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Farhadi S, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Kiani J, Hashemi SM, Koochaki A, Sharifi K, Ghanbarian H. Exosomal delivery of 7SK long non-coding RNA suppresses viability, proliferation, aggressiveness and tumorigenicity in triple negative breast cancer cells. Life Sci 2023; 322:121646. [PMID: 37011870 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS RN7SK (7SK), a highly conserved non-coding RNA, serves as a transcription regulator via interaction with a few proteins. Despite increasing evidences which support the cancer-promoting roles of 7SK-interacting proteins, limited reports address the direct link between 7SK and cancer. To test the hypothetic suppression of cancer by overexpression of 7SK, the effects of exosomal 7SK delivery on cancer phenotypes were studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exosomes derived from human mesenchymal stem cells were loaded with 7SK (Exo-7SK). MDA-MB-231, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), cell line was treated with Exo-7sk. Expression levels of 7SK were evaluated by qPCR. Cell viability was assessed via MTT and Annexin V/PI assays as well as qPCR assessment of apoptosis-regulating genes. Cell proliferation was evaluated by growth curve analysis, colony formation and cell cycle assays. Aggressiveness of TNBCs was evaluated via transwell migration and invasion assays and qPCR assessment of genes regulating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, tumor formation ability was assessed using a nude mice xenograft model. KEY FINDINGS Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with Exo-7SK resulted in efficient overexpression of 7SK; reduced viability; altered transcription levels of apoptosis-regulating genes; reduced proliferation; reduced migration and invasion; altered transcription of EMT-regulating genes; and reduced in vivo tumor formation ability. Finally, Exo-7SK reduced mRNA levels of HMGA1, a 7SK interacting protein with master gene regulatory and cancer promoting roles, and its bioinformatically-selected cancer promoting target genes. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, as a proof of the concept, our findings suggest that exosomal delivery of 7SK may suppress cancer phenotypes via downregulation of HMGA1.
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Tang Z, Tang C, Sun C, Ying X, Shen R. Long noncoding RNA-LINC00478 promotes the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through PBX3. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23214. [PMID: 36086865 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs play an important regulatory role in the development and progression of tumors. Our study found that LINC00478 was upregulated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), so we made an in-depth exploration into its mechanism. In Caki-2 cells, we established the oe-LINC00478 cell line overexpressing LINC00478, and established underexpressing sh-LINC00478 cell line by short hairpin RNA silencing. The abilities of oe-LINC00478 cell invasion and metastasis were significantly enhanced, and the cell proliferative potential was also improved. The cellular expressions of PBX3, CDCA8, and CDK2 were upregulated, while in the sh-LINC00478 cells, the proliferative potential and metastatic and invasive abilities were weakened. Similarly, we established the PBX3-overexpressing oe-PBX3 cell line and the PBX3-underexpressing sh-PBX3 cell line, finding that the PBX3 overexpression enhanced the metastatic and invasive abilities of Caki-2 cells. When we overexpressed LINC00478 in PBX3-knockout Caki-2-PBX3- / - cells, no significant changes were noted in the metastatic or invasive ability. Through RNA pull-down and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation assays, we found that LINC00478 could facilitate the transcription-translation processes of PBX3 by binding to it, thus further promoting the expression of downstream cyclins to exert its action. In animal experimentation, the oe-LINC00478 and sh-LINC00478 Caki-2 cells were separately seeded, revealing that the tumor volume was significantly larger in the oe-LINC00478 group than in the sh-LINC00478 group. This study finds that by promoting the PBX3 transcription, LINC00478 can further regulate the expressions of downstream cyclins, thereby facilitating the metastasis and invasion of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Tang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chenye Tang
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chun Sun
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiangjun Ying
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ruilin Shen
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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Xie J, Wang B, Luo W, Li C, Jia X. Upregulation of KIF18B facilitates malignant phenotype of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by activating CDCA8/mTORC1 pathway. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24633. [PMID: 36085568 PMCID: PMC9550975 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kinesin family member 18B (KIF18B) has been regarded as an oncogene that is abnormally overexpressed in some cancers, but its mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear, which is thereby investigated in this study. Methods Bioinformatics analysis was performed to analyze the expression of KIF18B in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to detect KIF18B expression in ESCC cells. After KIF18B overexpression or cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8) deficiency, ESCC cells were subjected to determination of qRT‐PCR, Western blot, cell counting kit‐8 assay, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assay. The mechanism of KIF18B in the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway was detected by Western blot. Results KIF18B was overexpressed in ESCA samples and ESCC cells. Upregulation of KIF18B enhanced the viability, accelerated cell cycle by elevating CDK4 and Cyclin D3 levels as well as promoted the migration and invasion by decreasing E‐cadherin level and increasing Vimentin and N‐cadherin levels in ESCC cells, which was counteracted by CDCA8 silencing. The expression of CDCA8 in ESCC cells was upregulated by KIF18B overexpression. KIF18B overexpression activated the mTORC1 pathway by upregulating phosphorylated (p)‐/p70S6K and p‐/mTOR levels in the ESCC cells, which was reversed by CDCA8 silencing. Conclusion KIF18B overexpression promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells via CDCA8‐mediated mTORC1 signaling pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangliu Xie
- Gastroenterology Department, Yaan People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, Yaan People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Gastroenterology Department, Yaan People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Chen Li
