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Kadar EP, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, Holliman CL, Steeno GS. Development of a sensitive LC-MS/MS assay to support human microdose study for an oral agonist of the GLP-1 receptor. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:545-555. [PMID: 39088035 PMCID: PMC11299791 DOI: 10.1080/17576180.2024.2349421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this work was to determine the feasibility of supporting a clinical microdose study for PF-06882961 (danuglipron), an oral small molecule agonist of the GLP-1 receptor, by LC-MS/MS. Methodology: Statistical instrument parameter optimization using response surface methodology was employed to develop a LC-MS/MS method for the analyte, PF-06882961. Results: An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to support a proof of concept microdose pharmacokinetics preclinical study in monkeys, administered PF-06882961 (0.005 mg total, average dose = 0.0007 mg/kg) via intravenous bolus injection. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the feasibility of analyzing human microdose plasma samples for PF-06882961 by LC-MS/MS, instead of accelerator mass spectrometry, thereby reducing cost and eliminating synthesis and exposure to 14C labeled material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene P Kadar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT06430, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT06430, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA02139, USA
| | - Christopher L Holliman
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT06430, USA
| | - Gregory S Steeno
- Global Biometrics and Data Management, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT06430, USA
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2
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Chanotiya CS, Pant Y, Lal RK, Kumar P, Kumar P, Bawitlung L, Semwal M, Trivedi PK, Pal A. Radiocarbon ( 14C) accelerator mass spectrometry as a convenient tool for differentiation of flavor chemicals of synthetic origin from biobased sources and their in-vivo toxicity assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168357. [PMID: 37951255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are known to be the natural factory for the production of flavor chemicals. Essential oils comprised of aldehyde as a functional group are potent in deciphering flavor effects in beverages and fresh and prepared food products. In the majority, these are manufactured through synthetic routes, resulting in high product carbon footprints or CO2 equivalents in total greenhouse gas emission. FDA has banned some of the synthetic flavor chemicals due to the health hazards associated with them. However, consumer's preference for natural is at stake due to the absence of quantitative traceability tools. The accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) analysis revealed a distinction between natural and fossil-derived citral and its blends in Cymbopogon essential oils. The plant-derived citral contained a percent modern carbon (pMC) value in the range of 99-100 %. In contrast, the fossil fuel-derived citral showed zero pMC. Similarly, blends of Cymbopogon oils with 30-50 % (w/w) of fossil origin citral contained pMC equivalent to the proportions of modern carbon. These results showed the usefulness of AMS in quantifying the amount of 14C associated with flavor ingredients. Besides, acute oral toxicity data revealed Cymbopogon oils as the safe flavoring substance at the highest 2000 mg/kg body weight dose in Swiss albino mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chanotiya
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India.
| | - Yatish Pant
- Laboratory of Aromatic Plants and Chiral Separation, Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - R K Lal
- Plant Breeding and Genetic resources Conservation, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India.
