1
|
Ur Rehman MU, Alshammari AS, Zulfiqar A, Zafar F, Khan MA, Majeed S, Akhtar N, Sajjad W, Hanif S, Irfan M, El-Bahy ZM, Elashiry M. Machine learning powered CN-coordinated cobalt nanoparticles embedded cellulosic nanofibers to assess meat quality via clenbuterol monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116498. [PMID: 38878697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has prohibited the use of clenbuterol (CLN) because it induces anabolic muscle growth while potentially causing adverse effects such as palpitations, anxiety, and muscle tremors. Thus, it is vital to assess meat quality because, athletes might have positive test for CLN even after consuming very low quantity of CLN contaminated meat. Numerous materials applied for CLN monitoring faced potential challenges like sluggish ion transport, non-uniform ion/molecule movement, and inadequate electrode surface binding. To overcome these shortcomings, herein we engineered bimetallic zeolitic imidazole framework (BM-ZIF) derived N-doped porous carbon embedded Co nanoparticles (CN-CoNPs), dispersed on conductive cellulose acetate-polyaniline (CP) electrospun nanofibers for sensitive electrochemical monitoring of CLN. Interestingly, the smartly designed CN-CoNPs wrapped CP (CN-CoNPs-CP) electrospun nanofibers offers rapid diffusion of CLN molecules to the sensing interface through amine and imine groups of CP, thus minimizing the inhomogeneous ion transportation and inadequate electrode surface binding. Additionally, to synchronize experiments, machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to optimize, predict, and validate voltametric current responses. The ML-trained sensor demonstrated high selectivity, even amidst interfering substances, with notable sensitivity (4.7527 μA/μM/cm2), a broad linear range (0.002-8 μM), and a low limit of detection (1.14 nM). Furthermore, the electrode exhibited robust stability, retaining 98.07% of its initial current over a 12-h period. This ML-powered sensing approach was successfully employed to evaluate meat quality in terms of CLN level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of using ML powered system for electrochemical sensing of CLN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anoud Saud Alshammari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences-Arar, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anam Zulfiqar
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali Khan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Wajid Sajjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Hanif
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, Lahore Campus, COMSATS University Islamabad, Defense Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zeinhom M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Elashiry
- Department of Mathematic, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Klöppner L, Harps LC, Parr MK. Sample Preparation Techniques for Growth-Promoting Agents in Various Mammalian Specimen Preceding MS-Analytics. Molecules 2024; 29:330. [PMID: 38257243 PMCID: PMC10818438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (L.C.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur Rajput J. Nanosensors: A smart remedy for early detection of clenbuterol contamination in food. Food Chem 2023; 426:136569. [PMID: 37302312 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary drugs which are primarily meant for livestock treatment have now been categorised under potential food contaminant due to its unregulated usage and abuse. Their over usage by animal workers lead to production of contaminated animal-based food products which contain veterinary drug residues. These drugs are also misused as growth promoters to enhance the muscle to fat ratio in human body. This review highlights the misuse of such a veterinary drug; Clenbuterol. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the usage of nanosensors to detect clenbuterol in food samples. Colorimetric, fluorescent, electrochemical, SERS and electrochemiluminescence are major categories of nanosensors that have been utilized for this purpose. The mechanism through which these nanosensors detect clenbuterol have been discussed in detail. The limit of detection and recovery percentage values of each nanosensor have been compared. This review will impart significant information on various nanosensors for clenbuterol detection in real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144011, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simple and Sensitive Analysis of Clenbuterol in Urine Matrices by UHPLC-MS/MS Method with Online-SPE Sample Preparation. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clenbuterol is one of the most misused anabolic agents in professional sports. Therefore, the monitoring of clenbuterol in body fluids such as human urine is related to the development of rapid, selective and sensitive analytical methods that produce reliable results. In this work, these requirements were met by a two-dimensional separation method based on online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS). The developed method provides favorable performance parameters, and it is characterized by minimum manual steps (only dilution and the addition of an internal standard) in the sample preparation. A limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/mL, excellent linearity (0.9999), remarkable precision (1.26% to 8.99%) and high accuracy (93.1% to 98.7%) were achieved. From