- Cardiology Department, Yaan People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Xunchao Jia
- Oncology Department, Yaan People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
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Identification of Key Prognostic Genes of Triple Negative Breast Cancer by LASSO-Based Machine Learning and Bioinformatics Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050902. [PMID: 35627287 PMCID: PMC9140789 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Improved insight into the molecular mechanisms of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is required to predict prognosis and develop a new therapeutic strategy for targeted genes. The aim of this study is to identify key genes which may affect the prognosis of TNBC patients by bioinformatic analysis. In our study, the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) expression data of 116 breast cancer lacking ER, PR, and HER2 expression and 113 normal tissues were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We screened out 147 differentially co-expressed genes in TNBC compared to non-cancerous tissue samples by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential gene expression analysis. Then, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were constructed, revealing that 147 genes were mainly enriched in nuclear division, chromosomal region, ATPase activity, and cell cycle signaling. After using Cytoscape software for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and LASSO feature selection, a total of fifteen key genes were identified. Among them, BUB1 and CENPF were significantly correlated with the overall survival rate (OS) difference of TNBC patients (p value < 0.05). In addition, BUB1, CCNA2, and PACC1 showed significant poor disease-free survival (DFS) in TNBC patients (p value < 0.05), and may serve as candidate biomarkers in TNBC diagnosis. Thus, our results collectively suggest that BUB1, CCNA2, and PACC1 genes could play important roles in the progression of TNBC and provide attractive therapeutic targets.
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Xiang C, Sun WH, Ke Y, Yu X, Wang Y. CDCA8 Contributes to the Development and Progression of Thyroid Cancer through Regulating CDK1. J Cancer 2022; 13:2322-2335. [PMID: 35517403 PMCID: PMC9066215 DOI: 10.7150/jca.64747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aims to reveal regulatory role of cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8) in thyroid cancer progression and metastasis. Methods: A series of experiments in vivo and in vitro were performed to explore the function of CDCA8 in thyroid cancer. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CDCA8 expression levels were upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues compared with normal tissues, and were statistically correlated with tumor stage. Results of in vitro loss-of-function assay showed that downregulation of endogenous expression of CDCA8 could significantly inhibit cell proliferation, colony formation, cell migration, and promote apoptosis. Thyroid cancer cells lacking CDCA8 expression also had reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. Further, results of preliminary mechanistic exploration showed that CDK1 may be a potential downstream molecule of CDCA8 in regulating thyroid cancer progression. We subsequently confirmed that CDK1 itself exerted a significant regulatory function in thyroid cancer by loss- and gain-of-function experiments. Moreover, overexpression of CDK1 could weaken the tumor suppressive effect caused by CDCA8 knockdown. Conclusions: CDCA8 functions as an oncogene in thyroid cancer, and CDCA8 knockdown suppresses cancer development in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, CDK1 was further identified as a potential target of CDCA8 in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xiang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wu-Hui Sun
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - You Ke
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Cui XH, Peng QJ, Li RZ, Lyu XJ, Zhu CF, Qin XH. Cell division cycle associated 8: A novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:11097-11112. [PMID: 34741389 PMCID: PMC8650035 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8) is a crucial component of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC). It has been implicated in the regulation of cell dynamic localization during mitosis. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not clearly known. In this study, data of 374 patients with HCC were retrieved from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Pan analysis of Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database was performed to profile the mRNA expression of CDCA8 in HCC. Then, the Kaplan‐Meier plotter database was analysed to determine the prognostic value of CDCA8 in HCC. In addition, samples of tumour and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 88 HCC patients to perform immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting. The results obtained from bioinformatic analyses were validated through CCK‐8 assay, EdU assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle assays and Western blotting experiments. Analysis of the Kaplan‐Meier plotter database showed that high expression of CDCA8 may lead to poor overall survival (OS, p = 4.06e‐05) in patients with HCC. For the 88 patients with HCC, we found that stages and grades appeared to be strongly linked with CDCA8 expression. Furthermore, the high expression of CDCA8 was found to be correlated with poor OS (p = 0.0054) and progression‐free survival (PFS, p = 0.0009). In vitro experiments revealed that inhibition of CDCA8 slowed cell proliferation and blocked the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. In vivo experiments demonstrated that inhibition of CDCA8 inhibited tumour growth. Finally, blockade of CDCA8 reduced the expression levels of cyclin A2, cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, Ki67 and PCNA. And, there is an interaction between CDCA8 and E2F1. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that CDCA8 may serve as a biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of HCC patients. In addition, CDCA8 could be an effective therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Cui
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ren-Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia-Jie Lyu
