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Bouvarel T, Camperi J, Guillarme D. Multi-dimensional technology - Recent advances and applications for biotherapeutic characterization. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300928. [PMID: 38471977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the latest advancements and applications in multi-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (mD-LC-MS), covering aspects such as inter-laboratory studies, digestion strategy, trapping column, and multi-level analysis. The shift from an offline to an online workflow reduces sample processing artifacts, analytical variability, analysis time, and the labor required for data acquisition. Over the past few years, this technique has demonstrated sufficient maturity for application across a diverse range of complex products. Moreover, there is potential for this strategy to evolve into an integrated process analytical technology tool for the real-time monitoring of monoclonal antibody quality. This review also identifies emerging trends, including its application to new modalities, the possibility of evaluating biological activity within the mD-LC set-up, and the consideration of multi-dimensional capillary electrophoresis as an alternative to mD-LC. As mD-LC-MS continues to evolve and integrate emerging trends, it holds the potential to shape the next generation of analytical tools, offering exciting possibilities for enhanced characterization and monitoring of complex biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouvarel
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julien Camperi
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Sela T, Mansø M, Siegel M, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A, Niewöhner J, Ravn J, Martin RE, Sommer A, Lohmann S, Krippendorff BF, Ladefoged M, Indlekofer A, Quaiser T, Bueddefeld F, Koller E, Mohamed MY, Oelschlaegel T, Gothelf KV, Hofer K, Schumacher FF. Diligent Design Enables Antibody-ASO Conjugates with Optimal Pharmacokinetic Properties. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2096-2111. [PMID: 37916986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Antisense-oligonucleotides (ASOs) are a promising drug modality for the treatment of neurological disorders, but the currently established route of administration via intrathecal delivery is a major limitation to its broader clinical application. An attractive alternative is the conjugation of the ASO to an antibody that facilitates access to the central nervous system (CNS) after peripheral application and target engagement at the blood-brain barrier, followed by transcytosis. Here, we show that the diligent conjugate design of Brainshuttle-ASO conjugates is the key to generating promising delivery vehicles and thereby establishing design principles to create optimized molecules with drug-like properties. An innovative site-specific transglutaminase-based conjugation technology was chosen and optimized in a stepwise process to identify the best-suited conjugation site, tags, reaction conditions, and linker design. The overall conjugation performance was found to be specifically governed by the choice of buffer conditions and the structure of the linker. The combination of the peptide tags YRYRQ and RYESK was chosen, showing high conjugation fidelity. Elaborate conjugate analysis revealed that one leading differentiating factor was hydrophobicity. The increase of hydrophobicity by the ASO payload could be mitigated by the appropriate choice of conjugation site and the heavy chain position 297 proved to be the most optimal. Evaluating the properties of the linker suggested a short bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne (BCN) unit as best suited with regards to conjugation performance and potency. Promising in vitro activity and in vivo pharmacokinetic behavior of optimized Brainshuttle-ASO conjugates, based on a microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) targeting oligonucleotide, suggest that such designs have the potential to serve as a blueprint for peripherally delivered ASO-based drugs for the CNS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sela
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Mads Mansø
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Jens Niewöhner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Jacob Ravn
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Annika Sommer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Sabine Lohmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Mette Ladefoged
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Fremtidsvej 3, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Annette Indlekofer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tom Quaiser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Florian Bueddefeld
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Erich Koller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kurt V Gothelf
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Central Denmark Region, Denmark
| | - Kerstin Hofer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Felix F Schumacher
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
