1
|
Wu Q, Qiu Y, Guo J, Yuan Z, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Zhang Z, Guo J, Wu Y, Zhang J, Huang D, Tu K, Hu X. USP40 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and stemness by deubiquitinating and stabilizing Claudin1. Biol Direct 2024; 19:13. [PMID: 38308285 PMCID: PMC10837946 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor that poses a major threat to people's lives and health. Previous studies have found that multiple deubiquitinating enzymes are involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. The purpose of this work was to elucidate the function and mechanism of the deubiquitinating enzyme USP40 in HCC progression. METHODS The expression of USP40 in human HCC tissues and HCC cell lines was investigated using RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to determine the crucial role of USP40 in HCC progression. The interaction between USP40 and Claudin1 was identified by immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays. RESULTS We discovered that USP40 is elevated in HCC tissues and predicts poor prognosis in HCC patients. USP40 knockdown inhibits HCC cell proliferation, migration and stemness, whereas USP40 overexpression shows the opposite impact. Furthermore, we confirmed that Claudin1 is a downstream gene of USP40. Mechanistically, USP40 interacts with Claudin1 and inhibits its polyubiquitination to stabilize Claudin1 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that USP40 enhances HCC malignant development by deubiquitinating and stabilizing Claudin1, suggesting that targeting USP40 may be a novel approach for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qiu
- Department of Oncology, Teng Zhou Central People's Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical College, Tengzhou, 277500, China
| | - Jinhui Guo
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zibo Yuan
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yingnan Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- The Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Junwei Guo
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yanfang Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Junyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Lishui Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Lishui, 323020, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Xiaoge Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Razi S, Haghparast A, Chodari Khameneh S, Ebrahimi Sadrabadi A, Aziziyan F, Bakhtiyari M, Nabi-Afjadi M, Tarhriz V, Jalili A, Zalpoor H. The role of tumor microenvironment on cancer stem cell fate in solid tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 37328876 PMCID: PMC10273768 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the role of cancer stem cells in initiating tumors, metastasis, invasion, and resistance to therapies has been recognized as a potential target for tumor therapy. Understanding the mechanisms by which CSCs contribute to cancer progression can help to provide novel therapeutic approaches against solid tumors. In this line, the effects of mechanical forces on CSCs such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular plasticity, etc., the metabolism pathways of CSCs, players of the tumor microenvironment, and their influence on the regulating of CSCs can lead to cancer progression. This review focused on some of these mechanisms of CSCs, paving the way for a better understanding of their regulatory mechanisms and developing platforms for targeted therapies. While progress has been made in research, more studies will be required in the future to explore more aspects of how CSCs contribute to cancer progression. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Razi
- Vira Pioneers of Modern Science (VIPOMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Amin Ebrahimi Sadrabadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran
- Cytotech and Bioinformatics Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bakhtiyari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5163639888, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACER, Tehran, Iran.
- Parvaz Research Ideas Supporter Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stemness potency and structural characteristics of thyroid cancer cell lines. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154262. [PMID: 36527836 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid cancer is the most frequent type of endocrine malignancy. Thyroid carcinomas are derived from the follicular epithelium and classified as papillary (PTC) (85%), follicular (FTC) (12%), and anaplastic (ATC) (<3%). Thyroid cancer could arise from thyroid cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). CSCs are cancer cells that feature stem-like properties. Kruppel-like factor (KLF4) and Stage-spesific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1) are types of stem cell markers. Filamentous actin (F-actin) is an essential part of the cellular cytoskeleton. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stem cell potency and the spatial distribution of the cytoskeletal element F-actin in PTC, FTC, and ATC cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal thyroid cell line (NTC) Nthy-ori-3-1, PTC cell line BCPAP, FTC cell line FTC-133 and ATC cell line 8505c were stained with SSEA-1 and KLF4 for stem cell potency and F-actin for cytoskeleton. The morphological properties of cells were assessed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental ratios were compared with EDS. RESULTS PTCs had greater percentages of SSEA-1 and KLF4 protein intensity (0.32% and 0.49%, respectively) than NTCs. ATCs had a greater proportion of KLF4 expression (0.8%) than NTCs. NTCs and FTCs had increased F-actin intensity across the cell, but PTCs had the lowest among these four cell lines. NTCs and PTCs, as well as NTCs and FTCs, have statistically