1
|
Fu Y, Li W, Picard F. Non-regulated LC-MS/MS bioanalysis in support of early drug development - a Novartis perspective. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:109-125. [PMID: 36976931 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientifically qualified LC-MS/MS methods are essential for the determination of small molecule drug candidates and/or their metabolite(s) in support of various non-regulated safety assessment and in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion studies in preclinical development. This article outlines an effective method development workflow to fit for this purpose. The workflow features a 'universal' protein precipitation solvent for efficient sample extraction, a mobile phase additive for managing chromatographic resolution and addressing carryover and an internal standard cocktail to select the best analogue internal standard to track the analyte of interest in LC-MS/MS. In addition, good practices are recommended to prevent bioanalytical pitfalls due to instability, non-specific binding and dosing vehicle-induced matrix effect. Proper handling of non-liquid matrix is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlin Fu
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences - Drug Disposition, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences - Drug Disposition, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
| | - Franck Picard
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences - Drug Disposition, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, CH-4056, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Picard F. Toxicokinetics in preclinical drug development of small-molecule new chemical entities. Biomed Chromatogr 2022:e5553. [PMID: 36415962 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics (TK) is an integral part of nonclinical (preclinical) safety assessment of small-molecule new chemical entities in drug development. It is employed to describe the systemic exposure of a drug candidate and/or its important metabolite(s) achieved in study animals and elucidate the relationship (proportional, over-proportional, or under-proportional) between systemic exposure and dose administered and the associated differences/similarities between male and female animals along with the possible accumulation/induction. TK data and the derived parameters are employed to propose safe starting doses for clinical use of the new drug candidate through proper extrapolation of findings in study animals to humans. This review has attempted to highlight the health authority expectations on TK assessment in supporting preclinical safety profiling of new chemical entities. A robust TK assessment requires good understanding of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination processes of drug candidate, adequate TK sampling (e.g., controls where relevant), implementation of fit-for-purpose bioanalytical methods (validated or scientifically qualified) along with necessary measures to prevent mis-dosing or ex vivo contamination, and establishment of stability of the drug candidate and/or its metabolite(s) in the intended species matrix to ensure the reliability of bioanalytical and TK data. The latter provides a vital link between animal experiments and human safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences-Drug Disposition, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Franck Picard
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences-Drug Disposition, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quantification and Metabolite Identification of Sulfasalazine in Mouse Brain and Plasma Using Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041179. [PMID: 33671835 PMCID: PMC7926890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfasalazine (SAS), an anti-inflammatory drug with potent cysteine/glutamate antiporter system xc-(SXC) inhibition has recently shown beneficial effects in brain-related diseases. Despite many reports related to central nervous system (CNS) effect of SAS, pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolite identification studies in the brain for SAS were quite limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and metabolite identification of SAS and their distributions in mouse brain. Using in vivo brain exposure studies (neuro PK), the PK parameters of SAS was calculated for plasma as well as brain following intravenous and oral administration at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg in mouse, respectively. In addition, in vivo metabolite identification (MetID) studies of SAS in plasma and brain were also conducted. The concentration of SAS in brain was much lower than that in plasma and only 1.26% of SAS was detected in mouse brain when compared to the SAS concentration in plasma (brain to plasma ratio (%): 1.26). In the MetID study, sulfapyridine (SP), hydroxy-sulfapyridine (SP-OH), and N-acetyl sulfapyridine (Ac-SP) were identified in plasma, whereas only SP and Ac-SP were identified as significant metabolites in brain. As a conclusion, our results suggest that the metabolites of SAS such as SP and Ac-SP might be responsible for the pharmacological effect in brain, not the SAS itself.
