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Mosley JD, Schock TB, Beecher CW, Dunn WB, Kuligowski J, Lewis MR, Theodoridis G, Ulmer Holland CZ, Vuckovic D, Wilson ID, Zanetti KA. Establishing a framework for best practices for quality assurance and quality control in untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomics 2024; 20:20. [PMID: 38345679 PMCID: PMC10861687 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) practices are key tenets that facilitate study and data quality across all applications of untargeted metabolomics. These important practices will strengthen this field and accelerate its success. The Best Practices Working Group (WG) within the Metabolomics Quality Assurance and Quality Control Consortium (mQACC) focuses on community use of QA/QC practices and protocols and aims to identify, catalogue, harmonize, and disseminate current best practices in untargeted metabolomics through community-driven activities. AIM OF REVIEW A present goal of the Best Practices WG is to develop a working strategy, or roadmap, that guides the actions of practitioners and progress in the field. The framework in which mQACC operates promotes the harmonization and dissemination of current best QA/QC practice guidance and encourages widespread adoption of these essential QA/QC activities for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Community engagement and QA/QC information gathering activities have been occurring through conference workshops, virtual and in-person interactive forum discussions, and community surveys. Seven principal QC stages prioritized by internal discussions of the Best Practices WG have received participant input, feedback and discussion. We outline these stages, each involving a multitude of activities, as the framework for identifying QA/QC best practices. The ultimate planned product of these endeavors is a "living guidance" document of current QA/QC best practices for untargeted metabolomics that will grow and change with the evolution of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Mosley
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Tracey B Schock
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | | | - Warwick B Dunn
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matthew R Lewis
- Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Division, Bruker UK Limited, Coventry, CV4 8HZ, UK
- National Phenome Centre & Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 57001, Thermi, Greece
| | - Candice Z Ulmer Holland
- Eastern Laboratory, Office of Public Health Science (OPHS), Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), Department of Agriculture (USDA), Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Krista A Zanetti
- Office of Nutrition Research, Office of the Director, Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jentsch M, der Strate BV, Meddens M, Meddens M, Schoevers R. Assessment of biomarker stability and assay performance parameters for medical diagnosis: a case study of diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Biomark Med 2024; 18:59-68. [PMID: 38305225 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2023-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Assessing the stability profiles and assay performance of 24 biomarker assays in 32 biomarker/body fluid combinations identified as relevant for prediction of major depressive disorder. Materials & methods: Combinations were tested for stability and assay performance with ELISA at different storage and freeze-thaw conditions in pooled samples of 40 patients. Results: Stability and assay performance issues were found in almost all cases except three biomarkers in urine and three in serum. Conclusion: This study shows that, to produce reliable measurement data, assessments of stability and assay performance are essential. In development, other quality assurance parameters might be implemented to increase the level of measurement reliability by increasing assay performance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jentsch
- Brainscan BV, Zutphenseweg 55 7418 AH Deventer, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barry van der Strate
- University Medical Center Groningen, Research Office, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Meddens
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Meddens
- Brainscan BV, Zutphenseweg 55 7418 AH Deventer, Netherlands
| | - Robert Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Hanzeplein 1 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands
- Research School of Behavioral & Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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Hickford ES, Dejager L, Yuill D, Kotian A, Shankar S, Staelens L, Ulrichts H, Lewis S, Louber J, Williams A, Le Provost GS, Cutler P. A biomarker assay validation approach tailored to the context of use and bioanalytical platform. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:757-771. [PMID: 37526064 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely acknowledged by the bioanalytical and biomarker community that biomarker assay validations should be fit-for-purpose depending on the context of use. The challenge is how to consistently apply these principles in teams responsible for measuring a disparate array of biomarkers, often on multiple analytical platforms, at various stages of the drug discovery and development pipeline and across diverse biology focus areas. To drive consistency, while maintaining the necessary flexibility to allow validations to be driven by scientific rationale and taking into consideration the context of use and associated biological and (pre)analytical factors, a framework applicable across biomarker assays was developed. Herein the authors share their perspective to engage in the ongoing conversation around fit-for-purpose biomarker assay validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hickford
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Lien Dejager
- Precision Medicine & Biomarkers, Translational Medicine, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Daisy Yuill
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Apoorva Kotian
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Sucharita Shankar
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Ludovicus Staelens
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hans Ulrichts
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Pharma, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Sion Lewis
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Jade Louber
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
- Employed by UCB Pharma, Belgium or UCB Biopharma UK at the time the work was undertaken
| | - Amanda Williams
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Gabrielle S Le Provost
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Paul Cutler
- Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma UK, Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
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Sarmad S, Viant MR, Dunn WB, Goodacre R, Wilson ID, Chappell KE, Griffin JL, O'Donnell VB, Naicker B, Lewis MR, Suzuki T. A proposed framework to evaluate the quality and reliability of targeted metabolomics assays from the UK Consortium on Metabolic Phenotyping (MAP/UK). Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1017-1027. [PMID: 36828894 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Targeted metabolite assays that measure tens or hundreds of pre-selected metabolites, typically using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are increasingly being developed and applied to metabolic phenotyping studies. These are used both as standalone phenotyping methods and for the validation of putative metabolic biomarkers obtained from untargeted metabolomics studies. However, there are no widely accepted standards in the scientific community for ensuring reliability of the development and validation of targeted metabolite assays (referred to here as 'targeted metabolomics'). Most current practices attempt to adopt, with modifications, the strict guidance provided by drug regulatory authorities for analytical methods designed largely for measuring drugs and other xenobiotic analytes. Here, the regulatory guidance provided by the European Medicines Agency, US Food and Drug Administration and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use are summarized. In this Perspective, we have adapted these guidelines and propose a less onerous 'tiered' approach to evaluate the reliability of a wide range of metabolomics analyses, addressing the need for community-accepted, harmonized guidelines for tiers other than full validation. This 'fit-for-purpose' tiered approach comprises four levels-discovery, screening, qualification and validation-and is discussed in the context of a range of targeted and untargeted metabolomics assays. Issues arising with targeted multiplexed metabolomics assays, and how these might be addressed, are considered. Furthermore, guidance is provided to assist the community with selecting the appropriate degree of reliability for a series of well-defined applications of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarir Sarmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark R Viant
- Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular, and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katie E Chappell
- The National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Brendon Naicker
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Matthew R Lewis
- The National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK. .,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Feedback from the 8th European Bioanalysis Forum Young Scientist Symposium. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1471-1477. [PMID: 36734458 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After 2 years of COVID-19 restrictions, the 8th Young Scientist Symposium was organized again as a face-to-face meeting covering a broad array of scientific presentations. As in the previous editions, the meeting was organized by young scientists for young scientists under the umbrella of the European Bioanalysis Forum and in collaboration with academia. The traditional Science Café was again included as an interactive round table session. This year, the main focus was on the challenges of communication. New for the 8th edition was a session connecting the young scientists with more seasoned experts in an effort to bridge talent and experience. In this article, we share the feedback of the scientific sessions and the Science Café held at the symposium.
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Quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the bioanalytical laboratory and technical and scientific considerations for nonclinical and clinical assay characterization, validation and sample analysis. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1085-1093. [PMID: 36125042 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, the European Bioanalysis Forum reports back on their discussions on practical and scientific considerations related to bioanalytical applications of quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This publication follows an earlier publication in which the European Bioanalysis Forum recommends to consider principles of context of use when defining assay acceptance criteria for method validation criteria and sample analysis.
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Cowan KJ, Golob M, Goodman J, Laurén A, Andersen L, Decker PD, Dejager L, Fjording MS, Groenen P, Jasnowski R, Justies N, Kimberg M, Kunz U, Lawrence J, Richter M, Sordé L, Trigt RV, Vermet L, Vitaliti A, Wright M, Timmerman P. Biomarker context-of-use: how organizational design can impact the implementation of the appropriate biomarker assay strategy. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:911-917. [PMID: 35904153 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2011, the European Bioanalysis Forum has been discussing the topic of context-of-use for biomarker assays, in support of a cross-industry implementation of its principles. The discussions have led to the acknowledgement of the challenges that we face as an industry in implementing these principles. In addition to scientific recommendations, the European Bioanalysis Forum has addressed these challenges by providing recommendations on organizational design, and what works in both sponsor and contract research organizations, to support and enable context-of-use across biomarker strategies. Here, we highlight the key considerations for organizational design to help ensure that biomarker assays are characterized and validated according to the right context-of-use, to ensure that the right decisions based on the biomarker data can be made during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra J Cowan
- Merck KGaA, New Biological Entities Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Darmstadt, 64293, Germany
| | | | - Joanne Goodman
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Anna Laurén
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Non-clinical & Clinical Assay Sciences, Global Discovery & Development Sciences, Global Drug Discovery, Maløv, DK-2760, Denmark
| | - Lene Andersen
- Lundbeck A/S, Experimental Medicine & Clinical Development, Valby, DK-2500, Denmark representing Orphazyme A/S, Clinical Development, Copenhagen N, DK-2200, Denmark
| | | | - Lien Dejager
- UCB Pharma, Development Science, Translational Biomarkers & Bioanalysis, Chemin du Foriest, Braine-l'Alleud, B-1420, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Groenen
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Translational Biomarkers, Allschwil, 4123, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Justies
