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Mathew CA, Veena HR, Shubha P, Daniel RA. Antimicrobial photocatalysis using bio-hydrothermally synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles in the management of periodontitis: a prospective split-mouth, double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 31:e20230271. [PMID: 38126579 PMCID: PMC10786455 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial activity of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has been confirmed to fight a broad spectrum of microorganisms, through antimicrobial effects that are amplified when these particles are irradiated with light of the proper wavelength. This is the first study to use phytoconjugated Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs containing traces of active biomolecules derived from Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) plant extract in antimicrobial photocatalysis (PCT) during non-surgical periodontal therapy. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated PCT application in the treatment of periodontitis, using a gel containing bio-hydrothermally synthesized ZnO NPs and visible light as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP). METHODOLOGY In total, 16 systemically healthy volunteers with stage 3 grade B generalized periodontitis were recruited for this prospective double blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. After receiving SRP, the subjects received the following interventions in a split-mouth design at baseline, 1 week and 1 month: Group 1 - Placebo gel + Sham PCT; Group 2 - Nano ZnO gel + Sham PCT; Group 3 - Placebo gel + PCT; and Group 4 - Nano ZnO gel + PCT. The site-specific profile of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the subgingival plaque and clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, Probing pocket Depth and Clinical Attachment Level) were assessed at baseline, 1 month and 3 months. RESULTS All interventions tested caused participants' clinical and microbiological parameters to generally improve after 3 months. Subjects who received the Nano ZnO gel + PCT combination showed a sustained and progressive improvement in their treatment outcomes, a result that presented statistically significant differences from the outcomes obtained through the remaining interventions, at all time points during the study period. CONCLUSIONS The repeated application of PCT using bio-hydrothermally synthesized ZnO NPs can effectively complement SRP in the non-surgical treatment of Periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Afigith Mathew
- K. L. E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Periodontics, Bangalore, Karnataka 560022, India
| | - H R Veena
- K. L. E. Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Periodontics, Bangalore, Karnataka 560022, India
| | - P Shubha
- Mangalore University, Department of Material Science, Mangalagangotri, Mangalore, Karnataka 574199, India
| | - Riya Achamma Daniel
- MIOT International, Department of Dental Surgery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600089, India
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Salviatto LTC, Prates RA, Pavani C, Bussadori SK, Deana AM. The influence of growth medium on the photodynamic susceptibility of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans to antimicrobial blue light. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:274. [PMID: 37993626 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03937-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether antimicrobial blue light (aBL) can cause the death of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and to determine the influence of different culture media, specifically brain heart infusion and blood agar, on bacterial survival fraction. An LED emitting at 403 ± 15 nm, with a radiant power of 1W, irradiance of 588.2 mW/cm2, and an irradiation time of 0 min, 1 min, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min, was used. The plates were incubated in microaerophilic conditions at 37 °C for 48 h, and the colony-forming units were counted. The photosensitizers were investigated using spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy. There was no significant difference between the culture media (p > 0.05). However, a statistical reduction in both media was observed at 30 min (1058 J/cm2) (p < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that aBL has the potential to kill bacteria regardless of the culture media used. Light therapy could be a promising and cost-effective strategy for preventing periodontal disease when used in combination with mechanical plaque control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renato Araujo Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Pavani
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Science Postgraduate program, Nove de Julho UniversityUNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Macaluso JN. Hospital, Catheter, Peritoneal Dialysis Acquired Infections: Visible Light as a New Solution to Reduce Risk and Incidence. Cureus 2023; 15:e43043. [PMID: 37554377 PMCID: PMC10404650 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections, often identified as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are typically not present during patient contact or admission. Healthcare-associated infections cause longer lengths of stay, increasing costs and mortality. HAI occurring in trauma patients increases the risk for length of stay and higher inpatient costs. Many HAIs are preventable. Antibiotic resistance has increased to a high level making proper treatment increasingly difficult due to organisms resistant to common antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need for alternate forms of attack against these pathogens. Currently, the application of light for the treatment of topical infections has been used. Ultraviolet (UV) light has well-documented antimicrobial properties. UV is damaging to DNA and causes the degradation of plastics, etc., so its use for medical purposes is limited. Using visible light may be more promising. 