Collapse
|
4
|
Quantification and assessment of detection capability in imaging mass spectrometry using a revised mimetic tissue model. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:1099-1116. [PMID: 31251106 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: A revised method of preparing the mimetic tissue model for quantitative imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is evaluated. Concepts of assessing detection capability are adapted from other imaging or mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies to improve upon the reliability of IMS quantification. Materials & methods: The mimetic tissue model is prepared by serially freezing spiked-tissue homogenates into a cylindrical mold to create a plug of tissue with a stepped concentration gradient of matrix-matched standards. Weighted least squares (WLS) linear regression is applied due to the heteroscedastisity (change in variance with intensity) of most MS data. Results & conclusions: Imaging poses several caveats for quantification which are unique compared with other MS-based methods. Aspects of the design, construction, application, and evaluation of the matrix-matched standard curve for the mimetic tissue model are discussed. In addition, the criticality of the ion distribution in the design of a purposeful liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) validation is reviewed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hazlewood RJ, Chen Q, Clark FK, Kuchtey J, Kuchtey RW. Differential effects of angiotensin II type I receptor blockers on reducing intraocular pressure and TGFβ signaling in the mouse retina. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201719. [PMID: 30092004 PMCID: PMC6084929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) have been investigated for their neuroprotective and intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects in treating glaucoma, but the reports have been inconsistent possibly because different compounds and models have been used. Here we selected three ARBs for head-to-head comparisons of their effects on IOP and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling, which is believed to play an important role in glaucoma pathogenesis. METHODS Three ARBs (losartan, irbesartan or telmisartan) or vehicle controls were administered via chow to C57BL/6J mice for up to 7 days. Drug concentrations in the eye, brain, and plasma were evaluated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Cohorts of mice were randomly assigned to different treatments. IOP and blood pressure were measured before and after ARB treatment. Effects of ARBs on TGFβ signaling in the retina were evaluated by phosphorylated Smad2 (pSmad2) immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Physiologically relevant concentrations of losartan, irbesartan and telmisartan were detected in eye, brain and plasma after drug administration (n = 11 mice/treatment). Blood pressure was significantly reduced by all ARBs compared to vehicle-fed controls (all p-values < 0.001, n = 8-15 mice/treatment). Compared to vehicle control, IOP was significantly reduced by irbesartan (p = 0.030) and telmisartan (p = 0.019), but not by losartan (n = 14-17 mice/treatment). Constitutive pSmad2 fluorescence observed in retinal ganglion cells was significantly reduced by telmisartan (p = 0.034), but not by losartan or irbesartan (n = 3-4 mice/treatment). CONCLUSIONS Administration via chow is an effective delivery method for ARBs, as evidenced by lowered blood pressure. ARBs vary in their abilities to lower IOP or reduce TGFβ signaling. Considering the significant roles of IOP and TGFβ in glaucoma pathogenesis, specific ARBs with dual effects, such as telmisartan, may be more effective than other ARBs for treating glaucoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph J. Hazlewood
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Qingxia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Frances K. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - John Kuchtey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Rachel W. Kuchtey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moon JY, McNamara KM, Lee JJ, Chung BC, Sasano H, Choi MH. Improved detectability of sex steroids from frozen sections of breast cancer tissue using GC-triple quadrupole-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:185-192. [PMID: 29269263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids in clinical endocrinology have been mainly investigated with peripheral blood and urine samples, while there is limited information regarding the local levels within tissues. To improve analytical properties of sex steroids from trace amounts of tissue samples, two-phase extractive ethoxycarbonlyation and subsequent pentafluoropropionyl derivatization coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was developed. The optimized analytical conditions led to excellent chromatographic separation of 15 estrogens, 6 androgens, and 2 progestins. The quantitative results were calculated based on in-house control samples as the steroid-free tissues, and the precision and accuracy were 4.2%-26.8% and 90.8%-116.4%, respectively. The on-column limit of quantification was from 180 fg to 0.5 pg for androgens and estrogens, and 1.25 pg for progestins, which were found to be linear (r2 > 0.990). The validated method was then applied to quantify 7 sex steroids from three 100-μm-thick frozen breast tissue slices from postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. This is the first report on the improved GC-MS/MS method for the detection of androgens and pregnenolone from breast cancer tissues, and it can be a useful technique to measure the local levels of sex steroids, thus, enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiological significances of steroidogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Moon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Keely May McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Chul Chung