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Fu Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi-Hu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Li Z, Liu Z, Li C, Liu Q, Tan B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y. CDCA1/2/3/5/7/8 as novel prognostic biomarkers and CDCA4/6 as potential targets for gastric cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:3404-3417. [PMID: 35116645 PMCID: PMC8798863 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence had suggested that cell division cycle-associated (CDCA) family proteins play prominent roles in multiple types of cancer. However, the expression pattern and prognostic value of CDCAs in gastric cancer were still poorly understood. Methods In this study, bioinformatics was used for the first time to comprehensively discuss the expression changes of the CDCA protein family in gastric cancer. We studied the transcription and survival data of CDCAs in patients with gastric cancer in Oncomine, GEPIA, DAVID, cBioportal, and other databases. Results We identified that the CDCA 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8 were overexpressed gastric cancer than in normal tissues. There was no significant difference in CDCAs expression among different gastric cancer stages. High expression of CDCA4/6 in patients with gastric cancer was closely related to low overall survival (OS), first progression survival (FPS), and post-progression survival (PPS). In contrast, high CDCA1/2/3/5/7/8 expression predicted a better prognosis. The genetic mutation rate of CDCA2 and CDCA4 was 4%, ranking first. The main biological process of CDCAs protein family enrichment was cell division, the main cell component involved was centromeres of chromosomes, and the main molecular function involved was protein binding. Conclusions The study suggested that CDCA1/2/3/5/7/8 were expected to be new prognostic markers for gastric cancer, and CDCA4/6 might be potential targets for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Li
- The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingwei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bibo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Yong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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8
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Tao Q, Chen S, Liu J, Zhao P, Jiang L, Tu X, Tang X, Liu Z, Yasheng A, Tuerxun K, Zheng Y. The roles of the cell division cycle-associated gene family in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:781-794. [PMID: 34012666 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The members of the cell division cycle-associated (CDCA) gene family are significant regulators of cell proliferation known to play key roles in various cancers. However, the function of CDCA genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. The aim of this research was to clarify the roles of CDCA family members in HCC using bioinformatics analysis tools. Methods We studied data on the mRNA and protein expression of CDCA genes and survival in patients with HCC using the Oncomine, UALCAN, HPA, CCLE, LinkedOmics, cBioPortal, and Metascape databases. Results Significant overexpression of all CDCA members was found in HCC tissues. The expression levels of CDCAs were related to the tumor stage, and high expression levels were correlated with a low survival rate in patients with HCC. Also, we observed a high mutation rate (45%) of CDCAs in the HCC samples, which manifested as deep deletion, amplification, or increased mRNA expression. In the correlation analysis, we found that any 2 CDCA members were significantly positively correlated with each other. Cycle-related genes including AHCTF1, AKT1, BIRC5, CENPF, CENPL, and CENPQ were closely associated with CDCA gene alterations. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that CDCAs may be potential therapeutic targets and prognostic indicators for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tao
- The Second Department of General surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siliang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingmin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abudoukeyimu Yasheng
- The Second Department of General surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | - Kahaer Tuerxun
- The Second Department of General surgery, The First People's Hospital of Kashi Prefecture, Kashi, China
| | - Yun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Liu S, Liu X, Wu J, Zhou W, Ni M, Meng Z, Jia S, Zhang J, Guo S, Lu S, Li Y. Identification of candidate biomarkers correlated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer via integrated bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e23153. [PMID: 33285689 PMCID: PMC7717725 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was carried out to identify potential key genes associated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of breast cancer (BC). METHODS Seven GEO datasets (GSE24124, GSE32641, GSE36295, GSE42568, GSE53752, GSE70947, GSE109169) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between BC and normal breast tissue samples were screened by an integrated analysis of multiple gene expression profile datasets. Hub genes related to the pathogenesis and prognosis of BC were verified by employing protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. RESULTS Ten hub genes with high degree were identified, including CDK1, CDC20, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB2, BUB1, BUB1B, CDCA8, KIF11, and TOP2A. Lastly, the Kaplan-Meier plotter (KM plotter) online database demonstrated that higher expression levels of these genes were related to lower overall survival. Experimental validation showed that all 10 hub genes had the same expression trend as predicted. CONCLUSION The findings of this research would provide some directive significance for further investigating the diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to facilitate the molecular targeting therapy of BC, which could be used as a new biomarker for diagnosis and to guide the combination medicine of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Xinkui Liu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Mengwei Ni
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Ziqi Meng
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Shanshan Jia
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Siyu Guo
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Chaoyang District
| | - Yingfei Li
- Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Research of Herbal Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongzhimen, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
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10