identical aspect ratios and round values. These values, however, were statistically different in ATCs. CONCLUSION The study of stem cell markers and the cytoskeletal element F-actin in cancer and normal thyroid cell lines may assist in the identification of new therapeutic targets and contribute in the understanding of treatment resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ablation efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy on human glioma stem cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 41:103119. [PMID: 36336324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells with stem cell-like features are generally more resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy than differentiated tumor cells. Thus, these cells tend to increase the propensity for tumor recurrence and metastasis. This study investigated the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) in destructing glioma stem cells (GSCs), including the mesenchymal subtype (MES-GSCs) demonstrated to have the lowest radio- and chemosensitivity. METHODS Five high-grade glioma (HGG) GSC lines and derived differentiated glioma cell (DGC) lines were examined for protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) expression using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and then assessed for ALA-PDT sensitivity using cell viability assays. MES-GSCs surviving ALA-PDT were then isolated and evaluated for stem cell and mesenchymal marker expression levels (CD44, ALDH1A3, KLF4, nestin) by qRT-PCR. The ability of these surviving cells to form tumors was then examined using colony forming and by xenograft tumor assays in athymic mice. Finally, the relationship between PpIX expression level (high versus low) and ALA-PDT sensitivity was examined by FACS and colony forming assays. RESULTS ALA-PDT was effective against all GSC lines including MES-GSCs. MES-GSC lines exhibited higher PpIX expression than derived DGCs. Surviving MES-GSCs demonstrated lower stem cell marker expression and tumor forming potential than naive MES-GSCs. Higher PpIX production capacity by MES-GSCs was associated with greater colony forming ability, and ALA-PDT was more effective against MES-GSCs with greater PpIX accumulation. CONCLUSION ALA-PDT may be clinically effective against HGG by targeting GSCs, including MES-GSCs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Garcia JH, Jain S, Aghi MK. Metabolic Drivers of Invasion in Glioblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:683276. [PMID: 34277624 PMCID: PMC8281286 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.683276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a primary malignant brain tumor with a median survival under 2 years. The poor prognosis glioblastoma caries is largely due to cellular invasion, which enables escape from resection, and drives inevitable recurrence. While most studies to date have focused on pathways that enhance the invasiveness of tumor cells in the brain microenvironment as the primary driving forces behind GBM’s ability to invade adjacent tissues, more recent studies have identified a role for adaptations in cellular metabolism in GBM invasion. Metabolic reprogramming allows invasive cells to generate the energy necessary for colonizing surrounding brain tissue and adapt to new microenvironments with unique nutrient and oxygen availability. Historically, enhanced glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen (the Warburg effect) has dominated glioblastoma research with respect to tumor metabolism. More recent global profiling experiments, however, have identified roles for lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism in tumor growth and invasion. A thorough understanding of the metabolic traits that define invasive GBM cells may provide novel therapeutic targets for this devastating disease. In this review, we focus on metabolic alterations that have been characterized in glioblastoma, the dynamic nature of tumor metabolism and how it is shaped by interaction with the brain microenvironment, and how metabolic reprogramming generates vulnerabilities that may be ripe for exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Garcia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yue D, Liu S, Zhang T, Wang Y, Qin G, Chen X, Zhang H, Wang D, Huang L, Wang F, Wang L, Zhao S, Zhang Y. NEDD9 promotes cancer stemness by recruiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells via CXCL8 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0290. [PMID: 33710809 PMCID: PMC8330544 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may cause tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence and are also responsible for chemotherapy and radiotherapy failures. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), in contrast, are known to be involved in mediating immunosuppression. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of interaction of CSCs and MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment. METHODS ESCC tissues and cell lines were evaluated. Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated 9 (NEDD9) was knocked down and overexpressed by lentiviral transfection. Quantitative PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, cell invasion, flow cytometry, cell sorting, multiplex chemokine profiling, and tumor growth analyses were performed. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed 10 upregulated genes in esophageal CSCs. Only NEDD9 was upregulated in CSCs using the sphere-forming method. NEDD9 expression was correlated with tumor invasion (P = 0.0218), differentiation (P = 0.0153), and poor prognosis (P = 0.0373). Additionally, NEDD9 was required to maintain the stem-like phenotype. Screening of chemokine expression in ESCC cells with NEDD9 overexpression and knockdown showed that NEDD9 regulated C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) expression via the ERK pathway. CXCL8 mediated the recruitment of MDSCs induced by NEDD9 in vitro and in vivo. MDSCs promoted the stemness of ESCC cells through NEDD9 via the Notch pathway. CONCLUSIONS As a marker of ESCC, NEDD9 maintained the stemness of ESCC cells and regulated CXCL8 through the ERK pathway to recruit MDSCs into the tumor, suggesting NEDD9 as a therapeutic target and novel prognostic marker for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yue
