkt, Bax, Bcl-2, Cytochrome C (Cyt-C), cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-9 levels after drug treatments. RESULTS Our results pointed out that various green tea (25 and 50 µg/ml) concentrations combined with PTX (20 and 40 µg/ml) synergistically inhibited cell viability of cancer cells more than green tea or PTX alone after 24 h of treatment. Also, green tea and PTX combination induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by blocking the phosphorylation of Akt and the expression of Bcl-2 while inducing Bax, Cyt-C, cleaved-caspase 3, and cleaved-caspase 9. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the combination of green tea and PTX could be more potent than the individual drug to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Panji
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Behmard
- Student Research Committee, Department of Midwifery, School of Medical, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Zahra Zare
- Department of Biology, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Nejadbiglari
- Department of Nursing, Sirjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Saeede Yavari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Nayerpour Dizaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Modern Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Safaeian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughy University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ali Bakhshi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Omid Abazari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Abbasi
- Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran; Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Khanicheragh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shabanzadeh
- Department of Medical Radiation, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Deng L, Feng DQ, Ling B. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes ovarian cancer cell migration and cisplatin resistance via regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 21:315-326. [PMID: 32253841 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drug-resistance and metastasis are major reasons for the high mortality of ovarian cancer (OC) patients. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a critical role in OC development. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of COX-2 on migration and cisplatin (cis-dichloro diammine platinum, CDDP) resistance of OC cells and explore its related mechanisms. METHODS Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the cytotoxicity effects of celecoxib (CXB) and CDDP on SKOV3 and ES2 cells. The effect of COX-2 on migration was evaluated via the healing test. Western blot and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to analyze E-cadherin, vimentin, Snail, and Slug levels. RESULTS COX-2 promoted drug-resistance and cell migration. CXB inhibited these effects. The combination of CDDP and CXB increased tumor cell sensitivity, reduced the amount of CDDP required, and shortened treatment administration time. COX-2 upregulation increased the expression of Snail and Slug, resulting in E-cadherin expression downregulation and vimentin upregulation. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 promotes cancer cell migration and CDDP resistance and may serve as a potential target for curing OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Deng
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | | | - Bin Ling
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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9
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Integration of genetic variants and gene network for drug repurposing in colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105203. [PMID: 32950641 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Even though many genetic risk loci for human diseases have been identified and comprehensively cataloged, strategies to guide clinical research by integrating the extensive results of genetic studies and biological resources are still limited. Moreover, integrative analyses that provide novel insights into disease biology are expected to be especially useful for drug discovery. Herein, we used text mining of genetic studies on colorectal cancer (CRC) and assigned biological annotations to identified risk genes in order to discover novel drug targets and potential drugs for repurposing. Risk genes for CRC were obtained from PubMed text mining, and for each gene, six functional and bioinformatic annotations were analyzed. The annotations include missense mutations, cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTL), molecular pathway analyses, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), a genetic overlap with knockout mouse phenotypes, and primary immunodeficiency (PID). We then prioritized the biological risk candidate genes according to a scoring system of the six functional annotations. Each functional annotation was assigned one point, and those genes with a score ≥2 were designated "biological CRC risk genes". Using this method, we revealed 82 biological CRC risk genes, which were mapped to 128 genes in an expanded PPI network. Further utilizing DrugBank and the Therapeutic Target Database, we found 21 genes in our list that are targeted by 166 candidate drugs. Based on data from ClinicalTrials.gov and literature review, we found four known target genes with six drugs for clinical treatment in CRC, and three target genes with nine drugs supported by previous preclinical results in CRC. Additionally, 12 genes are targeted by 32 drugs approved for other indications, which can possibly be repurposed for CRC treatment. Finally, analysis from Connectivity Map (CMap) showed that 18 drugs have a high potential for CRC.