| | - Parmanand Kumar
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Laldingngheti Bawitlung
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Manoj Semwal
- Technology Dissemination and Computational Biology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - P K Trivedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India; Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
| | - Anirban Pal
- Bio-Prospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
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Huynh C, Seeland S, Segrestaa J, Gnerre C, Hogeback J, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE, Dingemanse J, Sidharta PN. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of ACT-1004-1239, a First-In-Class CXCR7 Antagonist: In Vitro, Preclinical, and Clinical Data. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:812065. [PMID: 35431953 PMCID: PMC9006992 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.812065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ACT-1004-1239 is a potent, selective, first-in-class CXCR7 antagonist, which shows a favorable preclinical and clinical profile. Here we report the metabolites and the metabolic pathways of ACT-1004-1239 identified using results from in vitro and in vivo studies. Two complementary in vitro studies (incubation with human liver microsomes in the absence/presence of cytochrome P450- [CYP] specific chemical inhibitors and incubation with recombinant CYPs) were conducted to identify CYPs involved in ACT-1004-1239 metabolism. For the in vivo investigations, a microtracer approach was integrated in the first-in-human study to assess mass balance and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics of ACT-1004-1239. Six healthy male subjects received orally 100 mg non-radioactive ACT-1004-1239 together with 1 μCi 14C-ACT-1004-1239. Plasma, urine, and feces samples were collected up to 240 h post-dose and 14C-drug-related material was measured with accelerator mass spectrometry. This technique was also used to construct radiochromatograms of pooled human samples. Metabolite structure elucidation of human-relevant metabolites was performed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry and facilitated by the use of rat samples. CYP3A4 was identified as the major CYP catalyzing the formation of M1 in vitro. In humans, the cumulative recovery from urine and feces was 84.1% of the dose with the majority being eliminated via the feces (69.6%) and the rest via the urine (14.5%). In human plasma, two major circulating metabolites were identified, i.e., M1 and M23. Elimination via M1 was the only elimination pathway that contributed to ≥25% of ACT-1004-1239 elimination. M1 was identified as a secondary amine metabolite following oxidative N-dealkylation of the parent. M23 was identified as a difluorophenyl isoxazole carboxylic acid metabolite following central amide bond hydrolysis of the parent. Other metabolites observed in humans were A1, A2, and A3. Metabolite A1 was identified as an analog of M1 after oxidative defluorination, whereas both, A2 and A3, were identified as a reduced analog of M1 and parent, respectively, after addition of two hydrogen atoms at the isoxazole ring. In conclusion, CYP3A4 contributes to a relevant extent to ACT-1004-1239 disposition and two major circulating metabolites were observed in humans. Clinical Trial Registration: (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03869320) ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03869320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Huynh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmacy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Segrestaa
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Carmela Gnerre
- Department of Preclinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jens Hogeback
- A&M Labor für Analytik und Metabolismusforschung Service GmbH, Bergheim, Germany
| | | | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Patricia N Sidharta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Allschwil, Switzerland
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Biotransformation of [ 14C]-ixazomib in patients with advanced solid tumors: characterization of metabolite profiles in plasma, urine, and feces. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:803-814. [PMID: 30128949 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This metabolite profiling and identification analysis (part of a phase I absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion study) aimed to define biotransformation pathways and evaluate associated inter-individual variability in four patients with advanced solid tumors who received [14C]-ixazomib. METHODS After administration of a single 4.1-mg oral dose of [14C]-ixazomib (total radioactivity [TRA] ~ 500 nCi), plasma (at selected timepoints), urine, and fecal samples were collected before dosing and continuously over 0-168-h postdose, followed by intermittent collections on days 14, 21, 28, and 35. TRA analysis and metabolite profiling were performed using accelerator mass spectrometry. Radiolabeled metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Metabolite profiles were similar in plasma, urine, and feces samples across the four patients analyzed. All metabolites identified were de-boronated. In AUC0-816 h time-proportional pooled plasma, ixazomib (54.2% of plasma TRA) and metabolites M1 (18.9%), M3 (10.6%), and M2 (7.91%), were the primary components identified. M1 was the major metabolite, contributing to 31.1% of the 76.2% of the total dose excreted in urine and feces over 0-35-day postdose. As none of the identified metabolites had a boronic acid moiety, they are unlikely to be pharmacologically active. CONCLUSIONS Hydrolytic metabolism in conjunction with oxidative deboronation appears to be the principal process in the in vivo biotransformation pathways of ixazomib. The inference of formation-rate-limited clearance of ixazomib metabolites and the inferred lack of pharmacologic activity of identified circulating metabolites provides justification for use of parent drug concentrations/systemic exposure in clinical pharmacology analyses.
