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Takahashi K, Hattori N, Yokoyama H, Jinno F, Ohtsuka H, Nakai K, Takumi A, Shibui Y, Yamaguchi K, Shimazaki T, Tanaka Y, Saito K, Kobayashi A, Saito Y. Impact of microsampling on toxicological evaluation in rodent safety studies. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:118-128. [PMID: 37548051 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, animal welfare has been attracting worldwide attention, and implementation of 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) is prioritized in every way possible in the drug development. Microsampling, in which small amounts of blood are collected, is attracting attention in this context. ICH S3A Q&A focused on microsampling was published in November 2017 to help accelerate the application of microsampling for toxicokinetic assessment. The increased sensitivity of drug measurement apparatuses such as mass spectrometers has made it possible to measure drug concentrations with small amounts of blood samples. In this review, we summarized the reports on toxicological influence of microsampling in rodents (rats and mice) with or without drug administration or recovery period after blood collection and influences that may arise from differences in the blood sampling site or blood sampling volume. We also summarized some perspectives on further implementation of microsampling in toxicology studies. The use of microsampling in regulatory toxicology studies has gradually increased, although at a lower rate than in discovery studies. Since more animals are used in GLP toxicology studies than in discovery studies, the effect of reducing the number of animals by microsampling is expected to be greater in the toxicology studies. This report aims to promote the application of microsampling to nonclinical studies, as it is beneficial for improving animal welfare and can contribute to the 3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fumihiro Jinno
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Keiko Nakai
- LSIM Safety Institute Corporation, Kamisu, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Yoichi Tanaka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Saito
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Yokoyama H, Hattori N, Ohtsuka H, Murata E, Kobayashi A, Muta K, Takumi A, Kitaura H, Jinno F, Iwai A, Nakai K, Mori K, Saito K, Saito Y. Lack of toxicological influences by microsampling (50 µL) from jugular vein of rats in a collaborative 28-day study. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 45:319-325. [PMID: 32493874 DOI: 10.2131/jts.45.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Due to finalization of the ICH S3A Q&A focusing on microsampling, application of microsampling technique to regular non-clinical animal studies is expected for non-clinical safety assessment of pharmaceuticals. In Europe, microsampling from the tail vein or saphenous vein has often been used, whereas sampling from the jugular vein is thought to be more common for non-clinical studies in Japan. Therefore, we assessed the toxicological effects of serial microsampling from the jugular vein of SD rats in a common 28-day study at 4 independent organizations. Fifty microliter sampling was performed at 6 timepoints on day 1 to 2 and 7 timepoints on day 27 to 28 and its toxicological influences on body weight, food consumption, hematological and clinical chemistry parameters, and organ weights (on day 29 for 3 and day 28 for 1 organizations) were evaluated. The serial microsampling was shown to have no or minimal influences on the assessed parameters. The observed statistical differences for the 18 parameters were sporadic and did not appear to be systemically associated with microsampling. However, the sporadic changes were more often observed in females (14/18 parameters) than in males (6/18), suggesting the possibility that female rats were more susceptible to treatment-based influences. The current results indicate that serial 50 μL sampling from the jugular vein of SD rats had no or very slight toxicological effects, suggesting that this microsampling condition is applicable for toxicokinetic evaluation of non-clinical rat toxicity studies.
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Londhe V, Rajadhyaksha M. Opportunities and obstacles for microsampling techniques in bioanalysis: Special focus on DBS and VAMS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 182:113102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Evaluation of OptiFlow™-MS/MS for bioanalysis of pharmaceutical drugs and metabolites. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:23-34. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Microflow tandem mass spectrometry-based methods have been proposed as options to improve sensitivity and selectivity while improving sample utility and solvent consumption. Here, we evaluate a newly introduced microflow source, OptiFlow™, for quantitative performance. Results/methodology: We performed a comparison of the OptiFlow and IonDrive™ sources, respectively, on the same triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The comparison used a neat cocktail of commercially available drugs and extracted plasma samples monitoring midazolam and alprazolam metabolites. Microflow produced a 2–4× signal increase for the neat drug cocktail and a 5–10× increase for extracted plasma samples. Conclusion: The OptiFlow method consistently gave increased signal response relative to the IonDrive method and enabled a better lower limit of quantitation for defining phamacokinetics.
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Microsampling: considerations for its use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1015-1038. [PMID: 31218897 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the implementation of microsampling approaches for the quantitation of circulating concentrations of analytes in biological samples derived from nonclinical and clinical studies involved in drug development. This interest is partly due to the ethical advantages of taking smaller blood volumes, particularly for studies in rodents, children and the critically ill. In addition, these technologies facilitate sampling to be performed in previously intractable locations and occasions. Further, they enable the collection of samples for additional purposes (extra time points, biomarkers, sampling during a clinical event, etc). This article gives a comprehensive insight to the utilization of these approaches in drug discovery and development, and provides recommendations for best practice for nonclinical, clinical and bioanalytical aspects.
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Kumar P, Agrawal P, Chatterjee K. Challenges and opportunities in blood flow through porous substrate: A design and interface perspective of dried blood spot. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 175:112772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lin H, Ewing LE, Koturbash I, Gurley BJ, Miousse IR. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for liver injury: Current knowledge, challenges and future prospects. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:229-239. [PMID: 29042291 PMCID: PMC6693868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs that are involved in various biological processes that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Changes in miRNA expression can be detected in many physiological and pathological events, such as liver injury. Drug induced liver injury is a life threatening condition that frequently requires organ transplantation. Hepatotoxicity is also one of the major causes of drug failure in clinical trials and of drug withdrawal from the market. The profiling of miRNA expression shows great promise in monitoring liver injury, in the prediction of outcome in patients, and in the identification of liver-reactive compounds in toxicological assessment. Recent studies have demonstrated organ-specificity of some miRNAs (i.e., miR-122), which are released into biological fluids as a result of hepatocyte damage. This attests to the potential of miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers to detect liver toxicity. This review presents information on miRNA signatures of hepatotoxicity and on the application of promising miRNA biomarkers in preclinical safety assessment. We further discuss the technical challenges associated with these emerging biomarkers for early diagnosis and detection of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72223, United States.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, United States.
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