1
|
Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling Using UHPLC-QTOF/MS Reveals Metabolic Alterations Associated with Autism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6105608. [PMID: 32964039 PMCID: PMC7502129 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a clinical spectrum of neurodevelopment disorder characterized by deficits in social communication and social interaction along with repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. The current diagnosis for autism relies entirely on clinical evaluation and has many limitations. In this study, we aim to elucidate the potential mechanism behind autism and establish a series of potential biomarkers for diagnosis. Here, we established an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry- (UHPLC-QTOF/MS-) based metabonomic approach to discriminate the metabolic modifications between the cohort of autism patients and the healthy subjects. UHPLC-QTOF/MS analysis revealed that 24 of the identified potential biomarkers were primarily involved in amino acid or lipid metabolism and the tryptophan kynurenine pathway. The combination of nicotinamide, anthranilic acid, D-neopterin, and 7,8-dihydroneopterin allows for discrimination between ASD patients and controls, which were validated in an independent autism case-control cohort. The results indicated that UHPLC-QTOF/MS-based metabolomics is capable of rapidly profiling autism metabolites and is a promising technique for the discovery of potential biomarkers related to autism.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hexachloronaphthalene Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Neurotoxicity via a Mechanism of Enhanced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2479234. [PMID: 32685088 PMCID: PMC7335409 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2479234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexachloronaphthalene (PCN67) is one of the most toxic among polychlorinated naphthalenes. Despite the known high bioaccumulation and persistence of PCN67 in the environment, it is still unclear to what extent exposure to these substances may interfere with normal neuronal physiology and lead to neurotoxicity. Therefore, the primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of PCN67 in neuronal in vitro models. Neuronal death was assessed upon PCN67 treatment using differentiated PC12 cells and primary hippocampal neurons. At 72 h postexposure, cell viability assays showed an IC50 value of 0.35 μg/ml and dose-dependent damage of neurites and concomitant downregulation of neurofilaments L and M. Moreover, we found that younger primary neurons (DIV4) were much more sensitive to PCN67 toxicity than mature cultures (DIV14). Our comprehensive analysis indicated that the application of PCN67 at the IC50 concentration caused necrosis, which was reflected by an increase in LDH release, HMGB1 protein export to the cytosol, nuclear swelling, and loss of homeostatic control of energy balance. The blockage of mitochondrial calcium uniporter partially rescued the cell viability, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, suggesting that the underlying mechanism of neurotoxicity involved mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Increased lipid peroxidation as a consequence of oxidative stress was additionally seen for 0.1 μg/ml of PCN67, while this concentration did not affect ΔΨm and plasma membrane permeability. Our results show for the first time that neuronal mitochondria act as a target for PCN67 and indicate that exposure to this drug may result in neuron loss via mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
3
|
Leppik L, Kriisa K, Koido K, Koch K, Kajalaid K, Haring L, Vasar E, Zilmer M. Profiling of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives Biogenic Amines Before and After Antipsychotic Treatment in First-Episode Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29740359 PMCID: PMC5928450 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCH) is a heterogeneous disorder, deriving from a potential multitude of etiopathogenetic factors. During the past few years there has been an increasing interest in the role of circulating amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) in the pathophysiology of SCH. In the present study, we aimed to provide an insight into the potential role of alterations in levels of AAs and BAs as well as examine their more specific metabolic shifts in relation to early stage of SCH. We measured 21 AAs and 17 BAs in serum samples of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP) before and after 7-month antipsychotic treatment in comparison to control subjects (CSs). According to multivariate analysis, antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients had significantly higher levels of taurine and spermine, whereas values of proline (Pro), alpha-aminoadipic acid (alpha-AAA), kynurenine (Kyn), valine (Val), tyrosine (Tyr), citrulline (Citr), tryptophan (Trp), and histidine (His) were diminished compared to CSs. Increased levels of taurine and spermine, as well as reduced levels of alpha-AAA and Kyn probably reflect the compromised function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in patients. The decreased levels of Pro (AA modulating the function of glutamate decarboxylase) likely reflect the imbalanced function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the brain of FEP patients. The alterations in ratio between Tyr and phenylalanine (Phe) can be taken as a sign of compromised function of dopaminergic system. These metabolic shifts were reinstated by 7-month antipsychotic treatment. Serum metabolic profiles can be regarded as important indicators to investigate clinical course of SCH and treatment response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Leppik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärt Kriisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kati Koido
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Koch
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärolin Kajalaid
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Haring