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Lee GH, Oh MS, Park MH, Shin YG, Song JH, Yu BY. Study of Ultra-Sensitive AMS Method to Identify Drug-Drug Interactions between Ciprofloxacin and Microdose 14
C-Caffeine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwan-Ho Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seok Oh
- Department of Stem Cell Biology; Konkuk University, School of Medicine; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Young G. Shin
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Song
- Advanced Analysis Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yong Yu
- Advanced Analysis Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
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Miyatake D, Nakada N, Takada A, Kato K, Taniuchi Y, Katashima M, Sawamoto T. A phase I, open-label, single-dose micro tracer mass balance study of 14C-labeled ASP7991 in healthy Japanese male subjects using accelerator mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:118-124. [PMID: 29606543 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
ASP7991 is a calcimimetic that acts on the calcium-sensing receptor on parathyroid cell membranes and suppresses parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. The mass balance and metabolite profile of [14C]ASP7991 were investigated in six healthy male subjects after a single oral dose of [14C]ASP7991 [1 mg, 18.5 kBq (500 nCi)] in solution. [14C] radioactivity in plasma, urine and feces was analyzed using Accelerator mass spectrometry. ASP7991 was rapidly absorbed, metabolized and excreted. Mean recovery of [14C] radioactivity in urine and feces was 30.08% and 49.31%, respectively, and mean total recovery of [14C] radioactivity was 79.39%. The majority of [14C] radioactivity in urine and feces was excreted within the first 72 h following administration. Seven metabolites were detected in plasma, urine and feces samples, and their structures were determined by mass spectrometry. The main metabolic pathways of ASP7991 in humans were predicted to be N-dealkylation, followed by N-acetylation and taurine conjugation to a carboxylic acid moiety. Our findings show that a mass balance study using micro radioactivity doses is suitable for elucidating the pharmacokinetics of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Miyatake
- Clinical Pharmacology, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8411, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Nakada
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Akitsugu Takada
- Clinical Pharmacology, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8411, Japan.
| | - Kota Kato
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuta Taniuchi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8411, Japan.
| | - Masataka Katashima
- Clinical Pharmacology, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1 Nihonbashi-Honcho Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-8411, Japan.
| | - Taiji Sawamoto
- Research Program Management, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan.
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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Flach S, Croft M, Ding J, Budhram R, Pankratz T, Pennick M, Scarfe G, Troy S, Getsy J. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, and excretion of radiolabeled revexepride: a Phase I clinical trial using a microtracer and accelerator mass spectrometry-based approach. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3125-3132. [PMID: 27729771 PMCID: PMC5045912 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s107843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Gastroesophageal reflux disease involves the reflux of gastric and/or duodenal content into the esophagus. Prokinetic therapies, such as the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 agonist revexepride, may aid gastric emptying. This Phase I study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and excretion pathways of [14C]revexepride in healthy individuals using a microtracer approach with accelerator mass spectrometry. Participants and methods Six healthy men received a single oral dose of 2 mg [14C]revexepride containing ~200 nCi of radioactivity; blood, urine, and fecal samples were collected over a 10-day period. Results Almost 100% of 14C was recovered: 38.2%±10.3% (mean ± standard deviation) was recovered in urine, and 57.3%±0.4% was recovered in feces. Blood cell uptake was low, based on the blood plasma total radioactivity ratio of 0.8. The mean revexepride renal clearance was 8.6 L/h, which was slightly higher than the typical glomerular filtration rate in healthy individuals. Time to reach maximal concentration was 1.75±1.17 hours (mean ± standard deviation). No safety signals were identified. Conclusion This study demonstrated that revexepride had rapid and moderate-to-good oral absorption. Excretion of radioactivity was completed with significant amounts in feces and urine. Renal clearance slightly exceeded the typical glomerular filtration rate, suggesting the involvement of active transportation in the renal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Ding