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100730, China
- Biomed Innovation Center, Yehoo Group, Shenzhen 518067, China
| | - Guohui Qin
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Cancer Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Novel Function for KLF4 in Modulating the De-differentiation of EpCAM -/CD133 - nonStem Cells into EpCAM +/CD133 + Liver Cancer Stem Cells in HCC Cell Line HuH7. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051198. [PMID: 32408542 PMCID: PMC7290717 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex and heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) hampers the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a fraction of cells within tumors with the ability to self-renew and differentiate, and thus significantly contribute to the formation and maintenance of heterogeneous tumor mass. Increasing evidence indicates high plasticity in tumor cells, suggesting that non-CSCs could acquire stem cell properties through de-differentiation or reprogramming processes. In this paper, we reveal KLF4 as a transcription factor that can induce a CSC-like phenotype in non-CSCs through upregulating the EpCAM and E-CAD expression. Our studies indicated that KLF4 could directly bind to the promoter of EpCAM and increase the number of EpCAM+/CD133+ liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) in the HuH7 HCC cell line. When KLF4 was overexpressed in EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, the expressions of hepatic stem/progenitor cell genes such as CK19, EpCAM and LGR5 were significantly increased. KLF4 overexpressing non-stem cells exhibited greater cell viability upon sorafenib treatment, while the cell migration and invasion capabilities of these cells were suppressed. Importantly, we detected an increased membranous expression and colocalization of β-CAT, E-CAD and EpCAM in the KLF4-overexpressing EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells, suggesting that this complex might be required for the cancer stem cell phenotype. Moreover, our in vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that with a KLF4 overexpression, EpCAM−/CD133− non-stem cells attained an in vivo tumor forming ability comparable to EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs, and the tumor specimens from KLF4-overexpressing xenografts had increased levels of both the KLF4 and EpCAM proteins. Additionally, we identified a correlation between the KLF4 and EpCAM protein expressions in human HCC tissues independent of the tumor stage and differentiation status. Collectively, our data suggest a novel function for KLF4 in modulating the de-differentiation of tumor cells and the induction of EpCAM+/CD133+ LCSCs in HuH7 HCC cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qi XT, Li YL, Zhang YQ, Xu T, Lu B, Fang L, Gao JQ, Yu LS, Zhu DF, Yang B, He QJ, Ying MD. KLF4 functions as an oncogene in promoting cancer stem cell-like characteristics in osteosarcoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:546-555. [PMID: 29930276 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more effective chemotherapy combined with limb-salvage surgery for the osteosarcoma treatment, survival rates for osteosarcoma patients have stagnated over the past three decades due to the poor prognosis. Osteosarcoma cancer stem cells (OSCs) are responsible for the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma. The existence of OSCs offers a theoretical explanation for therapeutic failures including tumor recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Understanding the pathways that regulate properties of OSCs may shed light on mechanisms that lead to osteosarcoma and suggest better modes of treatment. In this study, we showed that the expression level of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is highly associated with human osteosarcoma cancer stemness. KLF4-overexpressed osteosarcoma cells displayed characteristics of OSCs: increased sphere-forming potential, enhanced levels of stemness-associated genes, great chemoresistance to adriamycin and CDDP, as well as more metastasis potential. Inversely, KLF4 knockdown could reduce colony formation in vitro and inhibit tumorigenesis in vivo, supporting an oncogenic role for KLF4 in osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Furthermore, KLF4 was shown to activate the p38 MAPK signaling pathway to promote cancer stemness. Altogether, our studies uncover an essential role for KLF4 in regulation of OSCs and identify KLF4-p38 MAPK axis as a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Park CS, Lewis A, Chen T, Lacorazza D. Concise Review: Regulation of Self-Renewal in Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Krüppel-Like Factor 4. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:568-574. [PMID: 30790473 PMCID: PMC6525558 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent and tissue‐specific stem cells, such as blood‐forming stem cells, are maintained through a balance of quiescence, self‐renewal, and differentiation. Self‐renewal is a specialized cell division that generates daughter cells with the same features as the parental stem cell. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of self‐renewal, perhaps the most well‐known factors are members of the Krüppel‐like factor (KLF) family, especially KLF4, because of the landmark discovery that this protein is required to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. Because KLF4 regulates gene expression through transcriptional activation or repression via either DNA binding or protein‐to‐protein interactions, the outcome of KLF4‐mediated regulation largely depends on the cellular context, cell cycle regulation, chromatin structure, and the presence of oncogenic drivers. This study first summarizes the current understanding of the regulation of self‐renewal by KLF proteins in embryonic stem cells through a KLF circuitry and then delves into the potential function of KLF4 in normal hematopoietic stem cells and its emerging role in leukemia‐initiating cells from pediatric patients with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia via repression of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase 7 pathway. stem cells translational medicine2019;8:568–574