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10
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Yu-Wei D, Li ZS, Xiong SM, Huang G, Luo YF, Huo TY, Zhou MH, Zheng YW. Paclitaxel induces apoptosis through the TAK1-JNK activation pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1655-1667. [PMID: 32594651 PMCID: PMC7396445 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) has previously been used to treat tumours of various tissue origins, such as lung, breast, ovarian, prostate cancers and leukemia. PTX‐induced apoptosis is associated with p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase or stress‐activated protein kinase (JNK/ SAPK) pathways. Transforming growth factor‐beta‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TAK1‐binding protein 1 (TAB1) play an important role in cell apoptosis through the p38, ERK, NF‐κB and JNK signal transduction pathways. To investigate the role of TAK1 in PTX‐induced cell apoptosis, we treated HEK293 and 8305C cells with 0–20 µm PTX for 6, 12 or 24 h. To investigate whether TAK1 can cooperate with PTX for cancer treatment, we transfected cells with TAK1, TAB1 or control plasmid and treated them with PTX (3–10 µm) for 9–24 h. Apoptosis rates were analysed by flow cytometry (Annexin V/PI). Endogenous TAK1 and TAB1, caspase‐7 cleavage, poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, Bcl‐xL level, phospho‐p44/42, phospho‐JNK and phospho‐p38 were detected by western blot. We show that in HEK293 and 8305C cells, PTX enhanced the endogenous TAK1/TAB1 level and induced cell apoptosis in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Upon TAK1 overexpression in HEK293 cells treated with PTX, apoptosis rate, JNK phosphorylation and PARP cleavage increased contrary to heat‐shocked or untreated cells. CRISPR editing of the tak1 gene upon PTX treatment resulted in lower phospho‐JNK and PARP cleavage levels than in cells transfected with the control or the TAK1‐ or TAB1 + TAK1‐containing plasmids. TAK1‐K63A could not induce JNK phosphorylation or PARP cleavage. We conclude that PTX induces HEK293 and 8305C cell apoptosis through the TAK1–JNK activation pathway, potentially highlighting TAK1’s role in chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu-Wei
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Sheng Li
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Min Xiong
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Huang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fei Luo
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tie-Ying Huo
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Hua Zhou
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Wei Zheng
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-1 Inhibitors in Cancer: A Review of Oncology and Medicinal Chemistry Literature. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040101. [PMID: 30314310 PMCID: PMC6316056 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins and thromboxane are lipid signaling molecules deriving from arachidonic acid by the action of the cyclooxygenase isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2. The role of cyclooxygenases (particularly COX-2) and prostaglandins (particularly PGE₂) in cancer-related inflammation has been extensively investigated. In contrast, COX-1 has received less attention, although its expression increases in several human cancers and a pathogenetic role emerges from experimental models. COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms seem to operate in a coordinate manner in cancer pathophysiology, especially in the tumorigenesis process. However, in some cases, exemplified by the serous ovarian carcinoma, COX-1 plays a pivotal role, suggesting that other histopathological and molecular subtypes of cancer disease could share this feature. Importantly, the analysis of functional implications of COX-1-signaling, as well as of pharmacological action of COX-1-selective inhibitors, should not be restricted to the COX pathway and to the effects of prostaglandins already known for their ability of affecting the tumor phenotype. A knowledge-based choice of the most appropriate tumor cell models, and a major effort in investigating the COX-1 issue in the more general context of arachidonic acid metabolic network by using the systems biology approaches, should be strongly encouraged.
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12
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Preventative effect of celecoxib in dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced ovarian cancer in rats. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298:981-989. [PMID: 30242499 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the preventive effect of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced ovarian cancer in a rat model. METHODS A diet containing celecoxib (1500 ppm) was started 2 weeks before the introduction of DMBA. DMBA-soaked cotton threads were surgically applied to induce ovarian cancer in female Wistar rats. Tumor growth and survival were observed for 24 weeks. RESULTS During the study period, an overall tumor incidence of 97.5% was observed and 65% of tumors were ovarian adenocarcinoma. The celecoxib diet significantly reduced the incidence and size of DMBA-induced ovarian cancers and significantly improved survival of tumor-bearing rats. The preventive effect of celecoxib was associated with increased apoptosis. CONCLUSION DMBA-induced ovarian cancer in rats recapitulates many pathophysiological features of the human counterpart. Our results provide supportive evidence that celecoxib has a preventive effect on development of ovarian cancer in a rat model.