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Müller T, Tasser C, Tesar M, Fucek I, Schniegler-Mattox U, Koch J, Ellwanger K. Selection of bispecific antibodies with optimal developability using FcRn‑Ph‑HPLC as an optimized FcRn affinity chromatography method. MAbs 2023; 15:2245519. [PMID: 37599441 PMCID: PMC10443974 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2245519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge when developing therapeutic antibodies is the identification of candidates with favorable pharmacokinetics (PK) early in development. A key determinant of immunoglobulin (IgG) serum half‑life in vivo is the efficiency of pH-dependent binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Numerous studies have proposed techniques to assess FcRn binding of IgG-based therapeutics in vitro, enabling prediction of serum half-life prior to clinical assessment. FcRn high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays FcRn binding of therapeutic IgGs across a pH gradient, allowing the correlation of IgG column retention time to the half‑life of a therapeutic IgG in vivo. However, as FcRn retention time cannot be directly compared to an in vivo parameter, modifications to FcRn-HPLC are required to enable interpretation of the data within a physiological context, to provide more accurate estimations of serum half-life. This study presents an important modification to this method, FcRn-pH-HPLC, which reproducibly measures FcRn dissociation pH, allowing correlation with previously established half-lives of therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, the influence of incorporating various antibody modifications, binding modules, and their orientations within IgGs and bispecifics on FcRn dissociation pH was evaluated using antibodies from the redirected optimized cell killing (ROCK®) platform. Target and effector antigen-binding domain sequences, their presentation format and orientation within a bispecific antibody alter FcRn retention; tested Fc domain modifications and incorporating stabilizing disulfide bonds had minimal effect. This study may inform the generation of mono-, bi- and multi-specific antibodies with tailored half-lives based on FcRn binding properties in vitro, to differentiate antibody-based therapeutic candidates with optimal developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Tasser
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Tesar
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivica Fucek
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Koch
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ellwanger
- Discovery Research and Translational Immunology, Affimed GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
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Liu S, Humphreys SC, Cook KD, Conner KP, Correia AR, Jacobitz AW, Yang M, Primack R, Soto M, Padaki R, Lubomirski M, Smith R, Mock M, Thomas VA. Utility of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict inter-antibody variability in monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics in mice. MAbs 2023; 15:2263926. [PMID: 37824334 PMCID: PMC10572049 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2263926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating measured in vitro metrics of off-target binding can largely explain the inter-antibody variability in monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmacokinetics (PK). A diverse panel of 83 mAbs was evaluated for PK in wild-type mice and subjected to 10 in vitro assays to measure major physiochemical attributes. After excluding for target-mediated elimination and immunogenicity, 56 of the remaining mAbs with an eight-fold variability in the area under the curve (A U C 0 - 672 h : 1.74 × 106 -1.38 × 107 ng∙h/mL) and 10-fold difference in clearance (2.55-26.4 mL/day/kg) formed the training set for this investigation. Using a PBPK framework, mAb-dependent coefficients F1 and F2 modulating pinocytosis rate and convective transport, respectively, were estimated for each mAb with mostly good precision (coefficient of variation (CV%) <30%). F1 was estimated to be the mean and standard deviation of 0.961 ± 0.593, and F2 was estimated to be 2.13 ± 2.62. Using principal component analysis to correlate the regressed values of F1/F2 versus the multidimensional dataset composed of our panel of in vitro assays, we found that heparin chromatography retention time emerged as the predictive covariate to the mAb-specific F1, whereas F2 variability cannot be well explained by these assays. A sigmoidal relationship between F1 and the identified covariate was incorporated within the PBPK framework. A sensitivity analysis suggested plasma concentrations to be most sensitive to F1 when F1 > 1. The predictive utility of the developed PBPK model was evaluated against a separate panel of 14 mAbs biased toward high clearance, among which area under the curve of PK data of 12 mAbs was predicted within 2.5-fold error, and the positive and negative predictive values for clearance prediction were 85% and 100%, respectively. MAb heparin chromatography assay output allowed a priori identification of mAb candidates with unfavorable PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara C. Humphreys
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin D. Cook
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kip P. Conner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Yang
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ronya Primack
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Soto
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Process Development, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard Smith
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marissa Mock
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Veena A. Thomas
