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Zhan Q, Liu B, Situ X, Luo Y, Fu T, Wang Y, Xie Z, Ren L, Zhu Y, He W, Ke Z. New insights into the correlations between circulating tumor cells and target organ metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:465. [PMID: 38129401 PMCID: PMC10739776 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific metastasis is the primary cause of cancer patient death. The distant metastasis of tumor cells to specific organs depends on both the intrinsic characteristics of the tumor cells and extrinsic factors in their microenvironment. During an intermediate stage of metastasis, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are released into the bloodstream from primary and metastatic tumors. CTCs harboring aggressive or metastatic features can extravasate to remote sites for continuous colonizing growth, leading to further lesions. In the past decade, numerous studies demonstrated that CTCs exhibited huge clinical value including predicting distant metastasis, assessing prognosis and monitoring treatment response et al. Furthermore, increasingly numerous experiments are dedicated to identifying the key molecules on or inside CTCs and exploring how they mediate CTC-related organ-specific metastasis. Based on the above molecules, more and more inhibitors are being developed to target CTCs and being utilized to completely clean CTCs, which should provide promising prospects to administer advanced tumor. Recently, the application of various nanomaterials and microfluidic technologies in CTCs enrichment technology has assisted to improve our deep insights into the phenotypic characteristics and biological functions of CTCs as a potential therapy target, which may pave the way for us to make practical clinical strategies. In the present review, we mainly focus on the role of CTCs being involved in targeted organ metastasis, especially the latest molecular mechanism research and clinical intervention strategies related to CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinru Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Bixia Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Situ
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tongze Fu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zhongpeng Xie
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 361000, Xiamen, Fujian, P.R. China.
| | - Zunfu Ke
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510000, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China.
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Kulesza J, Paluszkiewicz E, Augustin E. Cellular Effects of Selected Unsymmetrical Bisacridines on the Multicellular Tumor Spheroids of HCT116 Colon and A549 Lung Cancer Cells in Comparison to Monolayer Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15780. [PMID: 37958764 PMCID: PMC10649579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids are a good tool for testing new anticancer drugs, including those that may target cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence. Therefore, we applied this model in our studies of highly active antitumor unsymmetrical bisacridines (UAs). We investigated the cellular response induced by UAs in 2D and 3D cultures of HCT116 colon and A549 lung cancer cells, with an additional focus on their impact on the CSC-like population. We showed that UAs affected the viability of the studied cells, as well as their spherogenic potential in the 2D and 3D cultures. Furthermore, we proved that the most promising UAs (C-2045 and C-2053) induced apoptosis in the HCT116 and A549 spheres to a similar, or even higher, extent than what was found in monolayer conditions. Next, we identified the population of the CSC-like cells in the 2D and 3D cultures of the studied cell lines by determining the levels of CD166, CD133, CD44, and EpCAM markers. We showed that the selected UAs affected the CSC-like population in both of the cell lines, and that A549 was affected more profoundly in 3D than in 2D cultures. Thus, the UAs exhibited high antitumor properties in both the 2D and 3D conditions, which makes them promising candidates for future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Augustin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.)
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Zhong X, He Z, Yin L, Fan Y, Tong Y, Kang Y, Bi Q. Glutamine metabolism in tumor metastasis: Genes, mechanisms and the therapeutic targets. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20656. [PMID: 37829798 PMCID: PMC10565784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently change their metabolism from aerobic glycolysis to lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism to adapt to the malignant biological behaviours of infinite proliferation and distant metastasis. The significance of metabolic substances and patterns in tumour cell metastasis is becoming increasingly prominent. Tumour metastasis involves a series of significant steps such as the shedding of cancer cells from a primary tumour, resistance to apoptosis, and colonisation of metastatic sites. However, the role of glutamine in these processes remains unclear. This review summarises the key enzymes and transporters involved in glutamine metabolism that are related to the pathogenesis of malignant tumour metastasis. We also list the roles of glutamine in resisting oxidative stress and promoting immune escape. Finally, the significance of targeting glutamine metabolism in inhibiting tumour metastasis was proposed, research in this field improving our understanding of amino acid metabolism rewiring and simultaneously bringing about new and exciting therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeju He