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13
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Song K, Li L, Sun G, Wei Y. MicroRNA-381 regulates the occurrence and immune responses of coronary atherosclerosis via cyclooxygenase-2. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4557-4563. [PMID: 29725388 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to measure the levels of microRNA-381 (miR-381) in the plaque tissues, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum of patients with coronary atherosclerosis. In addition, the regulatory mechanisms of miR-381 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in coronary atherosclerosis were investigated. A total of 36 patients with coronary atherosclerosis who received coronary endarterectomy at Linyi People's Hospital and Junan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Linyi, China) between January 2013 and June 2016 were enrolled into the present study, while 39 healthy subjects were included as the control group. Peripheral blood was collected form all patients and healthy subjects. Plaque tissues were resected from patients with coronary atherosclerosis and adjacent artery intimal tissues were resected as the control tissues. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the levels of miR-381 and COX-2 mRNA in the plaque tissues, PBMCs and serum were determined. In addition, COX-2 protein expression in the plaque tissues and PBMCs was measured by western blotting, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to examine the protein content in the serum. To identify the direct interaction between miR-381 and COX-2 mRNA, dual-luciferase reporter assay was also conducted. The levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein in the plaque tissues, PBMCs and serum of patients with coronary atherosclerosis were significantly elevated compared with those in the corresponding control groups. However, the expression of miR-381 was significantly reduced in the coronary atherosclerosis patients. Dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-381 was able to directly target the 3'-untranslated region of COX-2 mRNA to regulate the expression of COX-2. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that enhanced levels of COX-2 expression in patients with coronary atherosclerosis are associated with the downregulation of miR-381 expression, while miR-381 may regulate the occurrence and immune responses of coronary atherosclerosis via COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyou Song
- Department of Cardiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Lianting Li
- Department of Cardiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China.,Department of Internal Medicine, Junan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Linyi, Shandong 276600, P.R. China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Yanjin Wei
- Department of Cardiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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14
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Cyclooxygenase-2 mediated synergistic effect of ursolic acid in combination with paclitaxel against human gastric carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:92770-92777. [PMID: 29190954 PMCID: PMC5696220 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Paclitaxel (PTX) is an important chemotherapy agent used to treat solid tumors. We evaluated the in vitro antitumor activity of UA in combination with PTX against gastric cancer cells and investigated the mechanisms underlying the combined effects. A cytotoxicity test and flow cytometry were utilized to study the effects of UA and PTX on proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. To further elucidate the mechanism, Western blot analysis was used to assess changes in the expression of a series of related proteins, including COX-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, and Bax. UA and PTX dose- and time-dependently inhibited BGC-823 and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell proliferation. Combined delivery of UA and PTX synergistically reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in these cells by lowering COX-2, PCNA, and Bcl-2 expression and by increasing Bax expression. These results indicate that the synergistic inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by UA and PTX may be induced by reducing COX-2 expression in gastric cancer cells.