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang JH, Park H, Iaconelli J, Berkovitch SS, Watmuff B, McPhie D, Öngür D, Cohen BM, Clish CB, Karmacharya R. Unbiased Metabolite Profiling of Schizophrenia Fibroblasts under Stressful Perturbations Reveals Dysregulation of Plasmalogens and Phosphatidylcholines. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:481-493. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H. Huang
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hyoungjun Park
- Institute
of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Iaconelli
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shaunna S. Berkovitch
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donna McPhie
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Dost Öngür
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Bruce M. Cohen
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | - Clary B. Clish
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center
for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental
Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Chemical
Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Schizophrenia
and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evidence for impaired glucose metabolism in the striatum, obtained postmortem, from some subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e949. [PMID: 27845781 PMCID: PMC5314134 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using central nervous system tissue obtained postmortem suggest pathways involved in energy and metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia; neuroimaging studies suggesting glucose metabolism is particularly affected in the striatum. To gain information on the status of pathways involved in glucose metabolism in the striatum, we measured levels of glucose, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and lactate as well as the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a rate limiting enzyme, in the postmortem tissue from subjects with schizophrenia and age/sex-matched controls. The subjects with schizophrenia were made up of two subgroups, which could be divided because they either had (muscarinic receptor deficit schizophrenia (MRDS)), or did not have (non-MRDS), a marked deficit in cortical muscarinic receptors. Compared to controls, levels of β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase were lower (Δ mean=-20%) and levels of pyruvate (Δ mean=+47%) and lactate (Δ mean=+15%) were significantly higher in the striatum from subjects with schizophrenia. Notably, in subjects with non-MRDS, striatal levels of β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase were lower (Δ mean=-29%), whereas levels of pyruvate (Δ mean=-66%), acetyl-CoA (Δ mean=-28%) and glucose (Δ mean=-27%) were higher, whereas levels of lactate (Δ mean=+17%) were higher in MRDS. Finally, discriminate analyses using levels the β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose, or better still, β subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase and glucose in combination with pyruvate, lactate or acetyl-CoA could separate subjects with non-MRDS from controls with high levels of specificity (up to 93%) and selectivity (up to 91%). Our data show the benefit of being able to study defined subgroups within the syndrome of schizophrenia as such an approach has revealed that changes in glucose metabolism may be a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of non-MRDS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Huang JH, Berkovitch SS, Iaconelli J, Watmuff B, Park H, Chattopadhyay S, McPhie D, Öngür D, Cohen BM, Clish CB, Karmacharya R. Perturbational Profiling of Metabolites in Patient Fibroblasts Implicates α-Aminoadipate as a Potential Biomarker for Bipolar Disorder. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:97-106. [PMID: 27606323 DOI: 10.1159/000446654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest the presence of aberrations in cellular metabolism in bipolar disorder. We studied the metabolome in bipolar disorder to gain insight into cellular pathways that may be dysregulated in bipolar disorder and to discover evidence of novel biomarkers. We measured polar and nonpolar metabolites in fibroblasts from subjects with bipolar I disorder and matched healthy control subjects, under normal conditions and with two physiologic perturbations: low-glucose media and exposure to the stress-mediating hormone dexamethasone. Metabolites that were significantly different between bipolar and control subjects showed distinct separation by principal components analysis methods. The most statistically significant findings were observed in the perturbation experiments. The metabolite with the lowest p value in both the low-glucose and dexamethasone experiments was α-aminoadipate, whose intracellular level was consistently lower in bipolar subjects. Our study implicates α-aminoadipate as a possible biomarker in bipolar disorder that manifests under cellular stress. This is an intriguing finding given the known role of α-aminoadipate in the modulation of kynurenic acid in the brain, especially as abnormal kynurenic acid levels have been implicated in bipolar disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne H Huang
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Shaunna S Berkovitch
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Jonathan Iaconelli
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Bradley Watmuff
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Hyoungjun Park
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., USA
| | - Shrikanta Chattopadhyay
- MGH Cancer Center, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Donna McPhie
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA
| | - Dost Öngür
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Mass., USA
| | - Clary B Clish
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Experimental Drugs and Diagnostics, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA; Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Mass., USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