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou Medical College People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Cigarette smoke upregulates Notch-1 signaling pathway and promotes lung adenocarcinoma progression. Toxicol Lett 2021; 355:31-40. [PMID: 34748854 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Notch-1 pathway plays an important role in lung carcinoma, stem cell regulation, cellular communication, growth and differentiation. Cigarette smoke is involved in the regulation of Notch signaling. However, current data regarding the impact of cigarette smoke on the Notch pathway in lung cancer progression are limited. The present study aimed to explore whether cigarette smoke exposure altered Notch-1 pathway in ex-vivo (surgical samples of lung parenchyma from non-smoker and smoker patients with lung adenocarcinoma) and in vitro (adenocarcinoma A549 cell line) approaches. The expression of Notch-1, Jagged-1 and CD133 in surgical samples was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A549 were exposed to cigarette smoke extracts (2.5% and 5% CSE for 6, 24 and 48 h) and the expression of Notch-1, Jagged-1 and Hes-1 was evaluated by Real-Time PCR and Western Blot (nuclear fractions). Expression and localization of Notch-1, Hes-1, CD133 and ABCG2 were assessed by immunofluorescence. The expression of survivin and Ki-67 was assessed by flow cytometry following CSE exposure and inhibition of Notch-1 signaling. Smokers lung parenchyma exhibited higher expression of Notch-1. CSE exposure increased Notch-1 and Hes-1 gene and nuclear protein expression in A549. Immunofluorescence confirmed higher expression of nuclear Hes-1 in CSE-stimulated A549 cells. CSE increased both survivin and Ki-67 expression and this effect was reverted by inhibition of the Notch-1 pathway. In conclusion, these data show that cigarette smoke may promote adenocarcinoma progression by activating the Notch-1 pathway thus supporting its role as hallmark of lung cancer progression and as a new target for lung cancer treatment.
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Xu R, Liu T, Zuo L, Guo D, Ye G, Jiang J, Yu X, Zhang S, Hou C. The high expression of miR-31 in lung adenocarcinoma inhibits the malignancy of lung adenocarcinoma tumor stem cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101122. [PMID: 34485716 PMCID: PMC8408630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are mainly limited by drug resistance, metastasis or recurrence related to cancer stem cells (CSCs) with high proliferation and self-renewing. This research validated that miR-31 was over-expressed in LUAD by the analysis of generous clinical samples data. And the results of clinical data analysis showed that high expression of miR-31 was more common in patients with worse prognosis. The genes differentially expressed in LUAD tissues compared with normal tissues and A549CD133+ cells (LUAD CSCs) compared with A549 cells were separately screened from Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis and GEO datasets. The target genes that may play a role in the regulation of lung adenocarcinoma was screened by comparison between the differential genes and the target genes of miR-31. The functional enrichment analysis of GO Biological Processes showed that the expression of target genes related to cell proliferation was increased, while the expression of target genes related to cell invasion and metastasis was decreased in LUAD tissues and A549CD133+ cells. The results suggested that miR-31 may have a significant inhibitory effect on the differentiation, invasion, metastasis and adhesion of LUAD CSCs, which was verified in vivo and in vitro experiments. Knock down of miR-31 accelerated xenograft tumor growth and liver metastasis in vivo. Likewise, the carcinogenicity, invasion and metastasis of A549CD133+ CSCs were promoted after miR-31 knockdown. The study validated that miR-31 was up regulated in LUAD and its expression may affect the survival time of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, which indicated that miR-31 may have potential value for diagnosis and prognosis of LUAD. However, the inhibitory effect of miR-31 on tumorigenesis, invasion and metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma CSCs suggested its complexity in the regulation of lung adenocarcinoma, which may be related to its extensive regulation of various target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhua Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Zuo
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guancheng Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- School of the Humanities, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Hou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
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Okada M, Kawai K, Sonoda H, Shiratori H, Kishikawa J, Nagata H, Nozawa H, Sasaki K, Kaneko M, Murono K, Emoto S, Iida Y, Ishii H, Yokoyama Y, Anzai H, Hasegawa K, Ishihara S. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastatic ability of CD133 + colorectal cancer stem-like cells under hypoxia. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 33240425 PMCID: PMC7681219 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although CD133 is a representative cancer stem cell marker, its function in tumor aggressiveness under hypoxia remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the associations between CD133, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and distant metastasis in colorectal cancer. CD133+ and CD133− cells were isolated from a single colorectal cancer cell line LoVo, and their adhesive and migratory properties were compared under hypoxic conditions. Immunostaining analysis was performed to determine CD133 expression in clinical samples of primary tumors, as well as liver and peritoneal metastases. Under hypoxia, the expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers N-cadherin and vimentin were significantly higher in the CD133+ compared with those in the CD133− cells. Furthermore, the migratory ability of the CD133+ cells was higher compared with that of the CD133− cells under hypoxia. By contrast, the expression levels of β1 integrin were significantly lower in the CD133+ cells under hypoxia compared with those in the CD133− cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples revealed that the levels of CD133 expression in metastatic tissues from the liver were significantly higher compared with those in the corresponding primary tumors, whereas CD133 expression levels in peritoneal metastatic tissues were significantly lower compared with those in the corresponding primary tumors. In conclusion, compared with the CD133− cells, the CD133+ colorectal cancer cells exhibited enhanced levels of HIF-1α expression and tumor cell migration during hypoxia. This was associated with an increased ability of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, possibly leading to the acquisition of an increased hematogenous metastatic potential and eventually resulting in liver metastasis. High β1 integrin expression levels in the CD133− cells under hypoxia may serve a key role in cell adhesion to the peritoneum, resulting in peritoneal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sonoda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiratori
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Junko Kishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Manabu Kaneko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuuki Iida
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishii
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yokoyama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Anzai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hasegawa
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Ma YHV, Middleton K, You L, Sun Y. A review of microfluidic approaches for investigating cancer extravasation during metastasis. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:17104. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/micronano.2017.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMetastases, or migration of cancers, are common and severe cancer complications. Although the 5-year survival rates of primary tumors have greatly improved, those of metastasis remain below 30%, highlighting the importance of investigating specific mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for metastasis. Microfluidic devices have emerged as a powerful platform for drug target identification and drug response screening and allow incorporation of complex interactions in the metastatic microenvironment as well as manipulation of individual factors. In this work, we review microfluidic devices that have been developed to study cancer cell migration and extravasation in response to mechanical (section ‘Microfluidic investigation of mechanical factors in cancer cell migration’), biochemical (section ‘Microfluidic investigation of biochemical signals in cancer cell invasion’), and cellular (section ‘Microfluidic metastasis-on-a-chip models for investigation of cancer extravasation’) signals. We highlight the device characteristics, discuss the discoveries enabled by these devices, and offer perspectives on future directions for microfluidic investigations of cancer metastasis, with the ultimate aim of identifying the essential factors for a ‘metastasis-on-a-chip’ platform to pursue more efficacious treatment approaches for cancer metastasis.
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Xu Z, Li E, Guo Z, Yu R, Hao H, Xu Y, Sun Z, Li X, Lyu J, Wang Q. Design and Construction of a Multi-Organ Microfluidic Chip Mimicking the in vivo Microenvironment of Lung Cancer Metastasis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25840-25847. [PMID: 27606718 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex pathophysiological process. As the main cause of cancer mortality in humans it represents a serious challenge to both basic researchers and clinicians. Here we report the design and construction of a multi-organ microfluidic chip that closely mimics the in vivo microenvironment of lung cancer metastasis. This multi-organs-on-a-chip includes an upstream "lung" and three downstream "distant organs", with three polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers and two thin PDMS microporous membranes bonded to form three parallel microchannels. Bronchial epithelial, lung cancer, microvascular endothelial, mononuclear, and fibroblast cells were grown separated by the biomembrane in upstream "lung", while astrocytes, osteocytes, and hepatocytes were grown in distant chambers, to mimic lung cancer cell metastasis to the brain, bone, and liver. After culture in this system, lung cancer cells formed a "tumor mass", showed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (with altered expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail1, and Snail2) and invasive capacity. A549 cells co-cultured with astrocytes overexpressed CXCR4 protein, indicating damage of astrocytes after cancer cell metastasis to the brain. Osteocytes overexpressed RANKL protein indicates damage of osteocytes after cancer cell metastasis to the bone, and hepatocytes overexpressed AFP protein indicates damage to hepatocytes after cancer cell metastasis to the liver. Finally, in vivo imaging of cancer growth and metastasis in a nude mice model validated the performance of metastasis in the organs-on-chip system. This system provides a useful tool to mimic the in vivo microenvironment of cancer metastasis and to investigate cell-cell interactions during metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
- Department of Respiratology, Qilu Hospital Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China
| | - Encheng Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Zhe Guo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Ruofei Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Hualong Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Yitong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Xiancheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
| | - Jianxin Lyu
- Chinese Educational Ministry-Designated Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian 116027, China
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Ding Q, Xia Y, Ding S, Lu P, Sun L, Fan Y, Li X, Wang Y, Tian DA, Liu M. Potential role of CXCL9 induced by endothelial cells/CD133+ liver cancer cells co-culture system in tumor transendothelial migration. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:254-259. [PMID: 27738495 PMCID: PMC5059115 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transendothelial migration is a pivotal step before the dissemination of tumor cells into the blood circulation. Related researches about the crosstalk between tumor cells and endothelial cells could contribute to understanding the mechanism of transendothelial migration. Cumulative studies showed that CD133 was an important marker for cancer stem cells. In our research, a co-culture system was developed to study the interaction between CD133+ liver cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The results showed that the direct co-cultured supernatants promoted the migration and invasion of CD133+ liver cancer cells. It was further investigated that the expression level of chemokine CXCL9 was significantly elevated in the culture supernatants of direct co-culture system by activating the NF-kB, rather than in the indirect co-culture system or mono-culture system. High expression of CXCL9 in the direct co-cultured supernatants played a significant role in enhancing the migration and invasion of CD133+ liver cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that chemokine CXCL9 may function as a potential target during the process of transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ding