- Covance Laboratories Inc., Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Flach S, Scarfe G, Dragone J, Ding J, Seymour M, Pennick M, Pankratz T, Troy S, Getsy J. A Phase I Study to Investigate the Absorption, Pharmacokinetics, and Excretion of [(14)C]Prucalopride After a Single Oral Dose in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Ther 2016; 38:2106-15. [PMID: 27614912 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic constipation is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder globally. It is often treated with medications such as laxatives. Newer therapies to improve gastric motility include the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor-4 agonist prucalopride, which is licensed for the treatment of chronic constipation in adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties and excretion of prucalopride in healthy individuals, using a microtracer approach with (14)C radioactivity detection using liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry. METHODS This was a single-period, open-label, nonrandomized absorption, metabolism, and excretion study of [(14)C]prucalopride. Participants were 6 healthy men aged 18 to 50 years. After screening, participants were administered a single dose of [(14)C]prucalopride succinate 2 mg (~200 nCi). Postadministration, urine, feces, and blood samples were collected over a 10-day period. Safety and adverse event data were also collected. FINDINGS Almost 100% of the administered dose of radioactivity was recovered, with a mean (SD) of 84.2% (8.88%) recovered in urine and 13.3% (1.73%) recovered in feces. The mean blood-to-plasma concentration ratio of 1.9 indicated uptake of prucalopride into blood cells. The renal clearance of prucalopride was 17.0 (2.5) L/h, which is higher than the glomerular filtration rate in healthy individuals, suggesting active renal transport of prucalopride. Prucalopride was well tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported. IMPLICATIONS Prucalopride was well absorbed and excreted mainly by the kidneys, including both passive and active transporter mechanisms. Quantitative recovery of the radioactive dose was achieved. Consistent with previous studies, prucalopride was generally well tolerated. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01807000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graeme Scarfe
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Chineham, Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jie Ding
- Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mike Pennick
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Chineham, Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Steven Troy
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc, Lexington, Massachusetts
| | - Jay Getsy
- Shire Pharmaceuticals Inc, Lexington, Massachusetts
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Mancel V, Mathy FX, Boulanger P, English S, Croft M, Kenney C, Knott T, Stockis A, Bani M. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [ 14C]-tozadenant (SYN-115), a novel A2a receptor antagonist ligand, in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2016; 47:705-718. [PMID: 27489076 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1221164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. This phase-I study (NCT02240290) was designed to investigate the human absorption, disposition and mass balance of 14C-tozadenant, a novel A2a receptor antagonist in clinical development for Parkinson s disease. 2. Six healthy male subjects received a single oral dose of tozadenant (240 mg containing 81.47 KBq of [14C]-tozadenant). Blood, urine and feces were collected over 14 days. Radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting or accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Tozadenant and metabolites were characterized using HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-AMS with fraction collection. 3. At 4 h, the Cmax of tozadenant was 1.74 μg/mL and AUC(0-t) 35.0 h μg/mL, t1/2 15 h, Vz/F 1.82 L/kg and CL/F 1.40 mL/min/kg. For total [14C] radioactivity, the Cmax was 2.29 μg eq/mL at 5 h post-dose and AUC(0-t) 43.9 h μg eq/mL. Unchanged tozadenant amounted to 93% of the radiocarbon AUC(0-48h). At 312 h post-dose, cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of radiocarbon reached 30.5% and 55.1% of the dose, respectively. Unchanged tozadenant reached 11% in urine and 12% of the dose in feces. Tozadenant was excreted as metabolites, including di-and mono-hydroxylated metabolites, N/O dealkylated metabolites, hydrated metabolites. 4. The only identified species circulating in plasma was unchanged tozadenant. Tozadenant was primarily excreted in urine and feces in the form of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Mancel
- a Department of Non Clinical Development , UCB Pharma , Braine l'Alleud , Belgium
| | | | - Pierre Boulanger
- a Department of Non Clinical Development , UCB Pharma , Braine l'Alleud , Belgium.,b Department of Quality Assurance R&D , GSK Vaccines , Rixensart , Belgium
| | - Stephen English
- c Department of Science and Technology , Xceleron Inc , Germantown , MD , USA
| | - Marie Croft
- c Department of Science and Technology , Xceleron Inc , Germantown , MD , USA
| | - Christopher Kenney
- d Department of Clinical Development , Biotie Therapies Inc , South San Franscisco , CA , USA
| | - Tarra Knott
- e Department of Non Clinical Development , Biotie Therapies Inc , South San Franscisco , CA , USA
| | - Armel Stockis
- f Department of Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology , UCB Pharma , Braine l'Alleud, , Belgium
| | - Massimo Bani
- f Department of Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology , UCB Pharma , Braine l'Alleud, , Belgium
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12
