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Park JM, Kim S, Bae SU, Byun SJ, Seo I, Lee HW. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 as a Predictor of Prognosis and Radiotherapy Resistance in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Analysis. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e200. [PMID: 37401495 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of cellular responses to oxidative stress. Nrf2 acts as a cell protector from inflammation, cellular damage, and tumorigenesis, whereas Keap1 is a negative regulator of Nrf2. Dysregulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway results in tumorigenesis and the active metabolism of tumor cells, leading to high resistance to radiotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive role of Nrf2 and Keap1 in the radiosensitivity and prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). METHODS In total, 90 patients with LARC underwent surgery after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Endoscopic biopsies from the tumors were obtained before radiation, and the Nrf2 and Keap1 expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The response to therapy was evaluated after surgery following CRT according to the pathologic tumor regression grade. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates were also documented. The association between the Nrf2 and Keap1 immunoreactivity and the clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. RESULTS The overexpression of the nuclear Nrf2 before CRT showed a significant correlation with better DFS. The cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression was associated with more residual tumors after radiotherapy and a more unfavorable DFS, indicating lower radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION CRT is an important issue in LARC and is a major aspect of treatment. Thus, the Nrf2/Keap1 expression may be a potential predictor of preoperative therapeutic resistance. The Nrf2-Keap1 modulators that interact with each other may also be effectively applicable to CRT effect in LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Park
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Uk Bae
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Byun
- Department Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Incheol Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
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2
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Tessmann JW, Rocha MR, Morgado-Díaz JA. Mechanisms of radioresistance and the underlying signaling pathways in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2023; 124:31-45. [PMID: 36565460 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most common modalities for the treatment of a wide range of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC); however, radioresistance of cancer cells remains a major limitation for this treatment. Following radiotherapy, the activities of various cellular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways are altered, resulting in the development of radioresistance, which leads to therapeutic failure and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Furthermore, even though several inhibitors have been developed to target tumor resistance, these molecules can induce side effects in nontumor cells due to low specificity and efficiency. However, the role of these mechanisms in CRC has not been extensively studied. This review discusses recent studies regarding the relationship between radioresistance and the alterations in a series of cellular mechanisms and cell signaling pathways that lead to therapeutic failure and tumor recurrence. Our review also presents recent advances in the in vitro/in vivo study models aimed at investigating the radioresistance mechanism in CRC. Furthermore, it provides a relevant biochemical basis in theory, which can be useful to improve radiotherapy sensitivity and prolong patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane W Tessmann
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Murilo R Rocha
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose A Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gautam SK, Basu S, Aithal A, Dwivedi NV, Gulati M, Jain M. Regulation of pancreatic cancer therapy resistance by chemokines. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:69-80. [PMID: 36064086 PMCID: PMC10370390 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal malignancy characterized by high resistance and poor response to chemotherapy. In addition, the poorly immunogenic pancreatic tumors constitute an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that render immunotherapy-based approaches ineffective. Understanding the mechanisms of therapy resistance, identifying new targets, and developing effective strategies to overcome resistance can significantly impact the management of PDAC patients. Chemokines are small soluble factors that are significantly deregulated during PDAC pathogenesis, contributing to tumor growth, metastasis, immune cell trafficking, and therapy resistance. Thus far, different chemokine pathways have been explored as therapeutic targets in PDAC, with some promising results in recent clinical trials. Particularly, immunotherapies such as immune check point blockade therapies and CAR-T cell therapies have shown promising results when combined with chemokine targeted therapies. Considering the emerging pathological and clinical significance of chemokines in PDAC, we reviewed major chemokine-regulated pathways leading to therapy resistance and the ongoing endeavors to target chemokine signaling in PDAC. This review discusses the role of chemokines in regulating therapy resistance in PDAC and highlights the continuing efforts to target chemokine-regulated pathways to improve the efficacy of various treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Soumi Basu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Nidhi V Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