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Gao X, Wen X, He H, Zheng L, Yang Y, Yang J, Liu H, Zhou X, Yang C, Chen Y, Chen M, Zhang S. Knockdown of CDCA8 inhibits the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9078. [PMID: 32377458 PMCID: PMC7194097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a tumour of the urinary system with high mortality, and there is also a great lack of therapeutic targets in the clinic. Cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8), an important component of the vertebrate chromosomal passenger complex, is highly expressed in various tumours and promotes tumour development. However, the role of CDCA8 in bladder cancer is not fully understood. This study aimed to reveal the function of CDCA8 in bladder cancer by determining the relationship between CDCA8 expression and proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. Firstly, we studied the mRNA expression of CDCA8 through the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and analysed the correlation between CDCA8 expression and prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. We also verified CDCA8 expression in bladder cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. In addition, CDCA8 expression was inhibited in bladder cancer T24 and 5637 cells, and the effects of CDCA8 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of bladder cancer cell lines were investigated using cell counting kit-8, colony formation, cell cycle, apoptosis, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. Results showed that CDCA8 was highly expressed in bladder cancer compared with normal tissues, and the high CDCA8 expression was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of patients. Inhibiting CDCA8 expression inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of T24 and 5637 cells and induced the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells. CDCA8 was involved in the regulation of the growth cycle of bladder cancer cells. Bioinformatics-based mechanism analysis revealed that high CDCA8 expression may affect the cell cycle and P53 signalling pathways. In conclusion, our results suggest that CDCA8 is highly expressed in bladder cancer and can promote tumour development. Hence, CDCA8 may serve as an effective therapeutic target for treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Haowei He
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yibo Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Jinlian Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Haifang Liu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiguo Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Changshun Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huaihua of University of South China, Huaihua, China
| | - Yinyi Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mei Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Chen C, Chen S, Luo M, Yan H, Pang L, Zhu C, Tan W, Zhao Q, Lai J, Li H. The role of the CDCA gene family in ovarian cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32309337 PMCID: PMC7154490 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer is a frequently-occurring reproductive system malignancy in females, which leads to an annual of over 100 thousand deaths worldwide. Methods The electronic databases, including GEPIA, ONCOMINE, Metascape, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter, were used to examine both survival and transcriptional data regarding the cell division cycle associated (CDCA) gene family among ovarian cancer patients. Results All CDCA genes expression levels were up-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues relative to those in non-carcinoma ovarian counterparts. Besides, CDCA5/7 expression levels were related to the late tumor stage. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was employed to carry out survival analysis, which suggested that ovarian cancer patients with increased CDCA2/3/5/7 expression levels had poor overall survival (OS) (P<0.05). Moreover, ovarian cancer patients that had up-regulated mRNA expression levels of CDCA2/5/8 had markedly reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (P<0.05); and up-regulated CDCA4 expression showed remarkable association with reduced post-progression survival (PPS) (P<0.05). Additionally, the following processes were affected by CDCA genes alterations, including R-HAS-2500257: resolution of sister chromatid cohesion; GO:0051301: cell division; CORUM: 1118: Chromosomal passenger complex (CPC, including CDCA8, INCENP, AURKB and BIRC5); CORUM: 127: NDC80 kinetochore complex; M129: PID PLK1 pathway; and GO: 0007080: mitotic metaphase plate congression, all of which were subjected to marked regulation since the alterations affected CDCA genes. Conclusions Up-regulated CDCA gene expression in ovarian cancer tissues probably played a crucial part in the occurrence of ovarian cancer. The up-regulated CDCA2/3/5/7 expression levels were used as the potential prognostic markers to improve the poor ovarian cancer survival and prognostic accuracy. Moreover, CDCA genes probably exerted their functions in tumorigenesis through the PLK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Siliang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Honghong Yan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lanlan Pang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weiyan Tan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jielan Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Wang Q, Zhang L. Possible Molecular Mechanisms for the Roles of MicroRNA-21 Played in Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 18:1533033819875130. [PMID: 31506038 PMCID: PMC6740056 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819875130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to find the possible molecular mechanisms for the roles of microRNA-21 underlying lung cancer development. Methods: MicroRNA-21-5p inhibitor was transfected into A549 cells. Total RNA was isolated from 10 samples, including 3 in control group (A549 cells), 3 in negative control group (A549 cells transferred with microRNA-21 negative control), and 4 in SH group (A549 cells transferred with microRNA-21 inhibitor), followed by RNA sequencing. Then, differentially expressed genes were screened for negative control group versus control group, SH group versus control group, and SH group versus negative control group. Functional enrichment analyses, protein–protein interaction network, and modules analyses were conducted. Target genes of hsa-miR-21-5p and transcription factors were predicted, followed by the regulatory network construction. Results: Minichromosome maintenance 10 replication initiation factor and cell division cycle associated 8 were important nodes in protein–protein interaction network with higher degrees. Cell division cycle associated 8 was enriched in cell division biological process. Furthermore, maintenance 10 replication initiation factor and cell division cycle associated 8 were significantly enriched in cluster 1 and micro-RNA-transcription factor-target genes regulating network. In addition, transcription factor Dp family member 3 (transcription factor of maintenance 10 replication initiation factor and cell division cycle associated 8) and RAD21 cohesin complex component (transcription factor of maintenance 10 replication initiation factor) were target genes of hsa-miR-21-5p. Conclusions: Micro-RNA-21 may play a key role in lung cancer partly via maintenance 10 replication initiation factor and cell division cycle associated 8. Furthermore, microRNA-21 targeted cell division cycle associated 8 and then played roles in lung cancer via the process of cell division. Transcription factor Dp family member 3 and RAD21 cohesin complex component are important transcription factors in microRNA-21-interfered lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Linyou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Li J, Li X. Comprehensive analysis of prognosis-related methylated sites in breast carcinoma. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1161. [PMID: 32037691 PMCID: PMC7196449 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast carcinoma has become a nonnegligible public health problem in China with its increasing incidence and mortality in woman. As a early event regulating tumorigenesis and development, DNA methylation became one of the focuses of current carcinoma researches on potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the gene expression data and DNA methylation data of breast carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues samples in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Influences of tumor stage, adjuvant therapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy on CpG methylation level were explored by linear regression analysis. Correlations between methylation and gene expression levels were determined by spearman rank correlation analysis. Log‐rank test was applied for determining significance of associations between CpG sites methylation level and breast cancer patients' Kaplan–Meier survival. Results A total of 229 CpG sites were found to be significantly associated with tumor stage or treatment, and eight of which were potential markers that affect the survival of breast carcinoma and negatively correlated with their genes' expression levels. Conclusions We reported eight CpG sites as potential breast cancer prognosis signatures through comprehensively analyzed gene expression and DNA methylation datasets, and excluding influences of tumor stage and treatment. This should be helpful for breast cancer early diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, P.R. China
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Meng J, Gao L, Zhang M, Gao S, Fan S, Liang C. Systematic investigation of the prognostic value of cell division cycle-associated proteins for clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Biomark Med 2020; 14:223-238. [PMID: 31955607 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2019-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the prognostic value of the cell division cycle-associated proteins (CDCA) family in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Methods: Gene profiles were collected from the The Cancer Genome Atlas-Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-KIRC), the GSE29609 and GSE22541 datasets. Genetic alteration and DNA methylation data were downloaded from the cBioPortal and MethSurv. The functional enrichment data were analyzed by Metascape. Results: The mRNA expression of the CDCAs, except CBX2, was significantly increased in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. Genetic alterations might affect the expression of CDCAs, but promotor methylation does not affect CDCA gene expression. The overall expression of the CDCAs, according to the The Cancer Genome Atlas-KIRC database (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.18), the GSE29609 (HR: 6.08) and GSE22541 (HR: 6.73), was significantly associated with unfavorable overall survival. In addition, genes co-expressed with CDCAs (R2 ≥0.3) were highly associated with cell division and the FOXM1 pathway. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the aberrant expression of CDCA gene family members plays an indispensable role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Shenglin Gao
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Song Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Institute of Urology & Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
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15
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Li B, Liu B, Zhang X, Liu H, He L. KIF18B promotes the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via activating the expression of CDCA8. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4227-4238. [PMID: 31875977 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the worst prognosis, and the 5-year survival rate of this disease is less than 1%. About 90% of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and targeting therapy has become a promising treatment for PDAC in recent years. To improve the survival rate, novel therapeutic targets for PDAC are still urgently needed. KIF18B was initially identified as a member of the kinesin family and involved in multiple cellular processes, such as separation of chromosomes in mitosis. Recently, it was found that KIF18B was involved in the growth and development of multiple cancers. However, the potential link between KIF18B and PDAC is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that KIF18B was highly expressed in human PDAC tissues, and related with the poor prognosis and clinical features, such as tumor size (*p = .013) and pTNM stage (*p = .025), of patients with PDAC. We further found that KIF18B knockdown blocked the cell proliferation of PDAC in vitro and in vivo, and the cell cycle was arrested caused by KIF18B depletion. Additionally, we also found that KIF18B bound to the promoter region of the cell division cycle associated 8 and thus activated its transcription. Taken together, this study explored the molecular mechanism underlying KIF18B promoting PDAC and provided a novel therapeutic target of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianglian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijie He