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun S Park
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Lewis
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor Chen
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Lacorazza
- Department Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Shen F, Stroehlein JR, Wei D. Context-dependent functions of KLF4 in cancers: Could alternative splicing isoforms be the key? Cancer Lett 2018; 438:10-16. [PMID: 30217565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an important transcription factor that is expressed in a variety of tissues and regulates many critical physiologic and cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, stem cell reprogramming, maintenance of genomic stability, and normal tissue homeostasis. KLF4 has both tumor suppressive and oncogenic functions in gastrointestinal and other cancers. These functions are thought to be context dependent, but how KLF4 exerts these differential functions and the molecular mechanisms behind them remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that the KLF4 gene undergoes alternative splicing, and the protein products of certain transcripts antagonize wild-type KLF4 function, suggesting an additional layer of regulation of KLF4 function. Therefore, detailed study of KLF4 alternative splicing may not only provide new insights into the complexity of KLF4 functions but also lead to rational targeting of KLF4 for cancer prevention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Stroehlein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lv Z, Yu JJ, Zhang WJ, Xiong L, Wang F, Li LF, Zhou XL, Gao XY, Ding XF, Han L, Cai YF, Ma W, Wang LX. Expression and functional regulation of stemness gene Lgr5 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26492-26504. [PMID: 28404917 PMCID: PMC5432274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a rare subpopulation of undifferentiated cells with biological characteristics that include the capacity for self-renewal, differentiation into various lineages, and tumor initiation. To explore the mechanism of CSCs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we focused on Leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5), a target gene of the Wnt signaling pathway, which has been identified as a marker of intestinal stem cells and shown to be overexpressed in several human malignancies. Lgr5 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, increased depth of invasion, increased tumor size, advanced differentiation, higher AJCC stage and poorer survival. Silencing of Lgr5 expression in the ESCC cell line KYSE450 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) strongly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability, the expression of CSCs-related genes and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, Lgr5 was highly expressed in ESCC spheroid body cells, which were identified by high expression of CSCs-related genes, and high tumorigenicity in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Lgr5 activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a potential mechanism to promote the progression of ESCC and ESCC stem cell renewal, and Lgr5 may be used as a molecular target for the development of treatments for ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Lv
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jane J Yu
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xue-Liang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xin-Ya Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xian-Fei Ding
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Fei Cai
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wang Ma
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liu-Xing Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Transcriptional repression of FOXO1 by KLF4 contributes to glioma progression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81757-81767. [PMID: 27835585 PMCID: PMC5348427 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, our findings indicated that FOXO1 expression frequently decreased in glioma tissues and cells. FOXO1 expression decrease correlated with glioma progression and predicted a worse overall survival of glioma patients. Restored FOXO1 expression inhibited glioma cells invasion and suppressed glioma cells proliferation in vitro and growth in vivo. Additionally, we found that KLF4 expression frequently increased in glioma tissues and negatively correlated with FOXO1 expression. Bioinformatics analysis and experimental results indicated that KLF4 transcriptionally repressed FOXO1 expression in glioma cells. Moreover, KLF4 expression increase correlated with glioma progression and predicted a poorer overall survival of glioma patients. KLF4 knockdown attenuated glioma cells invasion and growth. These data provide a rationale for targeted intervention on KLF4-FOXO1 signaling pathway to suppress glioma progression.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mallik MK. An attempt to understand glioma stem cell biology through centrality analysis of a protein interaction network. J Theor Biol 2018; 438:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
