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Wang L, Wang X, Li W, Liu J, Yao X, Wei Z, Yun K. Stability of diazepam's phase II metabolites in dried blood spots on filter paper. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115921. [PMID: 38157738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phase II metabolites play an important role in diazepam-related cases. The study aimed to assess the stability of diazepam's phase II metabolites in dried blood spots on filter paper. METHODS A piece of filter paper was spotted with 100 µL of whole blood (added 1% sodium fluoride as needed) obtained from participant who received 5 mg diazepam orally, air dried for 2 h at room temperature, and then stored at different conditions. Whole spots were cut at 0.1 cm from the outer edge of blood spots at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 5, 16, 35, 61, 120 days and 1, 1.5 years. Analytes were extracted with methanol/water mixture (8:2, v/v) and determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Decomposition rules were analyzed by a statistical software "SPSS". RESULTS Temazepam glucuronide remained stable (0.5-18.6% loss) at 20 ℃ and at 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride for 16 days, while it was unstable after 5 days at 4 ℃ (21.1-26.2% loss) and - 20 ℃ (28.9 - 34.4% loss). After 35 days, temazepam glucuronide concentrations began to fluctuate significantly under all conditions, and an obvious increase (290.4-355.1%) was observed in 1.5 years. Oxazepam glucuronide was always unstable after 5 days, the percentage loss was even 100% when it was stored for 61 days and 1.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Dried blood spots on ordinary filter paper are recommended to be stored at 20 ℃ or 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride within 16 days. Samples should be analyzed immediately or stored in sterile and dry media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Guangdong Nantian Institute of Forensic Science, 518003 Shenzhen, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiukun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
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Wang LL, Ren XX, He Y, Cui GF, Wei ZW, Yun KM. An Experimental Pharmacokinetics Study of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Oral Fluid of Chinese Population. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:348-353. [PMID: 31965188 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazepam abuse is widespread all over the word, leading to an increasing number of forensic cases such as suicide, drug-driving and robbery, but relevant studies are limited regarding the extraction of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. There was a total of 28 volunteers, and each ingested 5 mg diazepam orally, then ~2 mL oral fluid were collected from each participant at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h and 2, 3, 6, 12 and 15 days, respectively. All samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, and diazepam and nordazepam were detected in the oral fluid of volunteers. Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in oral fluid conformed to a two-compartment model, and k01_HL, k12_HL, k10_HL were 0.7 ± 1.1, 31.4 ± 68.5, 12.1 ± 11.6 h, respectively, nordazepam conformed to an one-compartment model, and k01_HL, k10_HL were 41.5 ± 44.8, 282.3 ± 365.5 h, respectively. Both diazepam and nordazepam could be detected continuously for 15 days, although there were individual differences, and the results regarding diazepam detecting in oral fluid will be of much help in forensic science and drug screening filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-le Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xin-Xin Ren
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yi He
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Guan-Feng Cui
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ke-Ming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Blood of Chinese People. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:477-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhou P, Hua F. Prediction of drug-drug plasma protein binding interactions of resveratrol in combination with celecoxib and leflunomide by molecular docking combined with an ultrafiltration technique. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2020; 70:111-119. [PMID: 36973944 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at computational prediction of the molecular interactions between resveratrol, celecoxib, leflunomide and human serum albumin (HSA) and then investigates the plasma protein binding of resveratrol combined with celecoxib or leflunomide by an ultrafiltration technique. Molecular operating environment (MOE, 2008.10) software package was used to explore molecular interactions between the drugs and HSA. Molecular docking was adopted to predict the interactions between resveratrol and other drugs and then the ultrafiltration technique was used to verify the docking results. In in vitro experiments, a mixture of resveratrol and celecoxib or leflunomide was added to rat plasma for determination of the plasma protein binding rate. Molecular docking results have shown that resveratrol interacts with HSA mainly through hydrogen bond and π-π stacking, while celecoxib and leflunomide bind only with the hydrogen bond. Celecoxib or leflunomide, even at high tested doses, did not affect the plasma protein binding of resveratrol, thus suggesting pharmacological suitability of the investigated combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Hua
- Pharmacy School, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
- Natural Products Laboratory, International Joint Lab of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036 People's Republic of China
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Zhou P, Huang J, Ding W. Effect of Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction major components on the plasma protein binding of metoprolol using UPLC analysis coupled with ultrafiltration. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35981-35988. [PMID: 35558481 PMCID: PMC9088703 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using traditional Chinese medicine formula Ling-Gui-Zhu-Gan decoction (LGZGD) plus selective β1-adrenergic receptor inhibitor metoprolol to treat arrhythmia of coronary heart disease can significantly improve efficiency with no adverse reactions. However, the effect of major components of LGZGD on the plasma protein binding of metoprolol is unclear. Firstly, this study aimed to computationally predict the molecular interactions between metoprolol, the major components of LGZGD, and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Secondly, the plasma protein binding of metoprolol combined with major components of LGZGD was investigated by UPLC analysis coupled with ultrafiltration. The MOE (2008.10) software package was used to investigate the molecular interactions among metoprolol, the major components of LGZGD, and BSA. Using in vitro experiments, BSA was separately spiked with a mixtures of metoprolol and the major components of LGZGD. The results showed that metoprolol interacted with BSA mainly through arene-arene interactions, as did cinnamic acid and liquiritin. However, the energy scores of cinnamic acid and liquiritin were lower than that of metoprolol. There were no interactions between metoprolol and the major components of LGZGD. Further studies in vitro showed that the presence of the major components of LGZGD did not change the plasma protein binding of metoprolol. We adopted molecular docking to predict the drug-herb plasma protein binding interactions of metoprolol and then used ultrafiltration to verify the docking results. There were no drug-herb interactions between metoprolol and LGZGD in BSA, which indicated that this combination therapy might be safe and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China +86-0551-68129468 +86-0551-68129468
