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Shao DW, Zhao LJ, Sun JF. Synthesis and clinical application of representative small-molecule dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116464. [PMID: 38704940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels, which can cause many diseases, including osteoporosis, fractures, arthritis, and foot complications. The inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), an enzyme involved in glucose metabolism regulation, are essential for managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The inhibition of DPP-4 has become a promising treatment approach for T2DM because it can increase levels of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leading to improved insulin secretion in response to glucose and reduced release of glucagon. The review commences by elucidating the role of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and its significance in T2DM pathophysiology. Furthermore, it presents the mechanism of action, preclinical pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and toxicity profiles of small-molecule DPP-4 inhibitors across various clinical stages. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the synthesis and clinical application of DPP-4 inhibitors, serving as an invaluable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals interested in diabetes therapeutics and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wei Shao
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China.
| | - Li-Jie Zhao
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Xu M, Sun K, Xu W, Wang C, Yan D, Li S, Cong L, Pi Y, Song W, Sun Q, Xiao R, Peng W, Wang J, Peng H, Zhang Y, Duan P, Zhang M, Liu J, Huang Q, Li X, Bao Y, Zeng T, Wang K, Qin L, Wu C, Deng C, Huang C, Yan S, Zhang W, Li M, Sun L, Wang Y, Li H, Wang G, Pang S, Zheng X, Wang H, Wang F, Su X, Ma Y, Zhang W, Li Z, Xie Z, Xu N, Ni L, Zhang L, Deng X, Pan T, Dong Q, Wu X, Shen X, Zhang X, Zou Q, Jiang C, Xi J, Ma J, Sun J, Yan L. Fotagliptin monotherapy with alogliptin as an active comparator in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. BMC Med 2023; 21:388. [PMID: 37814306 PMCID: PMC10563289 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have become firmly established in treatment algorithms and national guidelines for improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).To report the findings from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial, which was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel DPP-4 inhibitor fotagliptin in treatment-naive patients with T2DM. METHODS Patients with T2DM were randomized to receive fotagliptin (n = 230), alogliptin (n = 113) or placebo (n = 115) at a 2:1:1 ratio for 24 weeks of double-blind treatment period, followed by an open-label treatment period, making up a total of 52 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was to determine the superiority of fotagliptin over placebo in the change of HbA1c from baseline to Week 24. All serious or significant adverse events were recorded. RESULTS After 24 weeks, mean decreases in HbA1c from baseline were -0.70% for fotagliptin, -0.72% for alogliptin and -0.26% for placebo. Estimated mean treatment differences in HbA1c were -0.44% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.62% to -0.27%) for fotagliptin versus placebo, and -0.46% (95% CI: -0.67% to -0.26%) for alogliptin versus placebo, and 0.02% (95%CI: -0.16% to 0.19%; upper limit of 95%CI < margin of 0.4%) for fotagliptin versus alogliptin. So fotagliptin was non-inferior to alogliptin. Compared with subjects with placebo (15.5%), significantly more patients with fotagliptin (37.0%) and alogliptin (35.5%) achieved HbA1c < 7.0% after 24 weeks of treatment. During the whole 52 weeks of treatment, the overall incidence of hypoglycemia was low for both of the fotagliptin and alogliptin groups (1.0% each). No drug-related serious adverse events were observed in any treatment group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the study demonstrated improvement in glycemic control and a favorable safety profile for fotagliptin in treatment-naive patients with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrail.gov NCT05782192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtong Xu
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Sun
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewen Yan
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Li
- Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Li Cong
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yinzhen Pi
- The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Chenzhou First People's Hospital, Chenzhou, China
| | | | - Rijun Xiao
- The First Peole's Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
| | | | - Jianping Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Yichun People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang, China
| | - Peng Duan
- The People's Hospital of Nanchang, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Meiying Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianying Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Xuefeng Li
- Taihe Hospital, Affilited Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Qin
- Chongming Branch, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoming Wu
- The 2nd School of Medicine, WMU, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of WMU, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Chenghu Huang
- Bishan Hospital of Chongqing, Bishan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Yan
- Fourth affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihar, China
| | - Meizi Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanbian, China
| | - Li Sun
- Siping Central People's Hospital, Siping, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - HongMei Li
- Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medicine University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Pang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | | | | | - Fujun Wang
- The Fourth Hospital of He Bei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuhai Su
- Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated TCM-WM Heibei, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yujin Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Puyang Oilfield General Hospital, Puyang, China
| | - Ziling Li
- Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospita, Baotou, China
| | - Zuoling Xie
- Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Xu
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lin Ni
- The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teacher College, Huzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Hainan Third People's Hospital, Sanya, China
| | | | - Tianrong Pan
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qijuan Dong
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou, People's Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xin Zhang
- Genertec Liaoyou Gem Flowe Hospital, Panjin, China
| | - Qijing Zou
- The Central Hospital of Yougzhou, Yongzhou, China
| | | | - Jue Xi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Jingchao Sun
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yan
- Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li Q, Deng X, Xu YJ, Dong L. Development of Long-Acting Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors: Structural Evolution and Long-Acting Determinants. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11593-11631. [PMID: 37647598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to achieve less frequent dosing in the development of DPP-4 inhibitors. Enthusiasm for long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is based on the promise that such agents with less frequent dosing regimens are associated with improved patient adherence, but the rational design of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors remains a major challenge. In this Perspective, the development of long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors is comprehensively summarized to highlight the evolution of initial lead compounds on the path toward developing long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors over nearly three decades. The determinants for long duration of action are then examined, including the nature of the target, potency, binding kinetics, crystal structures, selectivity, and preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. More importantly, several possible approaches for the rational design of long-acting drugs are discussed. We hope that this information will facilitate the design and development of safer and more effective long-acting DPP-4 inhibitors and other oral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Yan-Jun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Lin Dong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Fang L, Gao Z, Wu S, Jia S, Wang J, Rohani S, Gong J. Ultrasound-assisted solution crystallization of fotagliptin benzoate: Process intensification and crystal product optimization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105634. [PMID: 34218067 PMCID: PMC8261672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasound-assisted crystallization process has promising potentials for improving process efficiency and modifying crystalline product properties. In this work, the crystallization process of fotagliptin benzoate methanol solvate (FBMS) was investigated to improve powder properties and downstream desolvation/drying performance. The direct cooling/antisolvent crystallization process was conducted and then optimized with the assistance of ultrasonic irradiation and seeding strategy. Direct cooling/antisolvent crystallization and seeding crystallization processes resulted in needle-like crystals which are undesirable for downstream processing. In contrast, the ultrasound-assisted crystallization process produced rod-like crystals and reduced the crystal size to facilitate the desolvation of FBMS. The metastable zone width (MSZW), induction time, crystal size, morphology, and process yield were studied comprehensively. The results showed that both the seeding and ultrasound-assisted crystallization process (without seeds) can improve the process yield and the ultrasound could effectively reduce the crystal size, narrow the MSZW, and shorten the induction time. Through comparing the drying dynamics of the FBMS, the small rod-shaped crystals with a mean size of 9.6 μm produced by ultrasonic irradiation can be completely desolvated within 20 h, while the desolvation time of long needle crystals with an average size of about 157 μm obtained by direct cooling/antisolvent crystallization and seeding crystallization processes is more than 80 h. Thus the crystal size and morphology were found to be the key factors affecting the desolvation kinetics and the smaller size produced by using ultrasound can benefit the intensification of the drying process. Overall, the ultrasound-assisted crystallization showed a full improvement including crystal properties and process efficiency during the preparation of fotagliptin benzoate desolvated crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shengzhe Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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5
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Wu M, Li QQ, Zhang H, Zhu XX, Li XJ, Li Y, Sun HG, Ding YH. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Daily Administration of Fotagliptin Benzoate for 14 Days for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:660-668. [PMID: 33440080 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of fotagliptin benzoate (fotagliptin), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 10 and 4 patients with T2DM were randomized and received, respectively, once-daily oral fotagliptin (24 mg) or placebo, for 14 days. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were assessed throughout the study, including monitoring DPP-4, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glycosylated hemoglobin, and fasting blood glucose. Fotagliptin was rapidly absorbed, and the median time to maximum concentration value was ∼1.5 hours. Plasma fotagliptin levels were stable after 14 days of once-daily dosage. The accumulation ratios for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of fotagliptin, M1, and M2-1, were 1.19 ± 0.10, 1.59 ± 0.27, and 1.39 ± 0.26, respectively. The durations for DPP-4 inhibition >80% in the fotagliptin group on days 1 and 14 were 23.5 and 24.0 hours, respectively. The concentrations of GLP-1 were higher on days 1 and 14 than at the baseline. No serious complications occurred. Fotagliptin showed favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and was well tolerated. Treatment with fotagliptin can achieve high DPP-4 inhibition and increase plasma GLP-1. A once-per-day dosing regimen may be recommended as clinically efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qian-Qian Li
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zhu
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Li
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Gang Sun
- Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Hua Ding
- Department of Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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New UPLC-MS/MS assay for the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in human plasma, application to patients. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO374. [PMID: 31245038 PMCID: PMC6554689 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2018-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM A rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of tamoxifen (TAM), N-desmethyltamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen in human plasma was validated, after a simple protein precipitation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analysis was achieved on a C18 analytical column, using a gradient elution with a mobile phase of water and acetonitrile for 4.5 min. RESULTS The validated method demonstrated good linearity between 1 and 500 ng/ml for TAM and N-desmethyltamoxifen; between 0.2 and 100 ng/ml for endoxifen and between 0.1 and 50 ng/ml for 4-hydroxytamoxifen. The method also provided satisfactory results in terms of within day and between day imprecisions and accuracy, and also in terms of time stability and specificity. CONCLUSION The method is applied routinely for TAM monitoring from patients undergoing therapy.
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New UPLC–MS/MS assay for the determination of tamoxifen and its metabolites in human plasma, application to patients. Future Sci OA 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2018-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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8
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Liu Y, Song L, Yao X, Wu Y, Liu H, Zhao Q, Jiang J, Shi C, Ma X, Zhou H, Liu D, Hu P. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of imigliptin, its five metabolites and alogliptin in human plasma and urine and its application to a multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4324. [PMID: 29952007 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Imigliptin is a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, designed to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A selective and sensitive method was developed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify imigliptin, its five metabolites, and alogliptin in human plasma and urine. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) and direct dilution were used to extract imigliptin, its five metabolites, alogliptin from plasma and urine, respectively. The extracts were injected onto a SymmetryShield RP8 column with a gradient elution of methanol and water containing 10 mM ammonium formate (pH = 7). Ionization of all analytes was performed using an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in positive mode and detection was carried out with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The results revealed that the method had excellent selectivity and linearity. Inter- and intra-batch precisions of all analytes were less than 15% and the accuracies were within 85%-115% for both plasma and urine. The sensitivity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, linearity, and stabilities were validated for all analytes in human plasma and urine. In conclusion, the validation results showed that this method was robust, specific, and sensitive and it can successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Chinese T2DM subjects after oral dose of imigliptin and alogliptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Song
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Yao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhong Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Chongtie Shi
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xifeng Ma
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center Phase I Unit, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Beijing, China
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