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Gstöttner C, Hook M, Christopeit T, Knaupp A, Schlothauer T, Reusch D, Haberger M, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Unravel Proteoform-Specific Antibody-Receptor Interactions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15133-15141. [PMID: 34739220 PMCID: PMC8600502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmaceuticals consist of a plethora of different proteoforms with different functional characteristics, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, requiring their individual assessment. Current binding techniques do not distinguish between coexisting proteoforms requiring tedious production of enriched proteoforms. Here, we have developed an approach based on mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (ACE-MS), which permitted us to determine the binding of coexisting mAb proteoforms to Fc receptors (FcRs). For high-sensitivity MS analysis, we used a sheathless interface providing adequate mAb sensitivity allowing functional characterization of mAbs with a high sensitivity and dynamic range. As a model system, we focused on the interaction with the neonatal FcR (FcRn), which determines the half-life of mAbs. Depending on the oxidation status, proteoforms exhibited different electrophoretic mobility shifts in the presence of FcRn, which could be used to determine their affinity. We confirmed the decrease of the FcRn affinity with antibody oxidation and observed a minor glycosylation effect, with higher affinities for galactosylated glycoforms. Next to relative binding, the approach permits the determination of individual KD values in solution resulting in values of 422 and 139 nM for double-oxidized and non-oxidized variants. Hyphenation with native MS provides unique capabilities for simultaneous heterogeneity assessment for mAbs, FcRn, and complexes formed. The latter provides information on binding stoichiometry revealing 1:1 and 1:2 for antibody/FcRn complexes. The use of differently engineered Fc-only constructs allowed distinguishing between symmetric and asymmetric binding. The approach opens up unique possibilities for proteoform-resolved antibody binding studies to FcRn and can be extended to other FcRs and protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Hook
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tony Christopeit
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Alexander Knaupp
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
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6
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Estrogen-Driven Changes in Immunoglobulin G Fc Glycosylation. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2021. [PMID: 34687016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation within the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc region modulates its ability to engage complement and Fc receptors, affording the opportunity to fine-tune effector functions. Mechanisms regulating IgG Fc glycans remain poorly understood. Changes accompanying menarche, menopause, and pregnancy have long implicated hormonal factors. Intervention studies now confirm that estrogens enhance IgG Fc galactosylation, in females and also in males, defining the first pathway modulating Fc glycans and thereby a new link between sex and immunity. This mechanism may participate in fetal-maternal immunity, antibody-mediated inflammation, and other aspects of age- and sex-specific immune function. Here we review the changes affecting the IgG Fc glycome from childhood through old age, the evidence establishing a role for estrogens, and research directions to uncover associated mechanisms that may inform therapeutic intervention.
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7
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Functional in vitro assessment of modified antibodies: Impact of label on protein properties. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257342. [PMID: 34529712 PMCID: PMC8445452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Labelling of therapeutic antibodies with radionuclides or fluorophores is routinely used to study their pharmacokinetic properties. A critical assumption in utilizing labelled therapeutic antibodies is that the label has no unfavourable effects on antibody charge, hydrophobicity, or receptor affinity. Ideally, the labelled protein should not have any significant deviations from the physiological properties of the original molecule. This article describes an established quality in vitro assessment workflow for labelled antibodies that ensures better prediction of changes in antibody pharmacokinetic (PK) properties after modifications. This analysis package considers degradation and aggregation analysis by size-exclusion chromatography, changes in neonatal-Fc-receptor (FcRn) affinity, and heparin interaction. FcRn binding is important for antibody recycling and half-life extension, whereas heparin affinity provides estimates on the rate of endocytosis through unspecific cell surface binding. Additionally, mass spectrometric analysis to determine the degree of labelling (DoL) completes the package and the combined analysis data allow to predict the label contribution to the PK properties of the modified antibody. This analytical strategy for labelling 11 IgGs has been investigated using 2 different IgG1 constructs and applying 7 different types of labels. Each labelling resulted in a change in the physicochemical properties of the protein. Not only can the DoL of modified IgGs lead to a change in protein properties, but the type of label also can. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the labelling process can also influence the behaviour of labelled mAbs. An identical label on different constructs of IgG1 can cause different affinities for FcRn and heparin. Considering the assessment data, only 6 of the 11 modified antibodies from this study can be recommended for subsequent experiments. In conclusion, a suitability assessment of labelled antibodies prior to any pharmacokinetic studies is essential to reduce cost, allocate resources and reduce the number of animal experiments during pre-clinical drug development.