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4
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131I-C19 Iodide Radioisotope and Synthetic I-C19 Compounds as K-Ras4B–PDE6δ Inhibitors: A Novel Approach against Colorectal Cancer—Biological Characterization, Biokinetics and Dosimetry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175446. [PMID: 36080216 PMCID: PMC9458062 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 40–50% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, K-Ras gene mutations occur, which induce the expression of the K-Ras4B oncogenic isoform. K-Ras4B is transported by phosphodiesterase-6δ (PDE6δ) to the plasma membrane, where the K-Ras4B–PDE6δ complex dissociates and K-Ras4B, coupled to the plasma membrane, activates signaling pathways that favor cancer aggressiveness. Thus, the inhibition of the K-Ras4B–PDE6δ dissociation using specific small molecules could be a new strategy for the treatment of patients with CRC. This research aimed to perform a preclinical proof-of-concept and a therapeutic potential evaluation of the synthetic I-C19 and 131I-C19 compounds as inhibitors of the K-Ras4B–PDE6δ dissociation. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to estimate the binding affinity and the anchorage sites of I-C19 in K-Ras4B–PDE6δ. K-Ras4B signaling pathways were assessed in HCT116, LoVo and SW620 colorectal cancer cells after I-C19 treatment. Two murine colorectal cancer models were used to evaluate the I-C19 therapeutic effect. The in vivo biokinetic profiles of I-C19 and 131I-C19 and the tumor radiation dose were also estimated. The K-Ras4B–PDE6δ stabilizer, 131I-C19, was highly selective and demonstrated a cytotoxic effect ten times greater than unlabeled I-C19. I-C19 prevented K-Ras4B activation and decreased its dependent signaling pathways. The in vivo administration of I-C19 (30 mg/kg) greatly reduced tumor growth in colorectal cancer. The biokinetic profile showed renal and hepatobiliary elimination, and the highest radiation absorbed dose was delivered to the tumor (52 Gy/74 MBq). The data support the idea that 131I-C19 is a novel K-Ras4B/PDE6δ stabilizer with two functionalities: as a K-Ras4B signaling inhibitor and as a compound with radiotherapeutic activity against colorectal tumors.
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Li M, Xiao Q, Venkatachalam N, Hofheinz RD, Veldwijk MR, Herskind C, Ebert MP, Zhan T. Predicting response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: from biomarkers to tumor models. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221077972. [PMID: 35222695 PMCID: PMC8864271 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221077972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major contributor to cancer-associated morbidity worldwide and over one-third of CRC is located in the rectum. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by surgical resection is commonly applied to treat locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). In this review, we summarize current and novel concepts of neoadjuvant therapy for LARC such as total neoadjuvant therapy and describe how these developments impact treatment response. Moreover, as response to nCRT is highly divergent in rectal cancers, we discuss the role of potential predictive biomarkers. We review recent advances in biomarker discovery, from a clinical as well as a histopathological and molecular perspective. Furthermore, the role of emerging predictive biomarkers derived from the tumor environment such as immune cell composition and gut microbiome is presented. Finally, we describe how different tumor models such as patient-derived cancer organoids are used to identify novel predictive biomarkers for chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moying Li
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim
| | - Qiyun Xiao
- Department of Medicine II, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nachiyappan Venkatachalam
- Department of Medicine II, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf-Dieter Hofheinz
- Department of Medicine III, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, GermanyMannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marlon R. Veldwijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Herskind
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P. Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, GermanyMannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, GermanyDKFZ-Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tianzuo Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Mannheim University Hospital, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, D-68167 Mannheim, GermanyMannheim Cancer Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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6
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Larionova I, Rakina M, Ivanyuk E, Trushchuk Y, Chernyshova A, Denisov E. Radiotherapy resistance: identifying universal biomarkers for various human cancers. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1015-1031. [PMID: 35113235 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is considered as a standard in the treatment of most solid cancers, including glioblastoma, lung, breast, rectal, prostate, colorectal, cervical, esophageal, and head and neck cancers. The main challenge in RT is tumor cell radioresistance associated with a high risk of locoregional relapse and distant metastasis. Despite significant progress in understanding mechanisms of radioresistance, its prediction and overcoming remain unresolved. This review presents the state-of-the-art for the potential universal biomarkers correlated to the radioresistance and poor outcome in different cancers. We describe radioresistance biomarkers functionally attributed to DNA repair, signal transduction, hypoxia, and angiogenesis. We also focus on high throughput genetic and proteomic studies, which revealed a set of molecular biomarkers related to radioresistance. In conclusion, we discuss biomarkers which are overlapped in most several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Militsa Rakina