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Basel, 4070, Switzerland
| | - Matti Kimberg
- Synexa Life Sciences BV, Leiden, 2333 CS, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Kunz
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Biberach an der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | | | - Mario Richter
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, DMPK-BA, Knollstrasse, Ludwigshafen, 67061, Germany
| | - Laetitia Sordé
- Sobi AG, Bioanalytical Sciences, Plan-les-Ouates, 1228, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Vermet
- Sanofi Research & Development, Translational Medicine & Early Development, Biomarkers & Clinical Bioanalysis, Montpellier, 34080, France
| | - Alessandra Vitaliti
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wright
- GlaxoSmithKline, Bioanalysis Immunogenicity & Biomarkers, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
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Hays A, Amaravadi L, Fernandez-Metzler C, King L, Mathews J, Ni Y, Quadrini K, Tinder C, Vazvaei F, Zeng J. Is Incurred Sample Reanalysis (ISR) Applicable in Biomarker Assays? AAPS J 2022; 24:65. [PMID: 35511303 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hays
- BioAgilytix Labs, 2300 Englert Drive, Durham, NC, 27713, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Ni
- Passage Bio, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Mathews J, Amaravadi L, Eck S, Stevenson L, Wang YMC, Devanarayan V, Allinson J, Lundsten K, Gunsior M, Ni YG, Pepin MO, Gagnon A, Sheldon C, Trampont PC, Litwin V. Best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods: a conference report. AAPS OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s41120-021-00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis conference report summarized a full-day workshop, “best practices for the development and fit-for-purpose validation of biomarker methods,” which was held prior to the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) PharmSci360 Congress, San Antonio, TX, November 2019. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together thought leaders in biomarker assay development in order to identify which assay parameters and key statistical measures need to be considered when developing a biomarker assay. A diverse group of more than 40 scientists participated in the workshop. The workshop and subsequent working dinner stimulated robust discussion. While a consensus on best practices was not achieved, some common themes and major points to consider for biomarker assay development have been identified and agreed on. The focus of this conference report is to summarize the presentations and discussions which occurred at the workshop. Biomarker assay validation is a complex and an evolving area with discussions ongoing.
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Applying context of use to quantitative polymerase chain reaction method validation and analysis: a recommendation from the European Bioanalysis Forum. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1723-1729. [PMID: 34708666 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used in various fields of laboratory testing, ranging from forensic, molecular biology, medical and diagnostic applications to a wide array of basic research purposes. COVID-19 infection testing has brought the three-letter PCR abbreviation into the vocabulary of billions of people, making it likely the most well-known laboratory test worldwide. With new modalities and translational medicine gaining importance in pharmaceutical research and development, PCR or more specifically, quantitative PCR (qPCR) is now becoming a standard tool in the (regulated) bioanalytical laboratory, driving the bioanalytical community to define best practices for method development, characterization and validation. In absence of specific guidance from health authorities, qPCR may be vulnerable to scope creep from pharmacokinetics (PK) assay validation as defined in bioanalytical method validation guidance/guidelines. In this manuscript, the European Bioanalysis Forum builds a rationale for applying context of use principles when defining requirements for qPCR assay performance and validation criteria.
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Effectively utilizing the Sponsor Contract Research Organization interaction for successful implementation of critical flow cytometry in the clinic. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1617-1625. [PMID: 34601974 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of therapeutic modalities expand, and the field of scientific research evolves toward finding treatment solutions for complex and rare disease, an ability to demonstrate efficacy through biomarker end points in clinical development studies is becoming increasingly important. Implementing flow cytometry in a clinical setting is challenging and many sponsor organizations take a hybrid approach, developing complex analytical methods internally before identifying and forming partnerships with contract research organizations to conduct the formal analytical method validation and sample bioanalysis. Ensuring that these interactions are effective is critical to the delivery of high-quality, impactful clinical data. This paper provides a review of the recommendations, challenges and solutions for the implementation of decision-making flow cytometry end points effectively utilizing the Sponsor Contract Research Organization interaction.
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Recommendations and discussion points on immunogenicity, biomarkers, automation/technology and protein-MS from the 2021 European Bioanalysis Forum Focus Workshops. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1459-1465. [PMID: 34605275 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first half of 2021, and due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic preventing in-person meetings, the European Bioanalysis Forum organized four workshops as live interactive online meetings. The themes discussed at the workshops were carefully selected to match the cyberspace dynamics of the meeting format. The first workshop was a training day on challenges related to immunogenicity. The second one focused on biomarkers and continued the important discussion on integrating the principles of Context of Use (CoU) in biomarker research. The third workshop was dedicated to technology, that is, cutting-edge development in cell-based and ligand-binding assays and automation strategies. The fourth was on progress and the continued scientific and regulatory challenges related to peptide and protein analysis with MS. In all four workshops, the European Bioanalysis Forum included a mixture of scientific and regulatory themes, while reminding the audience of important strategic aspects and our responsibility toward the patient.
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