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yujia Xia
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuping Ding
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuhui Fan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - De-an Tian
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Wang H, Guan X, Tu Y, Zheng S, Long J, Li S, Qi C, Xie X, Zhang H, Zhang Y. MicroRNA-29b attenuates non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 2 and PTEN. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:59. [PMID: 26063204 PMCID: PMC4469413 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our pilot study using miRNA PCR array found that miRNA-29b (miR-29b) is differentially expressed in primary cultured CD133-positive A549 cells compared with CD133-negative A549 cells. METHODS Ten human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and samples from thirty patients with NSCLC were analyzed for the expression of miR-29b by quantitative RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis combined with tumor metastasis PCR array showed the potential target genes for miR-29b. miR-29b lentivirus and inhibitors were transfected into NSCLC cells to investigate its role on regulating cell proliferation which was measured by CCK-8 assay in vitro and nude mice xenograft tumor assay in vivo. Cell motility ability was evaluated by transwell assay. The target genes of miR-29b were determined by luciferase assay, quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis combined with tumor metastasis PCR array showed that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and PTEN could be important target genes of miR-29b. The expression of miR-29b was down regulated in NSCLC tissues compared to the normal tissues. Clinicopathological analysis demonstrated that miR-29b had significant negative correlation with lymphatic metastasis. The gain-of-function studies revealed that ectopic expression of miR-29b decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of NSCLC cells. In contrasts, loss-of-function studies showed that inhibition of miR-29b promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells in vitro. Nude mice xenograft tumor assay confirmed that miR-29b inhibited lung cancer growth in vivo. High-invasion (A549-H) and low-invasion (A549-L) NSCLC cell sublines from A549 cells were created by using the repeated transwell assay aimed to confirm the effect of miR-29b on migration and invasion of NSCLC. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-29b inhibited the expression of the luciferase gene containing the 3'-UTRs of MMP2 and PTEN mRNA. Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR indicated that miR-29b down-regulated the expression of MMP2 at the protein and mRNA levels. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results demonstrate that miR-29b serves as a tumor metastasis suppressor, which suppresses NSCLC cell metastasis by directly inhibiting MMP2 expression. The results show that miR-29b may be a novel therapeutic candidate target to slow NSCLC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Guan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongsheng Tu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaoqiu Zheng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jie Long
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuiling Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaobin Xie
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiqiu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou Medical University, 195# Dongfeng West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, People's Republic of China.
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He A, Yang X, Huang Y, Feng T, Wang Y, Sun Y, Shen Z, Yao Y. CD133+CD44+Cells Mediate in the Lung Metastasis of Osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:1719-29. [PMID: 25736420 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aina He
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yujing Huang
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yuanjue Sun
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Oncology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital; Yishan Road 600 Shanghai 200233 China
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12
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Sun B, Yang N, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Hou C, Ji C, Liu Y, Zuo P. Antagomir-1290 suppresses CD133⁺ cells in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting fyn-related Src family tyrosine kinase. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6223-30. [PMID: 25783528 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) are involved in cancer initiation, development, and metastasis, and microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in regulating CSLCs. miRNA-based therapeutic strategy associated with CSLCs might promise potential new therapeutic approaches. In the present study, we found that miR-1290 was increased in CD133(+) cells. Antagomir-1290 significantly suppressed tumor volume and weight initiated by CD133(+) cells in vivo. Furthermore, antagomir-1290 significantly inhibited the proliferation, clonogenicity, invasion, and migration of CD133(+) cells by targeting fyn-related Src family tyrosine kinase. These findings provide insights into the clinical prospect of miR-1290-based therapies for non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 5 Dongdansantiao, Beijing, 100005, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wu KL, Tsai MJ, Yang CJ, Chang WA, Hung JY, Yen CJ, Shen CH, Kuo TY, Lee JY, Chou SH, Liu TC, Chong IW, Huang MS. Liver metastasis predicts poorer prognosis in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients receiving first-line gefitinib. Lung Cancer 2015; 88:187-94. [PMID: 25747806 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gefitinib is currently used as a first-line therapy in patients of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with susceptible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. However, treatment outcomes of these patients vary. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of specific metastatic sites on treatment outcomes of patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with susceptible EGFR mutations receiving first-line gefitinib, focusing on the impact of liver metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between October 2009 and April 2014, patients of stage IV lung adenocarcinoma harboring EGFR mutation in exon 19 or 21, who received first-line gefitinib treatment, were enrolled in two hospitals and followed until December 22, 2014. The impacts of various clinical features, including sex, age, smoking history, performance status, EGFR mutation site, metastatic sites, etc., on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 148 patients were eligible for analysis. Patients with liver metastasis on initial diagnosis (n=19) had shorter PFS and OS than those without liver metastasis did (median of PFS, 6.7 vs. 11.2 months, p<0.0001; median of OS, 9.2 vs. 17.5 months, p<0.0001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed liver metastasis was an independent poor prognostic factor for PFS (HR=2.939 [95% CI: 1.729-4.997], p<0.0001) and OS (HR=3.300 [95% CI: 1.708-6.373], p=0.0004). CONCLUSION Liver metastasis predicts poorer PFS and OS in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients with susceptible gene mutations receiving first-line gefitinib. Further study is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and find treatment modalities to improve prognosis of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Li Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yu Hung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Yen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Shen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Kuo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ying Lee
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shah-Hwa Chou
- Division of Chest Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tz-You 1st Road, 807 Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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14
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Yang N, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Sun B, Hou C, Zheng J, Liu Y, Zuo P. Active targeting docetaxel-PLA nanoparticles eradicate circulating lung cancer stem-like cells and inhibit liver metastasis. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:232-9. [PMID: 25418453 DOI: 10.1021/mp500568z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the major cause of cancer related lethality worldwide, and metastasis to distant organs is the pivotal cause of death for the vast majority of lung cancer patients. Accumulated evidence indicates that lung cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) play important roles in metastagenesis, and these circulating CSLCs may be important targets to inhibit the subsequent metastasis. The present study was aimed at establishing CSLC-targeting polylactic acid (PLA) encapsulated docetaxel nanoparticles for antimetastatic therapy. Cyclic binding peptides were screened on CSLCs in vitro and the peptide CVKTPAQSC exhibiting high specific binding ability to pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissue was subsequently conjugated to the nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel (NDTX). Antimetastatic effect of CSLC-targeting nanoparticles loaded with docetaxel (TNDTX) was evaluated in a nude mouse model of liver metastasis. Results showed that, in the absence of targeting peptide, NDTX hardly exhibited any antimetastatic effect. However, TNDTX treatment significantly decreased the metastatic tumor area in the nude mouse liver. Histopathological and serological results also confirmed the antimetastatic efficacy of TNDTX. To our knowledge, this is the first report on establishing a CSLC-based strategy for lung cancer metastatic treatment, and we hope this will offer a potential therapeutic approach for management of metastatic lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College , 100005, Beijing, China
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Wu H, Qi XW, Yan GN, Zhang QB, Xu C, Bian XW. Is CD133 expression a prognostic biomarker of non-small-cell lung cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100168. [PMID: 24940615 PMCID: PMC4062503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical and prognostic significance of CD133 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. To clarify a precise determinant of the clinical significance of CD133, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of CD133 with prognosis and clinicopathological features of NSCLC patients. Methods The electronic and manual searches were performed through the database of Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Chinese CNKI (from January 1, 1982 to January 1, 2014) for titles and abstracts by using the following keywords: “CD133”, “ac133” or “Prominin-1”, and “lung cancer” to identify the studies eligible for our analysis. Meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.0 and the outcomes included the overall survival and various clinicopathological features. Results A total of 23 studies were finally included, and our results showed that CD133 level was significantly correlated with the overall survival (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.24–4.07, P = 0.008) of NSCLC patients but not with the disease free survival (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.77–2.30, P = 0.31). With respect to clinicopathological features, CD133 level was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.06–3.74, P = 0.03), but not correlated with the histological classification (OR = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.81–1.23, P = 0.99(ac), OR = 0.87, 95%CI = 0.61–1.24, P = 0.45(sc)), or differentiation (OR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.53–1.68, Z = 0.20, P = 0.84 random-effect) of NSCLC patients. Conclusion High level of CD133 expression trends to correlate with a worse prognosis and a higher rate of lymph node metastasis in NSCLC patients, revealing CD133 as a potential pathological prognostic marker for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao-wei Qi
- Breast Disease Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-ning Yan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing-bi Zhang
- Department of Public Health, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (QBZ); (CX)
| | - Chuan Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail: (QBZ); (CX)
| | - Xiu-wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, China
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