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15
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Zheng X, Andruska N, Lambrecht MJ, He S, Parissenti A, Hergenrother PJ, Nelson ER, Shapiro DJ. Targeting multidrug-resistant ovarian cancer through estrogen receptor α dependent ATP depletion caused by hyperactivation of the unfolded protein response. Oncotarget 2016; 9:14741-14753. [PMID: 29599904 PMCID: PMC5871075 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancers often recur and tumors acquire resistance to chemotherapy due to overexpression of the ATP-dependent efflux pump, multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein/ABCB1). Nontoxic small molecule inhibitors targeting MDR1 have remained largely elusive. Instead, in a novel application of our recently described estrogen receptor α (ERα) biomodulator, BHPI, we targeted MDR1’s substrate, ATP. BHPI depletes intracellular ATP and nearly blocks MDR1-mediated drug efflux in ovarian cancer cells by inducing toxic hyperactivation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, the unfolded protein response (UPR). BHPI increased sensitivity of MDR1 overexpressing multidrug resistant OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells to killing by paclitaxel by >1,000 fold. BHPI also restored doxorubicin sensitivity in OVCAR-3 cells and in MDR1 overexpressing breast cancer cells. In an orthotopic OVCAR-3 xenograft model, paclitaxel was ineffective and the paclitaxel-treated group was uniquely prone to form large secondary tumors in adjacent tissue. BHPI alone strongly reduced tumor growth. Notably, tumors were undetectable in mice treated with BHPI plus paclitaxel. Compared to control ovarian tumors, after the combination therapy, levels of the plasma ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 were at least several hundred folds lower; moreover, CA125 levels progressively declined to undetectable. Targeting MDR1 through UPR-dependent ATP depletion represents a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Neal Andruska
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sisi He
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amadeo Parissenti
- Cancer Research Program, Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Urbana, IL, USA.,College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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16
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Wilson AJ, Fadare O, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Son DS, Liu Q, Zhao S, Saskowski J, Uddin MJ, Daniel C, Crews B, Lehmann BD, Pietenpol JA, Crispens MA, Marnett LJ, Khabele D. Aberrant over-expression of COX-1 intersects multiple pro-tumorigenic pathways in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21353-68. [PMID: 25972361 PMCID: PMC4673270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is implicated in ovarian cancer. However, patterns of COX expression and function have been unclear and controversial. In this report, patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 gene expression were obtained from RNA-seq data through The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our analysis revealed markedly higher COX-1 mRNA expression than COX-2 in high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSOC) and higher COX-1 expression in HGSOC tumors than 10 other tumor types. High expression of COX-1 in HGSOC tumors was confirmed in an independent tissue microarray. In contrast, lower or similar expression of COX-1 compared to COX-2 was observed in endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell tumors. Stable COX-1 knockdown in HGSOC-representative OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells reduced gene expression in multiple pro-tumorigenic pathways. Functional cell viability, clonogenicity, and migration/invasion assays were consistent with transcriptomic changes. These effects were reversed by stable over-expression of COX-1 in SKOV-3 cells. Our results demonstrate a distinct pattern of COX-1 over-expression in HGSOC tumors and strong association of COX-1 with multiple pro-tumorigenic pathways in ovarian cancer cells. These findings provide additional insight into the role of COX-1 in human ovarian cancer and support further development of methods to selectively target COX-1 in the management of HGSOC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deok-Soo Son
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeanette Saskowski
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Md Jashim Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cristina Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brenda Crews
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D Lehmann
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Pietenpol
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Marta A Crispens
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dineo Khabele
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Yang HT, Ju JH, Wong YT, Shmulevich I, Chiang JH. Literature-based discovery of new candidates for drug repurposing. Brief Bioinform 2016; 18:488-497. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Bakirel T, Alkan FÜ, Üstüner O, Çinar S, Yildirim F, Erten G, Bakirel U. Synergistic growth inhibitory effect of deracoxib with doxorubicin against a canine mammary tumor cell line, CMT-U27. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:657-68. [PMID: 26822118 PMCID: PMC4873858 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been shown to exert anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor
activities on many types of malignant tumors. These anticancer properties make it
worthwhile to examine the possible benefit of combining COX inhibitors with other