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Man Ho Choi
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yi R, Zhao S, Kong N, Zhang J, Loganathan D, Mérette S, Morrissey B. Quantitation of γ-aminobutyric acid in equine plasma by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017. [PMID: 28627102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and regulates the neuronal excitability. There has been anecdotal evidence that γ-aminobutyric acid has been used within a few hours prior to competition in equine sports to calm down nervous horses. However, regulating the use of γ-aminobutyric acid is challenging because it is an endogenous substance in the horse. γ-Aminobutyric acid is usually present at low ng/mL levels in equine plasma; therefore, a sensitive method has to be developed to quantify these low background levels. Measuring low concentrations of endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid is essential to establish a threshold that can be used to differentiate levels attributable to exogenous administrations of γ-aminobutyric acid. A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantitation of γ-aminobutyric acid in equine plasma. Calibrators were prepared in artificial surrogate matrix consisting of 35 mg/mL equine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Utilizing this methodology, a total of 403 equine plasma samples collected post-competition from horses participating in equestrian events in Canada were analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yi
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah Zhao
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Noel Kong
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Julia Zhang
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Devan Loganathan
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sandrine Mérette
- Forensic Equine Drug Testing, Maxxam Analytics, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Surrogate matrix: opportunities and challenges for tissue sample analysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2419-2433. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Often there is limited availability of matching tissue matrix and/or the analyte may occur endogenously in the target tissue. Surrogate matrix provides an option for quantitation of drug, metabolite(s) and biomarker(s) in these circumstances. However, the use of a surrogate matrix also presents challenges. This paper summarizes and discusses the challenges of selecting a proper surrogate, validating the suitability of the surrogate and establishing a surrogate tissue method using the fit-for-purpose approach. This paper also systematically reviews the current practices for evaluating key parameters of a surrogate tissue assay, including sensitivity, specificity, selectivity, interference, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effects and stability. Considerations and suggestions are provided for dealing with such challenges during method establishment and tissue sample analysis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Basit A, Piomelli D, Armirotti A. Rapid evaluation of 25 key sphingolipids and phosphosphingolipids in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5189-98. [PMID: 25749796 PMCID: PMC4471391 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on a new, sensitive, and fast LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 25 key sphingolipid components in human plasma, including phosphorylated sphinganine and sphingosine, in a single 9-min run. This method enables an effective and high-throughput coverage of the metabolic changes involving the sphingolipidome during physiological or pathological states. The method is based on liquid–liquid extraction followed by reversed-phase LC-MS/MS. Exogenous odd-chain lipids are used as cost-effective but reliable internal standards. The method was fully validated in surrogate matrix and naive human plasma following FDA guidelines. Sample stability and dilution integrity were also tested and verified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bridges TM, Morrison RD, Byers FW, Luo S, Scott Daniels J. Use of a novel rapid and resource-efficient cassette dosing approach to determine the pharmacokinetics and CNS distribution of small molecule 7-transmembrane receptor allosteric modulators in rat. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00077. [PMID: 25505618 PMCID: PMC4186453 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches to efficiently and accurately define the pharmacokinetics (PK) of large sets of small molecules in rodents have been previously described. Likewise, a variety of methods for determining brain tissue distribution (BTD) have been reported for use in the discovery of therapeutics targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Herein we describe a novel cassette approach to efficiently obtain concurrent PK and BTD data from a dose of up to five compounds in one rat over 24 h. In conjunction with fraction unbound (fu) data obtained in plasma and brain homogenate, this approach serves as an efficient means to determine compound unbound brain:unbound plasma partition coefficients (Kp,uu), thereby providing insight to compounds bearing poor permeability and/or active transporter activity impacting their permeation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This integrated approach was utilized in a lead optimization effort towards the discovery of CNS-penetrant allosteric modulators of a seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptor target. Rat PK and brain distribution was rapidly obtained for 70 compounds and correlated to data obtained from in vitro assessments. Two compounds that were evaluated in cassette and discrete studies, displayed agreement in PK (compound 1: cassette CLp = 1.6 mL min−1 kg−1, discrete CLp = 1.6 mL min−1 kg−1; compound 2: cassette CLp = 11 mL min−1 kg−1, discrete CLp = 8.1 mL min−1 kg−1) and BTD (compound 1: cassette Kp = 0.11, discrete Kp = 0.09; compound 2: cassette Kp < 0.05, discrete Kp = 0.04). The resulting data were used to guide medicinal chemistry efforts and to enable the progression of optimized compounds to in vivo pharmacodynamic assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bridges