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Importance and Monitoring of Therapeutic Immunoglobulin G Glycosylation. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:481-517. [PMID: 34687020 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The complex diantennary-type oligosaccharides at Asn297 residues of the IgG heavy chains have a profound impact on the safety and efficacy of therapeutic IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Fc glycosylation of a mAb is an established critical quality attribute (CQA), and its oligosaccharide profile is required to be thoroughly characterized by state-of-the-art analytical methods. The Fc oligosaccharides are highly heterogeneous, and the differentially glycosylated species (glycoforms) of IgG express unique biological activities. Glycoengineering is a promising approach for the production of selected mAb glycoforms with improved effector functions, and non- and low-fucosylated mAbs exhibiting enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity have been approved or are under clinical evaluation for treatment of cancers, autoimmune/chronic inflammatory diseases, and infection. Recently, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering method that allows for the transfer of structurally defined oligosaccharides to Asn-linked GlcNAc residues with glycosynthase has been developed for remodeling of IgG-Fc oligosaccharides with high efficiency and flexibility. Additionally, various glycoengineering methods have been developed that utilize the Fc oligosaccharides of IgG as reaction handles to conjugate cytotoxic agents by "click chemistry", providing new routes to the design of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) with tightly controlled drug-antibody ratios (DARs) and homogeneity. This review focuses on current understanding of the biological relevance of individual IgG glycoforms and advances in the development of next-generation antibody therapeutics with improved efficacy and safety through glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Centros, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Jovic M, Cymer F. Qualification of a surface plasmon resonance assay to determine binding of IgG-type antibodies to complement component C1q. Biologicals 2019; 61:76-79. [PMID: 31445761 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of therapeutic antibodies with complement component C1q are frequently part of pharmaceutical characterization and production process comparability studies. Assays currently used to assess this interaction and/or the activation of the complement cascade are often cumbersome, time consuming or imprecise. We here report the further development, successful qualification and suitability evaluation of an SPR-based C1q binding assay for the characterization of IgG-C1q interactions. We evaluate different IgG subtypes and well-described mutants of IgG1. The assay offers a suitable alternative for extended characterization of interactions of IgG1 and IgG3 with complement component C1q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jovic
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Cymer
- Pharma Technical Development Analytics Biologics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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10
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Wada R, Matsui M, Kawasaki N. Influence of N-glycosylation on effector functions and thermal stability of glycoengineered IgG1 monoclonal antibody with homogeneous glycoforms. MAbs 2018; 11:350-372. [PMID: 30466347 PMCID: PMC6380427 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1551044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the conserved asparagine residue in each heavy chain of IgG in the CH2 domain is known as N-glycosylation. It is one of the most common post-translational modifications and important critical quality attributes of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Various studies have demonstrated the effects of the Fc N-glycosylation on safety, Fc effector functions, and pharmacokinetics, both dependent and independent of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) pathway. However, separation of various glycoforms to investigate the biological and functional relevance of glycosylation is a major challenge, and existing studies often discuss the overall impact of N-glycans, without considering the individual contributions of each glycoform when evaluating mAbs with highly heterogeneous distributions. In this study, chemoenzymatic glycoengineering incorporating an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) EndoS2 and its mutant with transglycosylation activity was used to generate mAb glycoforms with highly homogeneous and well-defined N-glycans to better understand and precisely evaluate the effect of each N-glycan structure on Fc effector functions and protein stability. We demonstrated that the core fucosylation, non-reducing terminal galactosylation, sialylation, and mannosylation of IgG1 mAb N-glycans impact not only on FcγRIIIa binding, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and C1q binding, but also FcRn binding, thermal stability and propensity for protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Wada
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan.,b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
| | - Makoto Matsui
- a Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Labs ., Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma, Inc ., Tsukuba , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- b Department of Medical Life Science, Graduate School of Medical Life Science , Yokohama City University , Tsurumi , Yokohama , Japan
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11
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Nanotracing and cavity-ring down spectroscopy: A new ultrasensitive approach in large molecule drug disposition studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205435. [PMID: 30332475 PMCID: PMC6192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic biological entities such as bispecific antibodies targeting tissue or specific cell populations form an increasingly important part of the drug development portfolio. However, these biopharmaceutical agents bear the risk of extensive target-mediated drug disposition or atypical pharmacokinetic properties as compared to canonical antibodies. Pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies become therefore more and more important during lead optimization. Biologics present, however, greater analytical challenges than small molecule drugs due to the mass and selectivity limitation of mass spectrometry and ligand-binding assay, respectively. Radiocarbon (14C) and its detection methods, such as the emerging 14C cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), thus can play an important role in the large molecule quantitation where a 14C-tag is covalently bound through a stable linker. CRDS has the advantage of a simplified sample preparation and introduction system as compared to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and can be accommodated within an ordinary research laboratory. In this study, we report on the labeling of an anti-IL17 IgG1 model antibody with 14C propionate tag and its detection by CRDS using it as nanotracer (2.1 nCi or 77.7 Bq blended with the therapeutic dose) in a pharmacokinetics study in a preclinical species. We compare these data to data generated by AMS in parallel processed samples. The derived concentration time profiles for anti-IL17 by CRDS were in concordance with the ones derived by AMS and γ-counting of an 125I-labeled anti-IL17 radiotracer and were well described by a 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. In addition, antibody tissue distribution coefficients for anti-IL17 were determined by CRDS, which proved to be a direct and sensitive measurement of the extravascular tissue concentration of the antibody when tissue perfusion was applied. Thus, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that trace 14C-radiolabels and CRDS are an ultrasensitive approach in (pre)clinical pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies of new therapeutic entities.
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