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena Ivanyuk
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia Trushchuk
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alena Chernyshova
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny Denisov
- Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634009, Tomsk, Russia
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7
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He L, Chang H, Qi Y, Zhang B, Shao Q. ceRNA Networks: The Backbone Role in Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Resistance/Sensitivity of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211062313. [PMID: 34908512 PMCID: PMC8689620 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211062313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of rectal cancers during initial diagnosis are identified as locally advanced rectal cancers (LARCs), for which the standardized treatment scenario is total mesorectal excision following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). nCRT can lead to discernible reductions in local relapse rate and distant metastasis rate in LARC patients, in whom previously inoperable tumors may potentially be surgically removed. However, only 4% to 20% cases can attain pathological complete response, and the remaining patients who are unresponsive to nCRT have to suffer from the side effects plus toxicities and may encounter poor survival outcomes due to the late surgical intervention. As such, employing potential biomarkers to differentiate responders from nonresponders before nCRT implementation appears to be the overarching goal. Well-defined competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks include long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA and circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks. As ceRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs sponge miRNAs to indirectly suppress miRNAs downstream of oncogenic mRNAs or tumor-suppressive mRNAs. The abnormal expression of mRNAs regulates the nCRT-induced DNA damage repair process through pluralistic carcinogenic signaling pathways, thereby bringing about alterations in the nCRT resistance/sensitivity of tumors. Moreover, many molecular mechanisms relevant to cell proliferation, metastasis, or apoptosis of cancers (eg, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and caspase-9-caspase-3 pathway) are influenced by ceRNA networks. Herein, we reviewed a large group of abnormally expressed mRNAs and noncoding RNAs that are associated with nCRT resistance/sensitivity in LARC patients and ultimately pinpointed the backbone role of ceRNA networks in the molecular mechanisms of nCRT resistance/sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Department of Radiotherapy, 56697Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, 56697Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yuhong Qi
- Department of Radiotherapy, 56697Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, 56697Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qiuju Shao
- Department of Radiotherapy, 56697Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Mare M, Colarossi L, Veschi V, Turdo A, Giuffrida D, Memeo L, Stassi G, Colarossi C. Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers Predictive of Radiotherapy Response in Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101502. [PMID: 34680897 PMCID: PMC8535834 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rectal cancer (RC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and particularly challenging tumours to treat due to its location in the pelvis and close proximity to critical genitourinary organs. Radiotherapy (RT) is recognised as a key component of therapeutic strategy to treat RC, promoting the downsizing and downstaging of large RCs in neoadjuvant settings, although its therapeutic effect is limited due to radioresistance. Evidence from experimental and clinical studies indicates that the likelihood of achieving local tumour control by RT depends on the complete eradication of cancer stem cells (CSC), a minority subset of tumour cells with stemness properties. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted by querying two scientific databases (Pubmed and Scopus). The search was restricted to papers published from 2009 to 2021. RESULTS After assessing the quality and the risk of bias, a total of 11 studies were selected as they mainly focused on biomarkers predictive of RT-response in CSCs isolated from patients affected by RC. Specifically these studies showed that elevated levels of CD133, CD44, ALDH1, Lgr5 and G9a are associated with RT-resistance and poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS This review aimed to provide an overview of the current scenario of in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating the biomarkers predictive of RT-response in CSCs derived from RC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Mare
- Medical Oncology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (M.M.); (D.G.)
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colarossi
- Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Veronica Veschi
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Alice Turdo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Dario Giuffrida
- Medical Oncology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (M.M.); (D.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Giorgio Stassi
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2389-0813
| | - Cristina Colarossi
- Pathology Unit, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (L.M.); (C.C.)