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China +86-0551-68129468 +86-0551-68129468
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Compound Formula in Anhui Province Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China
| | - Wanxue Ding
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China +86-0551-68129468 +86-0551-68129468
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine Hefei 230012 People's Republic of China
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Thompson A, Li F, Gross AK. Considerations for Medication Management and Anticoagulation During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. AACN Adv Crit Care 2017; 28:51-63. [PMID: 28254856 DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2017386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Providing safe and high-quality care to critically ill patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) includes adequate drug dosing and evaluation of patients' response to medications during therapy. Pharmacokinetic drug studies in acute kidney injury and CRRT are limited, considering the number of medications used in critical care. Therefore, it is important to understand the basic principles of drug clearance during CRRT by evaluating drug properties, CRRT modalities, and how they affect medication clearance. Few published studies have addressed drug disposition and clinical response during CRRT. Additionally, clotting in the CRRT circuit is a concern, so a few options for anticoagulation strategies are presented. This article reviews (1) the CRRT system and drug property factors that affect medication management, (2) the evidence available to guide drug dosing, and (3) anticoagulation strategies for critically ill patients receiving CRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Thompson
- Ashley Thompson is Critical Care Pharmacist, Senior Pharmacist Supervisor, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, 533 Parnassus Ave. Box 0622, San Francisco, CA 94143 . Fanny Li is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Fran-cisco, California. A. Kendall Gross is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California
| | - Fanny Li
- Ashley Thompson is Critical Care Pharmacist, Senior Pharmacist Supervisor, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, 533 Parnassus Ave. Box 0622, San Francisco, CA 94143 . Fanny Li is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Fran-cisco, California. A. Kendall Gross is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California
| | - A Kendall Gross
- Ashley Thompson is Critical Care Pharmacist, Senior Pharmacist Supervisor, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, 533 Parnassus Ave. Box 0622, San Francisco, CA 94143 . Fanny Li is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Fran-cisco, California. A. Kendall Gross is Critical Care Pharmacist, UCSF Medical Center, and Health Sciences Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSF School of Pharmacy, San Francisco, California
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Wei H, Zhang X, Tian X, Wu G. Pharmaceutical applications of affinity-ultrafiltration mass spectrometry: Recent advances and future prospects. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:444-453. [PMID: 27668554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immunoaffinity of protein with ligand is broadly involved in many bioanalytical methods. Affinity-ultrafiltration mass spectrometry (AUF-MS), a platform based on interaction of protein-ligand affinity, has been developed to fish out interesting molecules from complex matrixes. Here we reviewed the basics of AUF-MS and its recent applications to pharmaceutical field, i.e. target-oriented discovery of lead compounds from combinatorial libraries and natural product extracts, and determination of free drug concentration in biosamples. Selected practical examples were highlighted to illustrate the advances of AUF-MS in pharmaceutical fields. The future prospects were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Guanghua Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Tang DQ, Li YJ, Li Z, Bian TT, Chen K, Zheng XX, Yu YY, Jiang SS. Study on the interaction of plasma protein binding rate between edaravone and taurine in human plasma based on HPLC analysis coupled with ultrafiltration technique. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1137-45. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao-quan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Yin-jie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Ting-ting Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Xiao-xiao Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Yan-yan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221004 China
| | - Shui-shi Jiang
- Nanjing Yoko Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Nanjing Jiangsu 210046 China
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Chin PKL, Jensen BP, Larsen HS, Begg EJ. Adult age and ex vivo protein binding of lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:985-9. [PMID: 21671987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To see if adult age correlates with ex vivo protein binding of lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam in healthy subjects. METHODS Sixty healthy drug free subjects were recruited in the age groups 18-39, 40-64 and ≥65 years. Plasma albumin concentrations were determined. Ex vivo unbound fractions (f(u)) were assessed by spiking samples and measuring the free and total concentrations. RESULTS No correlation of age with f(u) was seen. The study was powered to demonstrate a change in f(u) of ≥7-10%. A decline in plasma albumin concentration of ~0.03 g l(-1) year(-1) was seen with increasing age (P= 0.032) and was associated with increased f(u) of lorazepam (P= 0.009) and oxazepam (P= 0.014). CONCLUSIONS There was no association of adult age with ex vivo f(u) of lorazepam, oxazepam or temazepam in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K L Chin
- Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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