- Department of General Surgery, The Secondary Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Identification of important invasion and proliferation related genes in adrenocortical carcinoma. Med Oncol 2019; 36:73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Bu Y, Shi L, Yu D, Liang Z, Li W. CDCA8 is a key mediator of estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. Gene 2019; 703:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Liu J, Zhou S, Li S, Jiang Y, Wan Y, Ma X, Cheng W. Eleven genes associated with progression and prognosis of endometrial cancer (EC) identified by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:136. [PMID: 31139013 PMCID: PMC6528324 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the female malignant tumors. Endometrial cancer predominately affects post-menopausal women. Bioinformatics analysis has been widely applied to screen and analyze genes in linkage to various types of cancer progression. Methods Download the gene expression profile from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Calculate raw expression data according to pre-processing procedures. We performed the “limma” R language package to screen DEGs between Endometrial cancer tissue samples and normal uterus tissue samples. Enrichment of the functions and pathways was analyzed by using clusterprofiler. We utilized Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes Database (STRING) to assess protein–protein interaction (PPI) information, and then we used plug-in Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) to screen hub modules of PPI network in Cytoscape. We also performed functional analysis on the genes in the hub module by using clusterprofiler. Next, we utilized the “WGCNA” package in R to establish co-expression network for the DEGs. The Venn diagram was performed to overlap the gene in key module and hub PPI cluster. We validated the key genes in TCGA, GEPIA, UALCAN and Immunohistochemistry staining obtained from The Human Protein Atlas database. And then we did ROC curve analysis by SPSS. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and mutation analysis were also performed for hub genes. Results Functional and pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched in CXCR chemokine receptor binding, chemokine activity, chemokine receptor binding, G-protein coupled receptor binding, RAGE receptor binding, cytokine activity, microtubule binding, receptor regulator activity and microtubule motor activity, and the down-regulated genes were highly enriched in collagen binding. After using STRING software to construct PPI network, 30 prominent proteins were identified and the first two significant modules were selected. In co-expression network, 5 EC-related modules were identified. Among them, the turquoise module has the highest correlation with the EC. We further analyzed the genes in the PPI and turquoise module, and selected eleven key genes related to EC after validation of TCGA database, GEPIA, UALCAN and immunohistochemistry. Six of them had mutation significance. Conclusions In summary, these 11 genes may become new therapy targets for EC treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0859-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinHui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - ShuLin Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - SiYue Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - YiCong Wan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - XiaoLing Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - WenJun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
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19
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Yang K, Gao J, Luo M. Identification of key pathways and hub genes in basal-like breast cancer using bioinformatics analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1319-1331. [PMID: 30863098 PMCID: PMC6388944 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s158619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) and links to poor outcomes. As the molecular mechanism of BLBC has not yet been completely discovered, identification of key pathways and hub genes of this disease is an important way for providing new insights into exploring the mechanisms of BLBC initiation and progression. Objective The aim of this study was to identify potential gene signatures of the development and progression of the BLBC via bioinformatics analysis. Methods and results The differential expressed genes (DEGs) including 40 up-regulated and 21 down-regulated DEGs were identified between GSE25066 and GSE21422 microarrays, and these DEGs were significantly enriched in the terms related to oncogenic or suppressive roles in BLBC progression. In addition, KEGG pathway and GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) enrichment analyses were performed for DEGs between the basal type and non-basal-type breast cancer from GSE25066 microarray. These DEGs were enriched in pathways such as cell cycle, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, central carbon metabolism signaling and TNF signaling pathway. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed with those 61 DEGs using the Cytoscape software, and the biological significance of putative modules was established using MCODE. The module 1 was found to be closely related with a term of mitosis regulation and enriched in cell cycle pathway, and thus confirmed the pathological characteristic of BLBC with a high mitotic index. Furthermore, prediction values of the top 10 hub genes such as CCNB2, BUB1, NDC80, CENPE, KIF2C, TOP2A, MELK, TPX2, CKS2 and KIF20A were validated using Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier plotter. Conclusion Our results suggest the intriguing possibility that the hub genes and modules in the PPI network contributed to in-depth knowledge about the molecular mechanism of BLBC, paving a way for more accurate discovery of potential treatment targets for BLBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Life Sciences and Technology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, .,Drug Discovery Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China, .,Laboratory for Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China,
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20
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Ci C, Tang B, Lyu D, Liu W, Qiang D, Ji X, Qiu X, Chen L, Ding W. Overexpression of CDCA8 promotes the malignant progression of cutaneous melanoma and leads to poor prognosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:404-412. [PMID: 30431060 PMCID: PMC6257860 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is very aggressive and results in high mortality rates for cancer patients. Determining molecular targets is important for developing novel therapies for cutaneous melanoma. Cell division cycle associated 8 (CDCA8) is a putative oncogene that is upregulated in multiple types of cancer. The present study aimed to examine the role of CDCA8 in cutaneous melanoma, with a focus on the association of its expression to prognosis and metastasis. First, the mRNA expression of CDCA8 in cutaneous melanoma tissues was investigated using the ONCOMINE and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Furthermore, the relationship between the expression of CDCA8 and cutaneous melanoma patient survival was analyzed using a Kaplan‑Meier plot and Log Rank test. In addition, the effects of CDCA8 on