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Burt T, John CS, Ruckle JL, Vuong LT. Phase-0/microdosing studies using PET, AMS, and LC-MS/MS: a range of study methodologies and conduct considerations. Accelerating development of novel pharmaceuticals through safe testing in humans – a practical guide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:657-672. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1227786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Nijenhuis CM, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Regulatory aspects of human radiolabeled mass balance studies in oncology: concise review. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:266-80. [PMID: 27186889 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1181081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human radiolabeled mass balance studies are performed to obtain information about the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug in development. The main goals are to determine the route of elimination and major metabolic pathways. This review provides an overview of the current regulatory guidelines concerning human radiolabeled mass balance studies and discusses scientific trends seen in the last decade with a focus on mass balance studies of anticancer drugs. This paper also provides an overview of mass balance studies of anticancer agents that were executed in the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Nijenhuis
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek/the Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- b Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology , The Netherlands Cancer Institute , Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;,c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek/the Netherlands Cancer Institute and MC Slotervaart , Amsterdam , The Netherlands ;,c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Science , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Opportunities in low-level radiocarbon microtracing: applications and new technology. Future Sci OA 2015; 2:FSO74. [PMID: 28031933 PMCID: PMC5137946 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
14C-radiolabeled (radiocarbon) drug studies are central to defining the disposition of therapeutics in clinical development. Concerns over radiation, however, have dissuaded investigators from conducting these studies as often as their utility may merit. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), originally designed for carbon dating and geochronology, has changed the outlook for in-human radiolabeled testing. The high sensitivity of AMS affords human clinical testing with vastly reduced radiative (microtracing) and chemical exposures (microdosing). Early iterations of AMS were unsuitable for routine biomedical use due to the instruments' large size and associated per sample costs. The situation is changing with advances in the core and peripheral instrumentation. We review the important milestones in applied AMS research and recent advances in the core technology platform. We also look ahead to an entirely new class of 14C detection systems that use lasers to measure carbon dioxide in small gas cells.
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15
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Application of a tiered approach to the validation of accelerator MS assays. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:665-72. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its introduction into the drug-development arena, accelerator mass spectrometry (coupled with liquid chromatography fractionation) has been used to support a variety of study types. The uses to which the technique has been put include parent and/or metabolite quantification in pharmacokinetic studies, total radioactivity measurement in adsorption, metabolism and excretion studies, and quantitative metabolite profiling. A tiered approach has been applied to the verification of accelerator mass spectrometry assays, dependant on in which type of study and at what stage of drug development they are used. As accelerator mass spectrometry is an absolute detector that can quantify without the use of analyte-related standards, the specific assay verification requirements differ from those for LC–MS/MS assays. This article describes when screening, qualified and validated assay verification procedures should be applied, and suggests what parameters should be assessed in each case.
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Chung IM, Kim SH. Biological and biomedical (14)C-accelerator mass spectrometry and graphitization of carbonaceous samples. Analyst 2013; 138:3347-55. [PMID: 23626987 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00077j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is the ultimate technique for measuring rare isotopes in small samples. Biological and biomedical applications of (14)C-AMS (bio-(14)C-AMS) commenced in the early 1990s and are now widely used in many research fields including pharmacology, toxicology, food, and nutrition. For accurate, precise, and reproducible bio-(14)C-AMS analysis, the graphitization step in sample preparation is the most critical step. So, various sample preparation methods for a process called graphitization have been reported for specific applications. Catalytic graphitization using either a flame-sealed borosilicate tube or a septa-sealed vial is a popular sample preparation method for bio-(14)C-AMS. In this review, we introduce the AMS system, especially for bio-(14)C-AMS. In addition, we also review the graphitization method for bio-(14)C-AMS to promote further understanding and improvement of sample preparation for this technique. Examples of catalytic graphitization methods over the past two decades are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Lin TH, Hu K, Flarakos J, Sharr-McMahon M, Mangold JB, He H, Wang Y. Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of [14C]pasireotide in healthy volunteers using accelerator mass spectrometry. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:181-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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18