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Ryan D Morrison
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Frank W Byers
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Shuanghui Luo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - J Scott Daniels
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feedback from a European Bioanalysis Forum survey on bioanalysis of drugs in tissues. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1617-26. [PMID: 25077623 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue analysis has always been a difficult discipline of bioanalysis. Laboratories that perform bioanalysis in tissue are facing a lot of challenges and questions before starting experiments, from a scientific/technical point of view regarding more regulated aspects. Actually, literature is poor regarding the more technical and scientific aspects but also beyond that no clear guidance is available on this topic and laboratories performing tissue analysis face real ambiguity regarding regulatory requirements, always with the risk of under- or over-validation of the assay. For all of these reasons bioanalysis in tissue became a frequently discussed topic within the European Bioanalytical Forum (EBF) organization. The EBF then decided to treat this as a specific topic, and carried out a survey that was done in two steps between 2012 and 2013. This paper represents an exhaustive summary of the result of this survey that includes themost important aspects of tissue bioanalysis. This survey provided the team a good starting point for their discussions and resulted in an EBF recommendation paper published separately.
Collapse
|
12
|
Quantification of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human plasma by using cubic-selected reaction-monitoring LCMS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1373-83. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ghrelin is a peptide hormone generally measured in plasma by immunoassays. LCMS/MS was investigated as an alternative method in particular for the quantification of the two forms of the peptide with improved selectivity. Materials & methods: A LCMS assay using a cubic-selected reaction-monitoring (LCSRM3/MS) mode was developed for the quantification of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human plasma. Results: The LCSRM3/MS method was found to be linear from 50–75 to 2500 pg/ml for the ghrelins using a 0.5-ml plasma sample. The accuracies and precisions at LOQ for des-acyl ghrelin (50 pg/ml) and ghrelin (75 pg/ml) were found to be better than 91 and 2%, respectively. Blood and plasma stabilization was found to be essential for good assay performance. Conclusion: Compared to the LCSRM/MS method the addition of an additional MS step did significantly improve the selectivity and therefore the sensitivity. The LCSRM3/MS method could be successfully applied for the quantification of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human plasma samples.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mariappan TT, Kurawattimath V, Gautam SS, Kulkarni CP, Kallem R, Taskar KS, Marathe PH, Mandlekar S. Estimation of the Unbound Brain Concentration of P-Glycoprotein Substrates or Nonsubstrates by a Serial Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling Technique in Rats. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:477-85. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Thanga Mariappan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Vishwanath Kurawattimath
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Shashyendra Singh Gautam
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Chetan P. Kulkarni
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Rajareddy Kallem
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Kunal S. Taskar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Punit H. Marathe
- Pharmaceutical
Candidate Optimization, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Bristol-Myers Squibb India Ltd., Bangalore 560099, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Analysis of drugs, biomarkers and their metabolites in tissue samples has always been an important aspect of the drug-development process. In the last decade, significant improvements in equipment and processes have made handling such samples far more efficient, with higher precision, accuracy and ruggedness. The purpose of this paper is to provide a primer for best practices of tissue analysis, including brief but specific tutorials on basic principles and laboratory operation. Included will be a discussion of what to consider when designing a study, tools available to make appropriate pre-study decisions, approaches for tissue acquisition and extraction, sample processing methods, and tips on creation of standards and QCs. We will offer some practical advice to help scientists who have good analytical skills, but are not experienced in tissue analysis to quickly start their own analyses with the minimum amount of time, labor and cost.
Collapse
|