proliferation, migration and invasion of cutaneous melanoma cell lines were investigated using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), Cell Counting kit‑8, colony formation assay, wound healing and Matrigel assay. Finally, the expression levels of key proteins related to the Rho‑associated coiled‑coil‑containing protein kinase (ROCK) signaling pathway were measured by western blot assay. The results demonstrated that CDCA8 was overexpressed in cutaneous melanoma tissues and cells lines compared with normal tissues, and high expression of CDCA8 was significantly associated with poorer prognosis in patients with cutaneous melanoma. In in vitro experiments, CDCA8 knockdown inhibited A375 and MV3 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, CDCA8 knockdown reduced the phosphorylation levels of ROCK1 and myosin light chain, two downstream effector proteins of the ROCK pathway. In summary, the present findings suggested that CDCA8 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cutaneous melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dalun Lyu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, P.R. China
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21
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Phan NN, Wang CY, Li KL, Chen CF, Chiao CC, Yu HG, Huang PL, Lin YC. Distinct expression of CDCA3, CDCA5, and CDCA8 leads to shorter relapse free survival in breast cancer patient. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6977-6992. [PMID: 29467944 PMCID: PMC5805530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a dangerous disease that results in high mortality rates for cancer patients. Many methods have been developed for the treatment and prevention of this disease. Determining the expression patterns of certain target genes in specific subtypes of breast cancer is important for developing new therapies for breast cancer. In the present study, we performed a holistic approach to screening the mRNA expression of six members of the cell division cycle-associated gene family (CDCA) with a focus on breast cancer using the Oncomine and The Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) databases. Furthermore, Gene Expression-Based Outcome for Breast Cancer Online (GOBO) was also used to deeply mine the expression of each CDCA gene in clinical breast cancer tissue and breast cancer cell lines. Finally, the mRNA expression of the CDCA genes as related to breast cancer patient survival were analyzed using a Kaplan-Meier plot. CDCA3, CDCA5, and CDCA8 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher than the control sample in both clinical tumor sample and cancer cell lines. These highly expressed genes in the tumors of breast cancer patients dramatically reduced patient survival. The interaction network of CDCA3, CDCA5, and CDCA8 with their co-expressed genes also revealed that CDCA3 expression was highly correlated with cell cycle related genes such as CCNB2, CDC20, CDKN3, and CCNB1. CDCA5 expression was correlated with BUB1 and TRIP13, while CDCA8 expression was correlated with BUB1 and CCNB1. Altogether, these findings suggested CDCA3, CDCA5, and CDCA8 could have a high potency as targeted breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nhut Phan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lun Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chieh Chiao
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Gang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Pung-Ling Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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22
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Zaatiti H, Abdallah J, Nasr Z, Khazen G, Sandler A, Abou-Antoun TJ. Tumorigenic proteins upregulated in the MYCN-amplified IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells promote proliferation and migration. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:787-803. [PMID: 29328367 PMCID: PMC5807036 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood neuroblastoma is one of the most common types of extra-cranial cancer affecting children with a clinical spectrum ranging from spontaneous regression to malignant and fatal progression. In order to improve the clinical outcomes of children with high-risk neuroblastoma, it is crucial to understand the tumorigenic mechanisms that govern its malignant behaviors. MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor (MYCN) amplification has been implicated in the malignant, treatment-evasive nature of aggressive, high-risk neuroblastoma. In this study, we used a SILAC approach to compare the proteomic signatures of MYCN-amplified IMR-32 and non-MYCN-amplified SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. Tumorigenic proteins, including fatty-acid binding protein 5 (FABP5), L1-cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM), baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 [BIRC5 (survivin)] and high mobility group protein A1 (HMGA1) were found to be significantly upregulated in the IMR-32 compared to the SK-N-SH cells and mapped to highly tumorigenic pathways including, MYC, MYCN, microtubule associated protein Tau (MAPT), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 or 2 (SREBF1/2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), Sp1 transcription factor (SP1) and amyloid precursor protein (APP). The transcriptional knockdown (KD) of MYCN, HMGA1, FABP5 and L1-CAM significantly abrogated the proliferation of the IMR-32 cells at 48 h post transfection. The early apoptotic rates were significantly higher in the IMR-32 cells in which FABP5 and MYCN were knocked down, whereas cellular migration was significantly abrogated with FABP5 and HMGA1 KD compared to the controls. Of note, L1-CAM, HMGA1 and FABP5 KD concomitantly downregulated MYCN protein expression and MYCN KD concomitantly downregulated L1-CAM, HMGA1 and FABP5 protein expression, while survivin protein expression was significantly downregulated by MYCN, HMGA1 and FABP5 KD. In addition, combined L1-CAM and FABP5 KD led to the concomitant downregulation of HMGA1 protein expression. On the whole, our data indicate that this inter-play between MYCN and the highly tumorigenic proteins which are upregulated in the malignant IMR-32 cells may be fueling their aggressive behavior, thereby signifying the importance of combination, multi-modality targeted therapy to eradicate this deadly childhood cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Zaatiti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Jad Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Nasr
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - George Khazen
- School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Anthony Sandler
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Joseph E. Robert Jr. Center for Surgical Care, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Tamara J Abou-Antoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1102-2801, Lebanon