14
|
Kwon SJ, Kwon OS, Kim KT, Go YH, Yu SI, Lee BH, Miyoshi H, Oh E, Cho SJ, Cha HJ. Role of MEK partner-1 in cancer stemness through MEK/ERK pathway in cancerous neural stem cells, expressing EGFRviii. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:140. [PMID: 28830458 PMCID: PMC5567886 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are a major cause of the frequent relapse observed in glioma, due to their high drug resistance and their differentiation potential. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the ‘cancer stemness’ of GSCs will be particularly important for improving the prognosis of glioma patients. Methods We previously established cancerous neural stem cells (CNSCs) from immortalized human neural stem cells (F3 cells), using the H-Ras oncogene. In this study, we utilized the EGFRviii mutation, which frequently occurs in brain cancers, to establish another CNSC line (F3.EGFRviii), and characterized its stemness under spheroid culture. Results The F3.EGFRviii cell line was highly tumorigenic in vitro and showed high ERK1/2 activity as well as expression of a variety of genes associated with cancer stemness, such as SOX2 and NANOG, under spheroid culture conditions. Through meta-analysis, PCR super-array, and subsequent biochemical assays, the induction of MEK partner-1 (MP1, encoded by the LAMTOR3 gene) was shown to play an important role in maintaining ERK1/2 activity during the acquisition of cancer stemness under spheroid culture conditions. High expression of this gene was also closely associated with poor prognosis in brain cancer. Conclusion These data suggest that MP1 contributes to cancer stemness in EGFRviii-expressing glioma cells by driving ERK activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0703-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jung Kwon
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Ok-Seon Kwon
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Keun-Tae Kim
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Young-Hyun Go
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Si-In Yu
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Ha Lee
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Subteam for manipulation of cell fate, RIKEN BioResource Center, Wako, Japan
| | - Eunsel Oh
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Cho
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wan J, Su Y, Song Q, Tung B, Oyinlade O, Liu S, Ying M, Ming GL, Song H, Qian J, Zhu H, Xia S. Methylated cis-regulatory elements mediate KLF4-dependent gene transactivation and cell migration. eLife 2017; 6:e20068. [PMID: 28553926 PMCID: PMC5466421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered DNA methylation status is associated with human diseases and cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We previously identified many human transcription factors, including Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), as sequence-specific DNA methylation readers that preferentially recognize methylated CpG (mCpG), here we report the biological function of mCpG-dependent gene regulation by KLF4 in glioblastoma cells. We show that KLF4 promotes cell adhesion, migration, and morphological changes, all of which are abolished by R458A mutation. Surprisingly, 116 genes are directly activated via mCpG-dependent KLF4 binding activity. In-depth mechanistic studies reveal that recruitment of KLF4 to the methylated cis-regulatory elements of these genes result in chromatin remodeling and transcription activation. Our study demonstrates a new paradigm of DNA methylation-mediated gene activation and chromatin remodeling, and provides a general framework to dissect the biological functions of DNA methylation readers and effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yijing Su
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Qifeng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Brian Tung
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, United States
| | - Olutobi Oyinlade
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Sheng Liu
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Mingyao Ying
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, United States
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jiang Qian
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, United States
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Glaser T, Han I, Wu L, Zeng X. Targeted Nanotechnology in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:166. [PMID: 28408882 PMCID: PMC5374154 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, and in particular glioblastoma multiforme, are aggressive brain tumors characterized by a poor prognosis and high rates of recurrence. Current treatment strategies are based on open surgery, chemotherapy (temozolomide) and radiotherapy. However, none of these treatments, alone or in combination, are considered effective in managing this devastating disease, resulting in a median survival time of less than 15 months. The efficiency of chemotherapy is mainly compromised by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that selectively inhibits drugs from infiltrating into the tumor mass. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), with their unique biology and their resistance to both radio- and chemotherapy, compound tumor aggressiveness and increase the chances of treatment failure. Therefore, more effective targeted therapeutic regimens are urgently required. In this article, some well-recognized biological features and biomarkers of this specific subgroup of tumor cells are profiled and new strategies and technologies in nanomedicine that explicitly target CSCs, after circumventing the BBB, are detailed. Major achievements in the development of nanotherapies, such as organic poly(propylene glycol) and poly(ethylene glycol) or inorganic (iron and gold) nanoparticles that can be conjugated to metal ions, liposomes, dendrimers and polymeric micelles, form the main scope of this summary. Moreover, novel biological strategies focused on manipulating gene expression (small interfering RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats [CRISPR]/CRISPR associated protein 9 [Cas 9] technologies) for cancer therapy are also analyzed. The aim of this review is to analyze the gap between CSC biology and the development of targeted therapies. A better understanding of CSC properties could result in the development of precise nanotherapies to fulfill unmet clinical needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Center, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical CenterSeongnam, South Korea
| | - Liquan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yi Y, Hsieh IY, Huang X, Li J, Zhao W. Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells: Characteristics, Microenvironment, and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 28003805 PMCID: PMC5141588 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), grade IV astrocytoma, is the most fatal malignant primary brain tumor. GBM contains functional subsets of cells called glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), which are radioresistant and chemoresistant and eventually lead to tumor recurrence. Recent studies showed that GSCs reside in particular tumor niches that are necessary to support their behavior. To successfully eradicate GBM growth and recurrence, new strategies selectively targeting GSCs and/or their microenvironmental niche should be designed. In this regard, here we focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern these GSC properties and on understanding the mechanism of the microenvironmental signals within the tumor mass. Moreover, to overcome the blood–brain barrier, which represents a critical limitation of GBM treatments, a new drug delivery system should be developed. Nanoparticles can be easily modified by different methods to facilitate delivery efficiency of chemotherapeutics, to enhance the accumulation within the tumors, and to promote the capacity for targeting the GSCs. Therefore, nanotechnology has become the most promising approach to GSC-targeting therapy. Additionally, we discussed the future of nanotechnology-based targeted therapy and point out the disadvantages that should be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - I-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Huang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hattermann K, Flüh C, Engel D, Mehdorn HM, Synowitz M, Mentlein R, Held-Feindt J. Stem cell markers in glioma progression and recurrence. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1899-1910. [PMID: 27600094 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancer cells show histological similarities to embryonic stem cells. As differentiated cells can re-acquire pluripotency and self-renewal by transfection with the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC, with Nanog as readout for success, we comprehensively investigated their occurrence and frequency in human astrocytomas of different malignancy grades, primary and matched recurrent glioblastomas, short- and long-term glioblastoma cultures and glioma cell lines. Among astrocytomas, mRNA expression of OCT4, MYC and (less robust) KLF4 increased with malignancy, while in recurrent glioblastomas MYC expression slightly decreased. Correlation analysis revealed distinct positive correlation between distinct stem cell markers, and this effect was most prominent in the recurrent glioblastoma cohort. In situ, embryonic stem cell factors were found also in more differentiated tumor regions. Respective cells were rarely actively proliferating and showed single or combined expression signatures, which, at least in parts, corresponded to observed positive correlations of mRNA expression. However, a 'master-marker' defining the complete glioma stem cell subset could not be confirmed. In glioma cell lines, long- and short-term cultures, embryonic markers were detected at comparable levels. Upon exposure to temozolomide, increased expression of KLF4 (and lesser Nanog and OCT4) was observed. Experimental intrinsic overexpression of SOX2, KLF4 or OCT4 did not affect the other stem cell factors. The embryonic stem cell factors comprehensively investigated in this project can control self-renewal and pluripotency, and therefore tumorigenicity. They should be considered for the development of future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Engel
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - H Maximilian Mehdorn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rolf Mentlein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Flüh C, Hattermann K, Mehdorn HM, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J. Differential expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 with various stem cell markers in paired human primary and recurrent glioblastomas. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1408-16. [PMID: 26821357 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (also termed SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1) and its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 are known to play a pivotal role in tumor progression including glioblastomas (GBM). Previous investigations focused on the expression and functional roles of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in different GBM cell subpopulations, but comparative analysis in matched primary versus recurrent GBM samples are still lacking. Thus, here we investigated the expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 on mRNA and protein level using matched primary and recurrent GBM pairs. Additionally, as GBM CXCR4-positive stem-like cells are supposed to give rise to recurrence, we compared the expression of both receptors in primary and recurrent GBM cells expressing either neural (MUSASHI-1) or embryonic stem cell markers (KLF-4, OCT-4, SOX-2, NANOG). We were able to show that both CXCR4 and CXCR7 were expressed at considerable mRNA and protein levels. CXCR7 was downregulated in relapse cases, and different groups regarding CXCR4/CXCR7 expression differences between primary and recurrent samples could be distinguished. A co-expression of both receptors was rare. In line with this, CXCR4 was co-expressed with all investigated neural and embryonic stem cell markers in both primary and recurrent tissues, whereas CXCR7 was mostly found on stem cell marker-negative cells, but was co-expressed with KLF-4 on a distinct GBM cell subpopulation. These results point to an individual role of CXCR4 and CXCR7 in stem cell marker-positive GBM cells in glioma progression and underline the opportunity to develop new therapeutic tools for GBM intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Flüh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - H Maximilian Mehdorn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ray SK. The Transcription Regulator Krüppel-Like Factor 4 and Its Dual Roles of Oncogene in Glioblastoma and Tumor Suppressor in Neuroblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7:127-139. [PMID: 28497005 DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016017227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) gene is located on chromosome 9q31. All of the currently known 17 KLF transcription regulators that have similarity with members of the specificity protein family are distinctly characterized by the Cys2/His2 zinc finger motifs at their carboxyl terminals for preferential binding to the GC/GT box or the CACCC element of the gene promoter and enhancer regions. KLF4 is a transcriptional regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, emphasizing its importance in diagnosis and prognosis of particular tumors. KLF4 has been implicated in tumor progression as well as in tumor suppression, depending on tumor types and contexts. Different studies so far strongly suggest that KLF4 acts as an oncogene in glioblastoma, which is the most malignant and prevalent brain tumor in human adult. It is now well established that the presence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in glioblastoma causes therapy resistance and progressive growth of the tumor. Because KLF4 is one of the key stemness factors in GSCs, it is likely that KLF4 contributes significantly to the survival of GSCs and the recurrence of glioblastoma. On the other hand, recent studies show that KLF4 can act as a tumor suppressor in human malignant neuroblastoma, which is a deadly tumor mostly in children, by inhibiting the cell cycle and activating the cell differentiation and death pathways. Our increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the contrasting roles of KLF4 in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma is useful for superior diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of these tumors of the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Building 2, Room C11, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209; Tel.: 803-216-3420
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yue D, Zhang Z, Li J, Chen X, Ping Y, Liu S, Shi X, Li L, Wang L, Huang L, Zhang B, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Transforming growth factor-beta1 promotes the migration and invasion of sphere-forming stem-like cell subpopulations in esophageal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2015; 336:141-9. [PMID: 26096658 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most lethal solid malignancies. Mounting evidence demonstrates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are able to cause tumor initiation, metastasis and responsible for chemotherapy and radiotherapy failures. As CSCs are thought to be the main reason of therapeutic failure, these cells must be effectively targeted to elicit long-lasting therapeutic responses. We aimed to enrich and identify the esophageal cancer cell subpopulation with stem-like properties and help to develop new target therapy strategies for CSCs. Here, we found esophageal cancer cells KYSE70 and TE1 could form spheres in ultra low attachment surface culture and be serially passaged. Sphere-forming cells could redifferentiate and acquire morphology comparable to parental cells, when return to adherent culture. The sphere-forming cells possessed the key criteria that define CSCs: persistent self-renewal, overexpression of stemness genes (SOX2, ALDH1A1 and KLF4), reduced expression of differentiation marker CK4, chemoresistance, strong invasion and enhanced tumorigenic potential. SB525334, transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) inhibitor, significantly inhibited migration and invasion of sphere-forming stem-like cells and had no effect on sphere-forming ability. In conclusion, esophageal cancer sphere-forming cells from KYSE70 and TE1 cultured in ultra low attachment surface possess cancer stem cell properties, providing a model for CSCs targeted therapy. TGF-β1 promotes the migration and invasion of sphere-forming stem-like cells, which may guide future studies on therapeutic strategies targeting these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Yue
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jieyao Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Shasha Liu
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Shi
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine-Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China; Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China; Institute of Clinical-Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|