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Overcoming bioanalytical challenges in an Onglyza(®) intravenous [(14)C]microdose absolute bioavailability study with accelerator MS. Bioanalysis 2013; 4:1855-70. [PMID: 22943617 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An absolute bioavailability study that utilized an intravenous [(14)C]microdose was conducted for saxagliptin (Onglyza(®)), a marketed drug product for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Concentrations of [(14)C]saxagliptin were determined by accelerator MS (AMS) after protein precipitation, chromatographic separation by UPLC and analyte fraction collection. A series of investigative experiments were conducted to maximize the release of the drug from high-affinity receptors and nonspecific adsorption, and to determine a suitable quantitation range. RESULTS A technique-appropriate validation demonstrated the accuracy, precision, specificity, stability and recovery of the AMS methodology across the concentration range of 0.025 to 15.0 dpm/ml (disintegration per minute per milliliter), the equivalent of 1.91-1144 pg/ml. Based on the study sample analysis, the mean absolute bioavailability of saxagliptin was 50% in the eight subjects with a CV of 6.6%. Incurred sample reanalysis data fell well within acceptable limits. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the optimized sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation procedures were critical for the successful implementation of an UPLC plus AMS method for [(14)C]saxagliptin. The use of multiple-point standards are useful, particularly during method development and validation, to evaluate and correct for concentration-dependent recovery, if observed, and to monitor and control process loss and operational variations.
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Abstract
Clinical mass balance studies aim to investigate the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of a(n) (often radiolabeled) drug, following a single administration to humans. They are perfectly suited to determine the disposition and major metabolic pathways of a drug, the exposure to the parent drug and its metabolites, and the rate and route of elimination. A mass balance study, however, poses interesting challenges to the analysis of parent drug and metabolites in different biological matrices. Using recent clinical mass balance studies in oncology as an example, this review focuses on the aspects of mass balance studies, from bioanalytical assay development, analysis of clinical samples to reporting of study results. Along the way, it discusses bioanalytical problems and practical solutions.
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Pellegatti M. Preclinical in vivo ADME studies in drug development: a critical review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:161-72. [PMID: 22248306 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.652084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The last two decades have brought many fundamental changes to the drug development process. One such change is the importance of preclinical pharmacokinetics, which has become an essential part of early drug discovery. Furthermore, bioanalytical methods have become more sensitive and the identification and quantitation of metabolites can now be carried out on limited amount of biological material. There has also been a change in regulatory expectations, which are now particularly focused on the safety of human metabolites. AREAS COVERED The focus of this paper is on some 'traditional' in vivo ADME studies: excretion balance, metabolic profile and WBA in the toxicological species. These studies, performed with radiolabeled material, have a long history: and are a regular presence in submission dossiers. This paper reviews their value in the perspective of the contemporary drug development process. EXPERT OPINION These experiments may sometimes still be relevant to explain toxicological findings or for other special purposes but should not be considered required pieces of the registration dossiers. An appropriate investigation of samples coming from safety evaluation and human Phase I studies and the knowledge generated during the lead optimization phase provide, in most instances, all the DMPK information needed to take decisions in the drug development process.
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22
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Bae SK, Shon JH. Microdosing studies using accelerated mass spectrometry as exploratory investigational new drug trials. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-1102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dueker SR, Vuong LT, Lohstroh PN, Giacomo JA, Vogel JS. Quantifying exploratory low dose compounds in humans with AMS. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:518-31. [PMID: 21047543 PMCID: PMC3062634 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry is an established technology whose essentiality extends beyond simply a better detector for radiolabeled molecules. Attomole sensitivity reduces radioisotope exposures in clinical subjects to the point that no population need be excluded from clinical study. Insights in human physiochemistry are enabled by the quantitative recovery of simplified AMS processes that provide biological concentrations of all labeled metabolites and total compound related material at non-saturating levels. In this paper, we review some of the exploratory applications of AMS (14)C in toxicological, nutritional, and pharmacological research. This body of research addresses the human physiochemistry of important compounds in their own right, but also serves as examples of the analytical methods and clinical practices that are available for studying low dose physiochemistry of candidate therapeutic compounds, helping to broaden the knowledge base of AMS application in pharmaceutical research.
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