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Li X, Tian R, Liu L, Wang L, He D, Cao K, Ma JK, Huang C. Andrographolide enhanced radiosensitivity by downregulating glycolysis via the inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520946169. [PMID: 32787737 PMCID: PMC7427152 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520946169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, some patients benefit minimally from radiotherapy because of radioresistance. This study investigated the effects of andrographolide on radiosensitivity in HCT116 CRC cells and examined its mechanism of action. Methods Cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration were evaluated using MTT, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell cell invasion assays, respectively. Glycolysis-related indicators were measured to examine cell glycolytic activity. The expression of related proteins was detected by western blotting. Results After andrographolide treatment, the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway-related proteins, glycolytic activity, and cell survival and invasion rates were decreased in HCT116 cells. Andrographolide plus irradiation increased apoptosis and decreased survival, invasion, and colony formation compared with the effects of irradiation alone. Conclusion Andrographolide enhanced radiosensitivity by downregulating glycolysis via inhibition of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in HCT116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruifang Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dong He
- Department of Respiratory, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - John K Ma
- Cotton O'Neil Cancer Center, Stormont Vail Hospital, Topeka, KS, USA
| | - Chenghui Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Antognelli C, Palumbo I, Piattoni S, Calzuola M, Del Papa B, Talesa VN, Aristei C. Exploring the radiosensitizing potential of AZD8931: a pilot study on the human LoVo colorectal cancer cell line. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1504-1512. [PMID: 32910714 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the radiosensitizing effect of AZD8931, a novel equipotent and reversible inhibitor of signaling by EGFR (HER1), HER2 and HER3 receptors, focusing on cell cycle progression, apoptosis and clonogenic capacity in the human LoVo colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line, also in comparison with the EGFR-blocking monoclonal antibody Cetuximab or the EGFR tyrosine kinase selective small molecular inhibitor Gefitinib. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were pretreated with EGFR inhibitors for 5 consecutive days and then exposed or not to ionizing radiation (IR) (2 Gy daily for 3 consecutive days). Cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), clonogenic potential and radiosensitivity were studied by colony formation assay. RESULTS AZD8931 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis more effectively than Gefitinib and Cetuximab and, more importantly, it was significantly more potent than Gefitinib and Cetuximab in radiosensitizing cells. This radiosensitizing action by AZD8931 mainly occurred by markedly reducing cell cycle progression into S phase, the most radioresistant phase of cell cycle, secondly by inducing apoptosis and reducing clonogenic survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that AZD8931 increases IR efficacy in LoVo cells, suggesting that it works as a potent radiosensitizer, even more efficient than Gefitinib and Cetuximab, opening new pathways of investigation for further in vitro and in vivo studies aimed at confirming its potential to improve local radiotherapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Antognelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Palumbo
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simonetta Piattoni
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Calzuola
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Del Papa
- Institute of Hematology-Centro di Ricerca Emato-Oncologica (CREO), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo N Talesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Nordin N, Yeap SK, Rahman HS, Zamberi NR, Mohamad NE, Abu N, Masarudin MJ, Abdullah R, Alitheen NB. Antitumor and Anti-Metastatic Effects of Citral-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in 4T1-Induced Breast Cancer Mouse Model. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112670. [PMID: 32526880 PMCID: PMC7321383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer nano-therapy has been progressing rapidly with the introduction of many novel drug delivery systems. The previous study has reported on the in vitro cytotoxicity of citral-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC-Citral) on MDA-MB-231 cells and some preliminary in vivo antitumor effects on 4T1 breast cancer cells challenged mice. However, the in vivo apoptosis induction and anti-metastatic effects of NLC-Citral have yet to be reported. In this study, the in vitro cytotoxic, anti-migration, and anti-invasion effects of NLC-Citral were tested on 4T1 breast cancer cells. In addition, the in vivo antitumor effects of oral delivery of NLC-Citral was also evaluated on BALB/c mice induced with 4T1 cells. In vitro cytotoxicity results showed that NLC-Citral and citral gave similar IC50 values on 4T1 cells. However, wound healing, migration, and invasion assays reflected better in vitro anti-metastasis potential for NLC-Citral than citral alone. Results from the in vivo study indicated that both NLC-Citral and citral have anti-tumor and anti-metastasis effects, whereby the NLC-Citral showed better efficacy than citral in all experiments. Also, the delay of tumor progression was through the suppression of the c-myc gene expression and induction of apoptosis in the tumor. In addition, the inhibition of metastasis of 4T1 cells to lung and bone marrow by the NLC-Citral and citral treatments was correlated with the downregulation of metastasis-related genes expression including MMP-9, ICAM, iNOS, and NF-kB and the angiogenesis-related proteins including G-CSF alpha, Eotaxin, bFGF, VEGF, IL-1alpha, and M-CSF in the tumor. Moreover, NLC-Citral showed greater downregulation of MMP-9, iNOS, ICAM, Eotaxin, bFGF, VEGF, and M-CSF than citral treatment in the 4T1-challenged mice, which may contribute to the better anti-metastatic effect of the encapsulated citral. This study suggests that NLC is a potential and effective delivery system for citral to target triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Nordin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia;
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nur Rizi Zamberi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Nurul Elyani Mohamad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Nadiah Abu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
- UKM Medical Centre, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (N.N.); (H.S.R.); (N.R.Z.); (N.E.M.); (N.A.); (M.J.M.)