anti-cancer agents. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of deracoxib (DER) in
potentiating antitumor activity of doxorubicin (DOX) in canine mammary carcinoma cells
(CMT-U27). DER (50–250 µM) enhanced the antiproliferative activity of DOX
by reducing the IC50 (approximately 3- to 3.5 fold). Interaction analysis of
the data showed that combinations of DOX at 0.9 µM with DER (100–250
µM) produced synergism in the CMT-U27 cell line, with a ratio index
ranging from 1.98 to 2.33. In additional studies identifying the mechanism of observed
synergistic effect, we found that DER strongly potentiated DOX-caused
G0/G1 arrest in cell cycle progression. Also, DER (100–250
µM) augmented apoptosis induction with approximately 1.35- and 1.37-
fold increases in apoptotic response caused by DOX in the cells. DER enhanced the
antiproliferative effect of DOX in conjunction with induction of apoptosis by modulation
of Bcl-2 expression and changes in the cell cycle of the CMT-U27 cell line. Although the
exact molecular mechanism of the alterations in the cell cycle and apoptosis observed with
DER and DOX combinations require further investigations, the results suggest that the
synergistic effect of DOX and DER combinations in CMT therapy may be achieved at
relatively lower doses of DOX with lesser side effects. Therefore, combining DER with DOX
may prove beneficial in the clinical treatment of canine mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tülay Bakirel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
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Hitting the Bull's-Eye in Metastatic Cancers-NSAIDs Elevate ROS in Mitochondria, Inducing Malignant Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:62-106. [PMID: 25688484 PMCID: PMC4381202 DOI: 10.3390/ph8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastases that impede the function of vital organs are a major cause of cancer related mortality. Mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by hypoxia, low nutrient levels, or other stresses, such as genotoxic events, act as key drivers of the malignant changes in primary tumors to enhance their progression to metastasis. Emerging evidence now indicates that mitochondrial modifications and mutations resulting from oxidative stress, and leading to OxPhos stimulation and/or enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, are essential for promoting and sustaining the highly metastatic phenotype. Moreover, the modified mitochondria in emerging or existing metastatic cancer cells, by their irreversible differences, provide opportunities for selectively targeting their mitochondrial functions with a one-two punch. The first blow would block their anti-oxidative defense, followed by the knockout blow—promoting production of excess ROS, capitulating the terminal stage—activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), specifically killing metastatic cancer cells or their precursors. This review links a wide area of research relevant to cellular mechanisms that affect mitochondria activity as a major source of ROS production driving the pro-oxidative state in metastatic cancer cells. Each of the important aspects affecting mitochondrial function are discussed including: hypoxia, HIFs and PGC1 induced metabolic changes, increased ROS production to induce a more pro-oxidative state with reduced antioxidant defenses. It then focuses on how the mitochondria, as a major source of ROS in metastatic cancer cells driving the pro-oxidative state of malignancy enables targeting drugs affecting many of these altered processes and why the NSAIDs are an excellent example of mitochondria-targeted agents that provide a one-two knockout activating the mPTP and their efficacy as selective anticancer metastasis drugs.
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20
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Zhu J, Huang H, Dong S, Ge L, Zhang Y. Progress in aptamer-mediated drug delivery vehicles for cancer targeting and its implications in addressing chemotherapeutic challenges. Theranostics 2014; 4:931-44. [PMID: 25057317 PMCID: PMC4107293 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are novel oligonucleotides with flexible three-dimensional configurations that recognize and bind to their cognate targets, including tumor surface receptors, in a high-affinity and highly specific manner. Because of their unique intrinsic properties, a variety of aptamer-mediated nanovehicles have been developed to directionally transport anti-cancer drugs to tumor sites to minimize systemic cytotoxicity and to enhance permeation by these tumoricidal agents. Despite advances in the selection and synthesis of aptamers and in the conjugation and self-assembly of nanotechnologies, current chemotherapy and drug delivery systems face great challenges. These challenges are due to the limitations of aptamers and vehicles and because of complicated tumor mechanisms, including heterogeneity, anti-cancer drug resistance, and hypoxia-induced aberrances. In this review, we will summarize current approaches utilizing tumor surface hallmarks and aptamers and their roles and mechanisms in therapeutic nanovehicles targeting tumors. Delivery forms include nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanogels, aptamer-drug conjugates, and novel molecular trains. Moreover, the obstacles posed by the aforementioned issues will be highlighted, and possible solutions will be acknowledged. Furthermore, future perspectives will be presented, including cutting-edge integration with RNA interference nanotechnology and personalized chemotherapy, which will facilitate innovative approaches to aptamer-based therapeutics.
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