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Sampath S, Misra P, Yadav SK, Sharma S, Somasundaram V. A study on DNA methylation status in promoter region of p15 gene in patients of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:337-342. [PMID: 34305288 PMCID: PMC8282539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are a spectrum of hematological malignancies with a multistep process of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations. DNA methylation is most extensively studied epigenetic alteration in malignancies. Recent research studies in the field have brought out translational implications of promoter methylation of tumor suppressor gene p15 in tumors. Therefore, we studied the role of DNA Methylation of p15 gene in AML and MDS. METHODS The study was carried out in 41 consecutive AML/MDS cases reporting to hematological OPD of a tertiary care center along with 25 age and sex-matched healthy controls. The methylation status in the promoter region of the p15 gene was assessed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) from blood samples after ethical approval and informed consent of the patients and controls. The association of methylation status was studied with clinical presentations, AML subtypes, and cytogenetics using Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test tools. RESULTS A total of 41 cases included in the study comprised 33 cases of AML and 08 cases of MDS with an age range between 06 months and 82 years. Of the 41 cases, 29 revealed promoter methylation of the p15 gene, which compared to healthy controls was found statistically significant (p < 0.001). The methylation status did not significantly correlate with AML subtypes or the cytogenetic abnormalities detected in cases. CONCLUSION The outcome of the study indicates p15 promoter DNA methylation in cases of AML and MDS may identify those individuals who might benefit from the targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Sampath
- Professor (Biochemistry), Command Hospital (Air Force), Bengaluru, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- Professor & Head, Department of Biochemistry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjeevan Sharma
- Senior Advisor (Medicine & Hematology), Command Hospital (Central Command), Lucknow, India
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2
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Turcas C, Moisoiu V, Stefancu A, Jurj A, Iancu SD, Teodorescu P, Pasca S, Bojan A, Trifa A, Iluta S, Zimta AA, Petrushev B, Zdrenghea M, Bumbea H, Coriu D, Dima D, Leopold N, Tomuleasa C. SERS-Based Assessment of MRD in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia? Front Oncol 2020; 10:1024. [PMID: 32695677 PMCID: PMC7336895 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by a unique chromosome translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), which leads to the PML/RARA gene fusion formation. However, it is acknowledged that this rearrangement alone is not able to induce the whole leukemic phenotype. In addition, epigenetic processes, such as DNA methylation, may play a crucial role in leukemia pathogenesis. DNA methylation, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), involves the covalent transfer of a methyl group (-CH3) to the fifth carbon of the cytosine ring in the CpG dinucleotide and results in the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). The aberrant gene promoter methylation can be an alternative mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Understanding cancer epigenetics and its pivotal role in oncogenesis, can offer us not only attractive targets for epigenetic treatment but can also provide powerful tools in monitoring the disease and estimating the prognosis. Several genes of interest, such as RARA, RARB, p15, p16, have been studied in APL and their methylation status was correlated with potential diagnostic and prognostic significance. In the present manuscript we comprehensively examine the current knowledge regarding DNA methylation in APL pathogenesis. We also discuss the perspectives of using the DNA methylation patterns as reliable biomarkers for measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring and as a predictor of relapse. This work also highlights the possibility of detecting aberrant methylation profiles of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) through liquid biopsies, using the conventional methods, such as methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR), sequencing methods, but also revolutionary methods, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Turcas
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrei Stefancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefania D Iancu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Bojan
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Trifa
- Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sabina Iluta
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horia Bumbea
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Coriu
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Leopold
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, "Ion Chiricuta" Institute of Oncology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Zhang M, Zhang JY, Sun MQ, Lu P, Liu JX. Realgar (α-As 4S 4) Treats Myelodysplasic Syndromes through Reducing DNA Hypermethylation. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 28:281-288. [PMID: 32418175 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a critical role in the oncogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Aberrant DNA methylation represses the transcription of promotors of tumor suppressor genes, inducing gene silencing. Realgar (α-As4S4) is a traditional medicine used for the treatment of various diseases in the ancient time. Realgar was reported to have efficacy for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). It has been demonstrated that realgar could efficiently reduce DNA hypermethylation of MDS. This review discusses the mechanisms of realgar on inhibiting DNA hypermethylation of MDS, as well as the species and metabolisms of arsenic in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhang
- Education Sector, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ming-Qian Sun
- Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Medical Administration Division, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jian-Xun Liu
- Research Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Beijing Key Lab of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Chen M, Ren YX, Xie Y, Lu WL. Gene regulations and delivery vectors for
treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-020-00484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Xia L, Zhang W, Gao L. Clinical and prognostic effects ofCDKN2A,CDKN2BandCDH13promoter methylation in ovarian cancer: a study using meta-analysis and TCGA data. Biomarkers 2019; 24:700-711. [PMID: 31382782 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1652685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Yang C, Gao X, Ye J, Ding J, Liu Y, Liu H, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Huang W, Fang F, Ling Y. The interaction between DNA methylation and long non-coding RNA during the onset of puberty in goats. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:1287-1297. [PMID: 29981216 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics plays an important role in controlling female puberty. Both DNA methylation and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) regulate the initiation of puberty by affecting the expression of genes related to puberty. While recent studies have indicated that DNA methylation of lncRNA represses the expression of lncRNA, its role in regulating puberty remains unclear. To explore the mechanism between DNA methylation and lncRNAs during puberty onset, we performed whole-genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). We found that DNA methylation was inversely correlated to gene expression levels during puberty. Methylation levels gradually decreased near the transcription initiation site and were present at high levels in the exon, intron and 3' untranslated regions. In the promoter, lncRNA expression was negatively related to DNA methylation. We reported hypermethylation in the gene body and downstream of the lncRNA compared with upstream regions. In GO and KEGG analyses, we found enriched target genes of lncRNA, XLOC_960044 and XLOC_767346. During puberty, methylation of these genes increased while expression decreased. Our study indicates that DNA methylation of the promoter is negatively correlated with lncRNA during puberty onset, and methylation regulates the initiation of puberty via lncRNA, which provides new insight into the epigenetic mechanism of puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiumei Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiping Huang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fugui Fang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yinghui Ling
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, Hefei, China.,Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Mattiucci D, Maurizi G, Leoni P, Poloni A. Aging- and Senescence-associated Changes of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:754-764. [PMID: 29682980 PMCID: PMC6047275 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717745890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells reside within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. By a well-balanced interplay between self-renewal and differentiation, they ensure a lifelong supply of mature blood cells. Physiologically, multiple different cell types contribute to the regulation of stem and progenitor cells in the BM microenvironment by cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic mechanisms. During the last decades, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been identified as one of the main cellular components of the BM microenvironment holding an indispensable role for normal hematopoiesis. During aging, MSCs diminish their functional and regenerative capacities and in some cases encounter replicative senescence, promoting inflammation and cancer progression. It is now evident that alterations in specific stromal cells that comprise the BM microenvironment can contribute to hematologic malignancies, and there is growing interest regarding the contribution of MSCs to the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs), a clonal hematological disorder, occurring mostly in the elderly, characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and increased tendency to acute myeloid leukemia evolution. The pathogenesis of MDS has been associated with specific genetic and epigenetic events occurring both in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and in the whole BM microenvironment with an aberrant cross talk between hematopoietic elements and stromal compartment. This review highlights the role of MSCs in MDS showing functional and molecular alterations such as altered cell-cycle regulation with impaired proliferative potential, dysregulated cytokine secretion, and an abnormal gene expression profile. Here, the current knowledge of impaired functional properties of both aged MSCs and MSCs in MDS have been described with a special focus on inflammation and senescence induced changes in the BM microenvironment. Furthermore, a better understanding of aberrant BM microenvironment could improve future potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Mattiucci
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica di Ematologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Maurizi
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica di Ematologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Leoni
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica di Ematologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Clinica di Ematologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Shin HY, Suh M, Choi KS, Hwang SH, Jun JK, Han DS, Lee YK, Oh JH, Lee CW, Lee DH. Higher satisfaction with an alternative collection device for stool sampling in colorectal cancer screening with fecal immunochemical test: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:365. [PMID: 29609647 PMCID: PMC5879644 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying preferences for stool collection devices may help increase uptake rates for colorectal cancer screening via fecal immunochemical test (FIT). This study surveyed satisfaction with different devices utilized to collect stool samples for FIT: a conventional container and a sampling bottle (Eiken OC-Sensor). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Cancer Center, Korea. Participants aged 50-74 years who used either a conventional container or a sampling bottle to collect a stool sample for FIT were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to survey their satisfaction with the stool collection process and their intentions to undergo FIT in subsequent screening rounds. In total, 1657 participants (1224 conventional container, 433 sampling bottle) were included for analysis. RESULTS Satisfaction with the sampling bottle was higher than that with the conventional container (79.9% vs.73.0%, p = 0.005, respectively; aOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.16-2.00). Participants satisfied with the sampling bottle were more likely to be female, be of younger age (50-64 years old), have higher household income, and have prior experience with FIT. Intentions to undergo subsequent screening were stronger among those given the sampling bottle than those given the conventional container (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.28-2 .48). CONCLUSIONS Satisfaction with the stool collection process was higher with the sampling bottle. However, additional studies are needed to validate whether the increased satisfaction and stronger intentions to undergo subsequent screening with the sampling bottle could actually lead to increased uptake in subsequent rounds, along with analysis of the device's cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Shin
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mina Suh
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Kui Son Choi
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwan Jun
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923 Republic of Korea
| | - You Kyoung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital and Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, 170, Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, 14584 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Wha Lee
- Center for Cancer Prevention & Detection, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
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