a practical point of view, the analytical performance of the validated SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS method was demonstrated on blinded spiked urine samples from ten healthy volunteers. The estimated concentrations of clenbuterol were in accordance with their corresponding nominal values, as supported by the precision and accuracy data (relative standard deviation ≤5.4%, relative error ≤11%). The fulfillment of the World Anti-Doping Agency’s screening and confirmation criteria indicates that the proposed method is suitable for implementation in routine use in toxicologic and antidoping laboratories. Due to its high orthogonality and separation efficiency, the SPE–UHPLC–MS/MS method should also be easily adapted to the separation of structurally related compounds (such as clenbuterol metabolites). Thus, future antidoping applications could also include monitoring of clenbuterol metabolites, providing a longer detection widow.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zügel M, Bizjak DA, Nussbaumer D, Winkert K, Takabayashi K, Kirsten J, Washington M, Treff G, Dreyhaupt J, Steeb L, Diel P, Parr MK, Steinacker JM, Persch H. The ELSA trial: single versus combinatory effects of non-prohibited beta-2 agonists on skeletal muscle metabolism, cardio-pulmonary function and endurance performance-study protocol for a randomized 4-way balanced cross-over trial. Trials 2021; 22:903. [PMID: 34895300 PMCID: PMC8665595 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and/or airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) are common in elite endurance athletes with a high prevalence rate of beta-2 adrenoreceptor (beta-2) agonists use. Nevertheless, there are data on dose-dependent ergogenic effects of beta-2 agonists suggesting increased muscle strength, endurance and neuromuscular performance. Therefore, most beta-2 agonists belong to the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA) list of prohibited substances and it is tempting to speculate that illegitimate use of beta-2 agonists might be a common practice to boost performance in competitive sports. It is currently unknown whether or not inhaled beta-2 agonists enhance performance by stimulatory effects in skeletal and cardiac muscle. METHODS The ELSA trial is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized, balanced, four-way cross-over study. Study participants (n=24, 12 ♀, 12 ♂) complete four study arms (i.e. periods with treatment A, placebo; B, salbutamol; C, formoterol; D, formoterol + salbutamol) in random order after an initial preliminary testing session. Participants inhale the study medication 20 min before the 10-min time trial (TT; exercise performance test), where participants cycle 10 min at the highest possible workload. Cardiac output is measured continuously. A skeletal muscle biopsy is collected 3 h after the TT. Study endpoints include measures of skeletal muscle expression of nuclear receptors, hormones and cytokine levels, urinary and plasma concentrations of salbutamol and formoterol, circulating cardiac markers, cardiopulmonary function and exercise performance (average power and peak power during the TT). Blood and urine are collected and respiratory testing is performed 24 h post TT. This clinical trial evaluates the potential performance-enhancing effects of non-prohibited, not medically indicated inhaled short- and long-acting beta-2 agonists on skeletal muscle gene expression, endocrine regulation, cardiac biomarkers, cardiopulmonary function and acute endurance exercise performance. These data will be used by WADA to adapt the annually published list of prohibited substances (WADA 2021) and will be published in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at the European Clinical Trials Database (Eudra CT) with the number: 2015-005598-19 as well as at the German register for clinical studies (DRKS number 00010574 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zügel
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel A Bizjak
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorle Nussbaumer
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Winkert
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kensuke Takabayashi
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Hirakata Kohsai Hospital, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Johannes Kirsten
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mickel Washington
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Dreyhaupt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luise Steeb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hasema Persch
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prajapati KJ, Kothari C. Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Clenbuterol HCl. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2020; 70:552-562. [PMID: 32937667 DOI: 10.1055/a-1167-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLT), β2 adrenergic agonist is used as a bronchodilator in the therapeutic treatment of asthma. It is important to know the stability behaviour of the drug in different degradation conditions as per ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines for safety and efficacy purpose. The main objective of the study is to develop and validate stability indicating LC-MS/MS method for the determination of Clenbuterol HCl. The separation was achieved using Phenomenex Gemini NX C18 (250*4.6 mm, 5 μ) column and the mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate buffer (5 mM), 0.15% triethylamine (TEA), pH 7.5 with acetic acid: methanol (70:30, v/v) at flow rate 1 ml/min. The detection was done using PDA detector at 245 nm. The validation was performed as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline. The drug was subjected to stress degradation conditions as per ICH Q1A (R2) guidelines. The significant degradation was observed in acidic (8.78%) and sunlight (liquid) (9%) condition while no degradation was observed in neutral, basic, oxidation and thermal condition. The drug and its degradation products were characterized using LC-MS/MS and the proposed degradation mechanism was communicated. The developed method was found to be stability-indicating, simple, specific, selective, sensitive, linear, accurate, robust and precise and used as a routine analysis in quality control laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krunal J Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Charmy Kothari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Z, Wang Q, Gao N, Li H. Electrochemical detection of clenbuterol with gold-nanoparticles-modified porous boron-doped diamond electrode. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Zeng Y, Liang D, Zheng P, Peng T, Sun S, Mari GM, Jiang H. Immunochromatographic fluorometric determination of clenbuterol with enhanced sensitivity. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:225. [PMID: 30848375 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A method is described to enhance the sensitivity of an immunochromatographic assay for clenbuterol (CLE) by making use of dually-labeled gold nanoparticles (GNPs), background fluorescence blocking, and immunomagnetic separation. The GNPs were labeled with biotinylated antibody and streptavidin, respectively, and dually labeled GNPs were obtained via the biotin-streptavidin interaction to amplify the detection signal. The fluorescent signal was blocked by dually labeled GNPs and decreased as the dually labeled GNPs aggregation increases on nitrocellulose membrane, which derived from fluorescent polyvinylchloride card. However, fluorescence (measured at excitation/emission wavelengths of 518/580 nm) recovers when CLE reacts with dually labeled GNPs. Immunomagnetic separation was first applied for sample pretreatment. This can offset the matrix effect and improves the sensitivity and accuracy of the assay. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection of CLE visually were 0.25 μg·L-1. In addition, clenbuterol can be quantified in swine urine with a 0.03 μg·L-1 detection limit. This is 60-fold lower than current immunochromatography. Response is linear in the 0.06-0.59 μg·L-1 concentration range, and the recoveries from spiked swine urine range from 81 to 115%." Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of the strategies for improving sensitivity of immunochromatographic assay. It includes immunomagnetic separations, dually-labeled gold nanoparticles and background fluorescence blocking. The assay was applied to detect clenbuterol (CLE) in swine urine with an excellent performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zeng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Mari
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreira FX, Silva R, André MB, de Pinho PG, Bastos ML, Ruivo J, Ruivo P, Carmo H. Quantification of doping compounds in faecal samples from racing pigeons, by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1089:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Salgado A, Tatunashvili E, Gogolashvili A, Chankvetadze B, Gago F. Structural rationale for the chiral separation and migration order reversal of clenpenterol enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis using two different β-cyclodextrins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:27935-27939. [PMID: 29022621 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and theoretical chemistry calculations provide insight into the structural and energetic determinants of the distinct binding of clenpenterol enantiomers to two cyclodextrins and the migration order reversal of their respective inclusion complexes in capillary electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salgado
- NMR Spectroscopy Centre (CERMN), CAI Químicas, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
González N, Grünhut M, Šrámková I, Lista AG, Horstkotte B, Solich P, Sklenářová H, Acebal CC. Flow-batch analysis of clenbuterol based on analyte extraction on molecularly imprinted polymers coupled to an in-system chromogenic reaction. Application to human urine and milk substitute samples. Talanta 2018; 178:934-942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Kristina Parr M, Müller-Schöll A. Pharmacology of doping agents—mechanisms promoting muscle hypertrophy. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Lv CZ, Xun Y, Cao Z, Xie JL, Li D, Liu G, Yu L, Feng ZM, Yin YL, Tan SZ. Sensitive Determination of Toxic Clenbuterol in Pig Meat and Pig Liver Based on a Carbon Nanopolymer Composite. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