McClay JL, Vunck SA, Batman AM, Crowley JJ, Vann RE, Beardsley PM, van den Oord EJ. Neurochemical Metabolomics Reveals Disruption to Sphingolipid Metabolism Following Chronic Haloperidol Administration. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:425-34. [PMID: 25850894 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Haloperidol is an effective antipsychotic drug for treatment of schizophrenia, but prolonged use can lead to debilitating side effects. To better understand the effects of long-term administration, we measured global metabolic changes in mouse brain following 3 mg/kg/day haloperidol for 28 days. These conditions lead to movement-related side effects in mice akin to those observed in patients after prolonged use. Brain tissue was collected following microwave tissue fixation to arrest metabolism and extracted metabolites were assessed using both liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (MS). Over 300 unique compounds were identified across MS platforms. Haloperidol was found to be present in all test samples and not in controls, indicating experimental validity. Twenty-one compounds differed significantly between test and control groups at the p < 0.05 level. Top compounds were robust to analytical method, also being identified via partial least squares discriminant analysis. Four compounds (sphinganine, N-acetylornithine, leucine and adenosine diphosphate) survived correction for multiple testing in a non-parametric analysis using false discovery rate threshold < 0.1. Pathway analysis of nominally significant compounds (p < 0.05) revealed significant findings for sphingolipid metabolism (p = 0.015) and protein biosynthesis (p = 0.024). Altered sphingolipid metabolism is suggestive of disruptions to myelin. This interpretation is supported by our observation of elevated N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate in the haloperidol-treated mice (p = 0.004), a marker previously associated with demyelination. This study further demonstrates the utility of murine neurochemical metabolomics as a method to advance understanding of CNS drug effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Personalized Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, McGuire Hall, 1112 East Clay Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du F, Cooper A, Thida T, Sehovic S, Lukas SE, Cohen BM, Zhang X, Öngür D. In vivo evidence for cerebral bioenergetic abnormalities in schizophrenia measured using 31P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:19-27. [PMID: 24196348 PMCID: PMC7461723 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Abnormalities in neural activity and cerebral bioenergetics have been observed in schizophrenia (SZ). Further defining energy metabolism anomalies would provide crucial information about molecular mechanisms underlying SZ and may be valuable for developing novel treatment strategies. OBJECTIVE To investigate cerebral bioenergetics in SZ via measurement of creatine kinase activity using in vivo 31P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional case-control study in the setting of clinical services and a brain imaging center of an academic psychiatric hospital. Twenty-six participants with chronic SZ (including a subgroup diagnosed as having schizoaffective disorder) and 26 age-matched and sex-matched healthy control subjects (25 usable magnetic resonance spectroscopy data sets from the latter). INTERVENTION 31P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome measure was the forward rate constant (k(f)) of the creatine kinase enzyme in the frontal lobe. We also collected independent measures of brain intracellular pH and steady-state metabolite ratios of high-energy phosphate-containing compounds (phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]), inorganic phosphate, and the 2 membrane phospholipids phosphodiester and phosphomonoester. RESULTS A substantial (22%) and statistically significant (P = .003) reduction in creatine kinase kf was observed in SZ. In addition, intracellular pH was significantly reduced (7.00 in the SZ group vs 7.03 in the control group, P = .007) in this condition. The phosphocreatine to ATP ratio, inorganic phosphate to ATP ratio, and phosphomonoester to ATP ratio were not substantially altered in SZ, but a significant (P = .02) reduction was found in the phosphodiester to ATP ratio. The abnormalities were similar between SZ and schizoaffective disorder. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Using a novel 31P magnetization transfer magnetic resonance spectroscopy approach, we provide direct and compelling evidence for a specific bioenergetic abnormality in SZ. Reduced kf of the creatine kinase enzyme is consistent with an abnormality in storage and use of brain energy. The intracellular pH reduction suggests a relative increase in the contribution of glycolysis to ATP synthesis, providing convergent evidence for bioenergetic abnormalities in SZ. The similar phosphocreatine to ATP ratios in SZ and healthy controls suggest that the underlying bioenergetics abnormality is not associated with change in this metabolite ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Du
- McLean Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Corresponding Author: Fei Du, Ph.D.,
Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA, 02478, Phone: (617) 855-3945,
; Dost
Öngür, M.D. Ph.D., Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean
Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St, Belmont
MA, 02478, Phone:(617) 855-3922,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San
Francisco
| | - Dost Öngür
- McLean Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Corresponding Author: Fei Du, Ph.D.,
Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical
School, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA, 02478, Phone: (617) 855-3945,
; Dost
Öngür, M.D. Ph.D., Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean
Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill St, Belmont
MA, 02478, Phone:(617) 855-3922,
| |
Collapse
|