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Innate Immunity Modulating Impurities and the Immunotoxicity of Nanobiotechnology-Based Drug Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237308. [PMID: 34885886 PMCID: PMC8658779 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity can be triggered by the presence of microbial antigens and other contaminants inadvertently introduced during the manufacture and purification of bionanopharmaceutical products. Activation of these innate immune responses, including cytokine secretion, complement, and immune cell activation, can result in unexpected and undesirable host immune responses. These innate modulators can also potentially stimulate the activation of adaptive immune responses, including the formation of anti-drug antibodies which can impact drug effectiveness. To prevent induction of these adverse responses, it is important to detect and quantify levels of these innate immunity modulating impurities (IIMIs) that may be present in drug products. However, while it is universally agreed that removal of IIMIs from drug products is crucial for patient safety and to prevent long-term immunogenicity, there is no single assay capable of directly detecting all potential IIMIs or indirectly quantifying downstream biomarkers. Additionally, there is a lack of agreement as to which of the many analytical assays currently employed should be standardized for general IIMI screening. Herein, we review the available literature to highlight cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying IIMI-mediated inflammation and its relevance to the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products. We further discuss methodologies used for direct and indirect IIMI identification and quantification.
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Mostafa AM, Barton SJ, Wren SP, Barker J. Review on molecularly imprinted polymers with a focus on their application to the analysis of protein biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Junker F, Gulati P, Wessels U, Seeber S, Stubenrauch KG, Codarri-Deak L, Markert C, Klein C, Camillo Teixeira P, Kao H. A human receptor occupancy assay to measure anti-PD-1 binding in patients with prior anti-PD-1. Cytometry A 2021; 99:832-843. [PMID: 33704890 PMCID: PMC8451911 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptor occupancy (RO) assessment by flow cytometry is an important pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarker in the clinical development of large molecules such as monoclonal therapeutic antibodies (mAbs). The total‐drug‐bound RO assay format directly assesses mAb binding to cell surface targets using anti‐drug detection antibodies. Here, we generated a flow cytometry detection antibody specifically binding to mAbs of the IgG1 P329GLALA backbone. Using this reagent, we developed a total‐drug‐bound RO assay format for RG7769, a bi‐specific P329GLALA containing mAb targeting PD‐1 and TIM3 on T cells. In its fit‐for‐purpose validated version, this RO assay has been used in the Phase‐I dose escalation study of RG7769, informing on peripheral T cell RO and RG7769 antibody binding capacity (ABC). We assessed RG7769 RO in checkpoint‐inhibitor (CPI) naïve patients and anti‐PD‐1 CPI experienced patients using our novel assay. Here, we show that in both groups, complete T cell RO can be achieved (~100%). However, we found that the maximum number of T cell binding sites for RG7769 pre‐dosing was roughly twofold lower in patients recently having undergone anti‐PD‐1 treatment. We show that this is due to steric hindrance exerted by competing mAbs masking the available drug binding sites. Our findings highlight the importance of quantitative mAb assessment in addition to relative RO especially in the context of patients who have previously received anti‐PD‐1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Junker
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pratiksha Gulati
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Wessels
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seeber
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Kay-Gunnar Stubenrauch
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Munich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Laura Codarri-Deak
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Priscila Camillo Teixeira
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henry Kao
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Early Biomarker Development Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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A bridging immunogenicity assay for monoclonal antibody: case study with SHR-1222. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1115-1127. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: SHR-1222 is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted to soluble sclerostin. To support the preclinical study of SHR-1222 in cynomolgus monkeys, a method for the detection of anti-drug antibodies is required. Results: A bridging immunogenicity method for the detection of anti-SHR-1222 antibodies was developed and validated. In the method, minimal required dilution, normalization factor and confirmatory cut point were 1:20, 4.35 and 10.45%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to evaluate a multiple-dose toxicity study in monkeys. Conclusion: The proposed method allows for the detection of anti-SHR-1222 antibodies in preclinical studies and aids in the interpretation of pharmacokinetic changes in certain animals. The soluble targets interference on anti-drug antibody detection can be blocked or decreased by the therapeutic drug.
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