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Li S, Liu X, Liu T, Meng X, Yin X, Fang C, Huang D, Cao Y, Weng H, Zeng X, Wang X. Identification of Biomarkers Correlated with the TNM Staging and Overall Survival of Patients with Bladder Cancer. Front Physiol 2017; 8:947. [PMID: 29234286 PMCID: PMC5712410 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify candidate biomarkers correlated with clinical prognosis of patients with bladder cancer (BC). Methods: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was applied to build a co-expression network to identify hub genes correlated with tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging of BC patients. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted to functionally annotate the hub genes. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of hub genes was performed to identify the interactions among the hub genes. Survival analyses were conducted to characterize the role of hub genes on the survival of BC patients. Gene set enrichment analyses were conducted to find the potential mechanisms involved in the tumor proliferation promoted by hub genes. Results: Based on the results of topological overlap measure based clustering and the inclusion criteria, top 50 hub genes were identified. Hub genes were enriched in cell proliferation associated gene ontology terms (mitotic sister chromatid segregation, mitotic cell cycle and, cell cycle, etc.) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (cell cycle, Oocyte meiosis, etc.). 17 hub genes were found to interact with ≥5 of the hub genes. Survival analysis of hub genes suggested that lower expression of MMP11, COL5A2, CDC25B, TOP2A, CENPF, CDCA3, TK1, TPX2, CDCA8, AEBP1, and FOXM1were associated with better overall survival of BC patients. BC samples with higher expression of hub genes were enriched in gene sets associated with P53 pathway, apical junction, mitotic spindle, G2M checkpoint, and myogenesis, etc. Conclusions: We identified several candidate biomarkers correlated with the TNM staging and overall survival of BC patients. Accordingly, they might be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets with clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongzu Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Yin
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Weng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiantao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Joe S, Nam H. Prognostic factor analysis for breast cancer using gene expression profiles. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2016; 16 Suppl 1:56. [PMID: 27454576 PMCID: PMC4959370 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-016-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The survival of patients with breast cancer is highly sporadic, from a few months to more than 15 years. In recent studies, the gene expression profiling of tumors has been used as a promising means of predicting prognosis factors. METHODS In this study, we used gene expression datasets of tumors to identify prognostic factors in breast cancer. We conducted log-rank tests and used unsupervised clustering methods to find reciprocally expressed gene sets associated with worse survival rates. Prognosis prediction scores were determined as the ratio of gene expressions. RESULTS As a result, four prognosis prediction gene set modules were constructed. The four prognostic gene sets predicted worse survival rates in three independent gene expression data sets. In addition, we found that cancer patient with poor prognosis, i.e., triple-negative cancer, HER2-enriched, TP53 mutated and high-graded patients had higher prognosis prediction scores than those with other types of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, based on a gene expression analysis, we suggest that our well-defined scoring method of the prediction of survival outcome may be useful for developing prognostic factors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobok Joe
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojung Nam
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Weng W, Okugawa Y, Toden S, Toiyama Y, Kusunoki M, Goel A. FOXM1 and FOXQ1 Are Promising Prognostic Biomarkers and Novel Targets of Tumor-Suppressive miR-342 in Human Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4947-4957. [PMID: 27162244 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer ranks as the third most frequent cancer type, and its incidence continues to rise gradually worldwide, highlighting the need to identify previously unrecognized molecular events that propel development of this malignancy. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulated expression of FOX family of transcription factors may be critical in various genetic disorders as well as cancer; however, the functional and clinical significance of this pathway in colorectal cancer remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Herein, we performed a systematic and comprehensive discovery step by evaluating the expression of FOX family members, and identified that FOXM1 and FOXQ1 are frequently overexpressed in colorectal cancer. We subsequently confirmed these findings in two large testing cohorts (n = 550) and an independent clinical validation cohort (n = 134), in which high expression of FOXM1 and FOXQ1 emerged as an independent prognostic factor in colorectal cancer patients. We corroborated these findings by performing functional assays in which knockdown of FOXM1 and FOXQ1 resulted in inhibited cell proliferation and suppressed migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, using bioinformatic approaches, we identified miR-342 as a novel regulator of both FOXM1 and FOXQ1. Overexpression or inhibition of miR-342 modulated the expression of both genes and contributed to phenotypic alterations in colorectal cancer cells, which was subsequently validated in a xenograft animal model. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we have firstly identified FOXM1 and FOXQ1 as promising prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer patients, and provided novel evidence that therapeutic targeting of these genes or miR-342 may be a potential treatment approach in colorectal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4947-57. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Weng
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Division of Reparative Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Shusuke Toden
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Division of Reparative Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Division of Reparative Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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