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-389467471
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Chang H, Wang GN, Tao YL. The expression of long noncoding RNA CRCAL-3 in colorectal cancer and its impacts on cell proliferation and migration. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15369-15377. [PMID: 31038794 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in colorectal cancer (CRC). And lncRNA RP11-138J23.1 (CRCAL-3) was previously reported as a candidate regulator of CRC development. But its regulating functions have not been fully elucidated. Here, we analyzed RNA sequencing data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and 253 CRC patients treated in our hospital to assess expression dysregulation of CRCAL-3, and the correlation between CRCAL-3 expression and disease progression. Further, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on different cell lines and knockdown experiments by small interfering RNA were performed to assess functions of CRCAL-3 in proliferation and migration of CRC cells. As a result, analyses on TCGA datasets showed an upregulated CRCAL-3 expression in 14 solid tumors, including CRC. PCR assay on 253 cases of CRC tissue and 114 cases of normal adjacent tissue confirmed this expression upregulation. Also, CRCAL-3 expression was exhibited by survival analyses on the 253 CRC patients, to have a negative correlation with patients' overall and progression-free survivals. PCR assay on different cell lines showed that CRC cells expressed a higher level of CRCAL-3, compared with normal colonic epithelial cells. In vitro knockdown of CRCAL-3 resulted in an obvious retardation of proliferation and migration in two CRC cell lines (HCT116 and DLD-1). Moreover, CRCAL-3 knockdown was observed in xenograft models to repress cell proliferation and enhance cisplatin sensitivity. Taking these results together, CRCAL-3 emerged as a biomarker for early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and individualized treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Lan Tao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Li H, Jin X, Chen B, Li P, Li Q. Autophagy-regulating microRNAs: potential targets for improving radiotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1623-1634. [PMID: 29971533 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most important therapeutic strategies against cancer. However, resistance of cancer cells to radiation remains a major challenge for RT. Thus, novel strategies to overcome cancer cell radioresistance are urgent. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a biological process by which damaged cell components can be removed and accordingly represent a cytoprotective mechanism. Because radiation-induced autophagy is associated with either cell death or radioresistance of cancer cells, a deeper understanding of the autophagy mechanism triggered by radiation will expedite a development of strategies improving the efficacy of RT. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in many biological processes. Mounting evidence indicates that many miRNAs are involved in regulation of the autophagic process induced by radiation insult, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Therefore, a deep understanding of the mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating autophagy and radioresistance will provide a new perspective for RT against cancer. METHODS We summarized the recent pertinent literature from various electronic databases, including PubMed. We reviewed the radiation-induced autophagy response and its association of the role, function and regulation of miRNAs, and discussed the feasibility of targeting autophagy-related miRNAs to improve the efficacy of RT. CONCLUSION The beneficial or harmful effect of autophagy may depend on the types of cancer and stress. The cytoprotective role of autophagy plays a dominant role in cancer RT. For most tumor cells, reducing radiation-induced autophagy can improve the efficacy of RT. MiRNAs have been confirmed to take part in the autophagy regulatory network of cancer RT, the autophagy-regulating miRNAs therefore could be developed as potential targets for improving RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Ranasinghe R, Eri R. Pleiotropic Immune Functions of Chemokine Receptor 6 in Health and Disease. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030069. [PMID: 30004409 PMCID: PMC6164274 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) receptor 6 (CCR6) and its exclusive binding molecule CCL20 is an extremely important chemokine receptor-ligand pair which controls cell migration and immune induction during inflammatory disease. Not many scientific studies have been undertaken to study its immune mechanisms in detail, but its unique contribution to steady state cell chemotaxis in upholding immune tolerance and regulating immune homeostasis during inflammation is evident in multiple systems in the human body, including skin, liver, lung, kidney, brain, eye, joints, gonads and the gut. The role of CCR6 is constitutively expressed as a series of much debilitating severe inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and cancer metastasis. CD4+ T cells, the central organizers of adaptive immunity, are stringently mobilized by the CCR6/CCL20 axis also induced by cytokines and a host of other factors in a carefully executed immune modulation scenario, to bring about a delicate balance between inflammation inducing TH17 cells and regulatory Treg cells. Although the exact immune regulatory role is not elucidated as yet, the CCR6/CCL20 axis is implicated as a front runner which determines the polarization of TH17 and regulatory Treg cells, upon which depends the resolution or progression of many debilitating disorders. This review therefore aims at emphasizing the pleiotropic significance of the chemokines CCR6 and CCL20 in immunologic function in multiple organ systems, thereby hoping to accentuate its value in future therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia.
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