Development of a Nano-Gold Capillary Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid and Semi-Quantitative Detection of Clenbuterol Residues. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Liu J, Liu ZB, Huang Q, Lin CQ, Lin X. Highly sensitive fluorescent probe for clenbuterol hydrochloride detection based on its catalytic oxidation of eosine Y by NaIO4. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1495-501. [PMID: 25155629 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive fluorescent probe for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLB) detection has been first designed based on its catalytic effect on NaIO4 oxidating eosine Y (R). And this environment-friendly, simple, rapid, selective and sensitive fluorescent probe has been utilized to detect CLB in the practical samples with the results consisting with those obtained by GC/MS. The structures of R and CLB were characterized by infrared spectra. The mechanism of the proposed assay for the detection of CLB was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mi J, Li S, Xu H, Liang W, Sun T. Rapid analysis of three β-agonist residues in food of animal origin by automated on-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2431-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiebo Mi
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Shujing Li
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Hong Xu
- Tianjin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of the People's Republic of China; Tianjin China
| | - Wei Liang
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
| | - Tao Sun
- Esensing Analytical Technology; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bo B, Zhu X, Miao P, Pei D, Jiang B, Lou Y, Shu Y, Li G. An electrochemical biosensor for clenbuterol detection and pharmacokinetics investigation. Talanta 2013; 113:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
18
|
Thevis M, Geyer L, Geyer H, Guddat S, Dvorak J, Butch A, Sterk SS, Schänzer W. Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U-17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:372-6. [PMID: 23559541 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of growth promoters in animal husbandry has frequently been reported in the past. Among the drugs misused to illegally increase the benefit of stock farming, clenbuterol has held a unique position due to the substance's composition, mechanism of action, metabolism, and disposition. Particularly clenbuterol's disposition in animals' edible tissues destined for food production can cause considerable issues on consumption by elite athletes registered in national and international doping control systems as demonstrated in this case-related study. Triggered by five adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among the Mexican national soccer team in out-of-competition controls in May 2011, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) initiated an inquest into a potential food contamination (and thus sports drug testing) problem in Mexico, the host country of the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2011. Besides 208 regular doping control samples, which were subjected to highly sensitive mass spectrometric test methods for anabolic agents, 47 meat samples were collected in team hotels during the period of the tournament and forwarded to Institute of Food Safety, RIKILT. In 14 out of 47 meat samples (30%), clenbuterol was detected at concentrations between 0.06 and 11 µg/kg. A total of 109 urine samples out of 208 doping control specimens (52%) yielded clenbuterol findings at concentrations ranging from 1-1556 pg/ml, and only 5 out of 24 teams provided urine samples that did not contain clenbuterol. At least one of these teams was on a strict 'no-meat' diet reportedly due to the known issue of clenbuterol contamination in Mexico. Eventually, owing to the extensive evidence indicating meat contamination as the most plausible reason for the extraordinary high prevalence of clenbuterol findings, none of the soccer players were sanctioned. However, elite athletes have to face severe consequences when testing positive for a prohibited anabolic agent and sufficient supporting information corroborating the scenario of inadvertent ingestion are required to be acquitted from anti-doping rule violations. Hence, governmental contribution is urgently needed to combat the illegal use of clenbuterol in stock breading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thevis M, Thomas A, Beuck S, Butch A, Dvorak J, Schänzer W. Does the analysis of the enantiomeric composition of clenbuterol in human urine enable the differentiation of illicit clenbuterol administration from food contamination in sports drug testing? RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:507-512. [PMID: 23322656 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clenbuterol (4-amino-α-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol) is approved for human and veterinary use primarily for the treatment of pulmonary afflictions. Despite the authorized administration in cases of medical indications, the misuse of clenbuterol in animal husbandry as well as elite and amateur sport has frequently been reported, arguably due to growth-promoting properties. Due to various recent incidences of doping control specimens containing clenbuterol, strategies towards the discrimination of a surreptitious application from unintended intake via animal-derived edibles or dietary supplements were required. METHODS The enantiomeric compositions of clenbuterol in human urine samples derived from administration studies with therapeutic amounts of the β(2)-agonist and authentic doping control specimens were determined. Due to the facts that therapeutic clenbuterol consists of a racemic mixture of (+)- and (-)-stereoisomers and that the first mentioned (dextrorotatory) stereoisomer