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Carlson KB, Dilley A, O'Grady T, Johnson JA, Lopman B, Viscidi E. A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:94. [PMID: 38811605 PMCID: PMC11137017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) globally. AGE resulting from norovirus causes significant morbidity and mortality in countries of all income levels, particularly among young children and older adults. Prevention of norovirus AGE represents a unique challenge as the virus is genetically diverse with multiple genogroups and genotypes cocirculating globally and causing disease in humans. Variants of the GII.4 genotype are typically the most common genotype, and other genotypes cause varying amounts of disease year-to-year, with GII.2, GII.3, and GII.6 most prevalent in recent years. Noroviruses are primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route and only a very small number of virions are required for infection, which makes outbreaks of norovirus extremely difficult to control when they occur. Settings like long-term care facilities, daycares, and hospitals are at high risk of outbreaks and can have very high attack rates resulting in substantial costs and disease burden. Severe cases of norovirus AGE are most common in vulnerable patient populations, such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with available treatments limited to rehydration therapies and supportive care. To date, there are no FDA-approved norovirus vaccines; however, several candidates are currently in development. Given the substantial human and economic burden associated with norovirus AGE, a vaccine to prevent morbidity and mortality and protect vulnerable populations could have a significant impact on global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Dilley
- Epidemiologic Research & Methods, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jordan A Johnson
- Epidemiologic Research & Methods, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delaying the development of a norovirus vaccine are: (i) the extreme diversity presented by noroviruses; (ii) our incomplete understanding of immunity to noroviruses; and (iii) the lack of a robust cell culture system or animal model for human noroviruses. Recent advances in in vitro cultivation of norovirus, novel approaches applied to viral genomics and immunity, and completion of vaccine trials and birth cohort studies have provided new information toward a better understanding of norovirus immunity. Here, we will discuss the complex relationship between norovirus diversity and correlates of protection for human noroviruses, and how this information could be used to guide the development of cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Gabriel I. Parra Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1308, Silver Spring, MD20993, United States
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Zuo Y, Xue L, Gao J, Liao Y, Jiang Y, Li Y, Liang Y, Wang L, Cai W, Cheng T, Wang J, Chen M, Zhang J, Ding Y, Wu Q. Development and Application of a Novel Rapid and Throughput Method for Broad-Spectrum Anti-Foodborne Norovirus Antibody Testing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670488. [PMID: 34539594 PMCID: PMC8446669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodbone norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Candidate vaccines are being developed, however, no licensed vaccines are currently available for managing NoV infections. Screening for stimulated antibodies with broad-spectrum binding activities can be performed for the development of NoV polyvalent vaccines. In this study, we aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for testing the broad spectrum of anti-NoV antibodies. Capsid P proteins from 28 representative NoV strains (GI.1–GI.9 and GII.1–GII.22 except GII.11, GII.18, and GII.19) were selected, prepared, and used as coating antigens on one microplate. Combined with incubation and the horseradish peroxidase chromogenic reaction, the entire process for testing the spectrum of unknown antibodies required 2 h for completion. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The new method was successfully performed with monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies induced by multiple antigens. In conclusion, the indirect ELISA assay developed in this study had a good performance of reliability, convenience, and high-throughput screening for broad-spectrum antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Zuo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Xu Q, Ni P, Liu D, Yin Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Wu Q, Tian P, Shi X, Wang D. A Bacterial Surface Display System Expressing Cleavable Capsid Proteins of Human Norovirus: A Novel System to Discover Candidate Receptors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2405. [PMID: 29270155 PMCID: PMC5723664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the dominant cause of food-borne outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. However, fundamental researches on HuNoVs, such as identification of viral receptors have been limited by the currently immature system to culture HuNoVs and the lack of efficient small animal models. Previously, we demonstrated that the recombinant protruding domain (P domain) of HuNoVs capsid proteins were successfully anchored on the surface of Escherichia coli BL21 cells after the bacteria were transformed with a plasmid expressing HuNoVs P protein fused with bacterial transmembrane anchor protein. The cell-surface-displayed P proteins could specifically recognize and bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs, receptors of HuNoVs). In this study, an upgraded bacterial surface displayed system was developed as a new platform to discover candidate receptors of HuNoVs. A thrombin-susceptible “linker” sequence was added between the sequences of bacterial transmembrane anchor protein and P domain of HuNoV (GII.4) capsid protein in a plasmid that displays the functional P proteins on the surface of bacteria. In this new system, the surface-displayed HuNoV P proteins could be released by thrombin treatment. The released P proteins self-assembled into small particles, which were visualized by electron microscopy. The bacteria with the surface-displayed P proteins were incubated with pig stomach mucin which contained HBGAs. The bacteria-HuNoV P proteins-HBGAs complex could be collected by low speed centrifugation. The HuNoV P proteins-HBGAs complex was then separated from the recombinant bacterial surface by thrombin treatment. The released viral receptor was confirmed by using the monoclonal antibody against type A HBGA. It demonstrated that the new system was able to capture and easily isolate receptors of HuNoVs. This new strategy provides an alternative, easier approach for isolating unknown receptors/ligands of HuNoVs from different samples including mammalian cell lines, oysters, and fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei'en Ni
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danlei Liu
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Yin
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jvmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service - United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, United States
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Jiang L, Fan R, Sun S, Fan P, Su W, Zhou Y, Gao F, Xu F, Kong W, Jiang C. A new EV71 VP3 epitope in norovirus P particle vector displays neutralizing activity and protection in vivo in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:6596-603. [PMID: 26529072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), as the main agents causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), have become a serious public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, various neutralizing B cell epitopes of EV71 were identified as targets for promising vaccine candidates. Structural studies of Picornaviridae indicated that potent immunodominant epitopes typically lie in the hypervariable loop of capsid surfaces. However, cross-neutralizing antibodies and cross-protection between EV71 and CVA16 have not been observed. Therefore, we speculated that divergent sequences of the two viruses are key epitopes for inducing protective neutralizing responses. In this study, we selected 10 divergent epitope candidates based on alignment of the EV71 and CVA16 P1 amino acid sequences using the Multalin interface page, and these epitopes are conserved among all subgenotypes of EV71. Simultaneously, by utilizing the norovirus P particle as a novel vaccine delivery carrier, we identified the 71-6 epitope (amino acid 176-190 of VP3) as a conformational neutralizing epitope against EV71 in an in vitro micro-neutralization assay as well as an in vivo protection assay in mice. Altogether, these results indicated that the incorporation of the 71-6 epitope into the norovirus P domain can provide a promising candidate for an effective synthetic peptide-based vaccine against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Rongjun Fan
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150056, PR China
| | - Shiyang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Peihu Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Weiheng Su
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Wei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
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