is retained to a greater extent in edible animal tissue, the differentiation of a recent administration of therapeutic (and thus racemic) clenbuterol from food contamination (stereoisomerically depleted clenbuterol) was considered. Employing deuterated clenbuterol as internal standard, the target analytes were extracted from human urine by means of concerted liquid-liquid and solid-phase extractions and subjected to chiral liquid chromatography hyphenated to high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. RESULTS Both enantiomers of clenbuterol were baseline separated and relative abundances of corresponding labeled and unlabeled stereoisomers were determined, demonstrating that the therapeutic use of clenbuterol results in racemic mixtures in urine for at least 24 h while adverse analytical findings presumably originating from food contaminations can yield (-)-clenbuterol-depleted pairs of analytes. CONCLUSIONS The determination of relative abundances of clenbuterol enantiomers can indicate the ingestion of clenbuterol via contaminated food; however, depletion of (-)-clenbuterol in edible animal tissue is time-dependent and thus results can still be inconclusive as to the inadvertent ingestion of clenbuterol when clenbuterol administration to animals was conducted until slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nicoli R, Petrou M, Badoud F, Dvorak J, Saugy M, Baume N. Quantification of clenbuterol at trace level in human urine by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1292:142-50. [PMID: 23294994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a β2 agonist agent with anabolic properties given by the increase in the muscular mass in parallel to the decrease of the body fat. For this reason, the use of clenbuterol is forbidden by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in the practice of sport. This compound is of particular interest for anti-doping authorities and WADA-accredited laboratories due to the recent reporting of risk of unintentional doping following the eating of meat contaminated with traces of clenbuterol in some countries. In this work, the development and the validation of an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of clenbuterol in human urine is described. The analyte was extracted from urine samples by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) in basic conditions using tert butyl-methyl ether (TBME) and analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS with a linear gradient of acetonitrile in 9min only. The simple and rapid method presented here was validated in compliance with authority guidelines and showed a limit of quantification at 5pg/mL and a linearity range from 5pg/mL to 300pg/mL. Good trueness (85.8-105%), repeatability (5.7-10.6% RSD) and intermediate precision (5.9-14.9% RSD) results were obtained. The method was then applied to real samples from eighteen volunteers collecting urines after single oral doses administration (1, 5 and 10μg) of clenbuterol-enriched yogurts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, West Switzerland, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li L, Du H, Yu H, Xu L, You T. Application of ionic liquid as additive in determination of threeβ-agonists by capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:277-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism; the First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Huan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| | - Tianyan You
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun; Jilin; P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
A plea for thresholds, i.e., maximal allowed levels for prohibited substances, to prevent questionable doping convictions. Sci Justice 2012; 52:199-201. [PMID: 22841145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the development of highly sensitive drug testing technologies that can detect a minute quantity of a prohibited substance in an athlete's body, accidental contamination through contact with publicly circulated materials can more readily result in a "positive" reading. To discharge the burden of a positive finding, the athlete must show the "factual circumstances" in which the prohibited substance entered his/her system. In cases of accidental contamination, the athlete generally cannot even know how it occurred, as there are many known and unknown possible sources of contamination. When an athlete does give an account, it cannot generally be proven or disproven. Outside the realm of sports anti-doping, the use of scientifically established thresholds for drug testing is standard practice. Basic logic dictates that thresholds would enable one to differentiate between relevant and irrelevant amounts in the context of a possible sports doping offence. Such a threshold should be functionally motivated, i.e., enable the differentiation between relevant and irrelevant quantities in the context of a possible doping offence, rather than based on instrument performance limits.
Collapse
|
23
|
González-Antuña A, Lavandera I, Rodríguez-González P, Rodríguez J, García Alonso JI, Gotor V. A straightforward route to obtain 13C1-labeled clenbuterol. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Peters R, Stolker A, Mol J, Lommen A, Lyris E, Angelis Y, Vonaparti A, Stamou M, Georgakopoulos C, Nielen M. Screening in veterinary drug analysis and sports doping control based on full-scan, accurate-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|