405-nm light sterilization has been shown to be highly efficacious in reducing bacteria. Light Line Medical, Inc.'s (LLM) patented visible-light platform technology for infection prevention may create a global shift in the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. LLM has developed a proprietary method of delivering light to prevent catheter-associated infections. This technology uses non-UV visible light and can kill both bacteria and prevent biofilm inside and outside a luminal catheter. This is significant as prevention is key. Independent analysis of the prototype system showed the application of the device met the acceptance criterion of 4 x 109-10 reduction in Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other bacteria and fungal species. Further design evolution for this technology continues, and the FDA submission process is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Macaluso
- Endourology, LSU Health Foundation, New Orleans, USA
- Urology, LSU Health Center, New Orleans, USA
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4
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The Effectiveness of Laser Applications and Photodynamic Therapy on Relevant Periodontal Pathogens ( Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) Associated with Immunomodulating Anti-rheumatic Drugs. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010061. [PMID: 36671633 PMCID: PMC9855085 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Considering the current context of the increasing resistance of bacterial species to antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, a major objective is to develop other antimicrobial approaches, which would be able to inactivate pathogens with considerable effectiveness. Two such methods are photodynamic disinfection therapy and laser irradiation. In view of the immunocompromised status of some patients under immunosuppressive therapy and potential drug interactions that can be established between systemic antimicrobial agents, the research of local, minimally invasive methods of inactivating periodontal pathogens in the context of these systemic therapies with modifying drugs of the immune response is justified. This in vitro study evaluated the antimicrobial action of a diode laser, wavelength 940 nm, and photodisinfection therapy at 670 nm (photosensitizer, 3,7 dimethyl phenothiazine chloride) on a type strain of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a known periodontal pathogen, in the presence and absence of active substances used in autoimmune disease therapy (Etanercept, Infliximab, Metothrexate). The association of a conventional antirheumatic drug with anti-TNF-α therapy determined a significantly greater inhibition of the strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans compared to monotherapy, in vitro. Photodisinfection caused a significant reduction in bacterial burden after a 30 s exposure in vitro, regardless of the pharmaceutical associations of biological and conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Irradiation with a diode laser for 30 s at a power of 5 W caused a greater reduction compared to irradiation with 1 W. The application of laser and photodisinfection induced a significant reduction in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in vitro and could be considered important adjunctive measures for the eradication of this oral pathogen in the context of immunomodulating therapy.
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Espitia-Almeida F, Díaz-Uribe C, Vallejo W, Gómez-Camargo D, Bohórquez ARR, Zarate X, Schott E. Photophysical characterization and in vitro anti-leishmanial effect of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-fluorophenyl) porphyrin and the metal (Zn(II), Sn(IV), Mn(III) and V(IV)) derivatives. Biometals 2022; 35:159-171. [PMID: 34993713 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report 5 compounds were synthesized and structural and their photophysical characterization was performed (ΦΔ and Φf). Furthermore, in this in vitro study, their biological activity against Leishmania panamensis was evaluated. The photophysical behavior of these compounds was measured and high ΦΔ and low Φf was observed. Besides, DFT quantum calculations on the electronic structures were performed. Finally, the biological activity was determined by means of the compounds capacity to inhibit the viability of parasites using the MTT assay. The inclusion of the metal ions substantially modified the photophysical and biological properties in comparison with the free metal porphyrin (1). In fact, Zn2+ porphyrin derivative (2) showed a marked decrease of Φf and increase of ΦΔ. In this sense, using TDDFT approaches, a luminescent process for Sn4+ derivative (3) was described, where emissive states involve the ML-LCT transition. So, this led to a decrease in the singlet oxygen production (0.82-0.67). Biological results showed that all compounds inhibit the viability of L. panamensis with high efficiency; the decrease in the viability was greater as the concentration of exposure increased. Finally, under light irradiation the IC50 of L. panamensis against the Zn(II)-porphyrin (2) and V(IV)-porphyrin (5) was lower than the IC50 of the Glucantime control (IC50 = 2.2 and 6.95 μM Vs IC50 = 12.7 μM, respectively). We showed that the use of porphyrin and metalloporphyrin-type photosensitizers with exceptional photophysical properties can be successful in photodynamic therapy (PDT) against L. panamensis, being the diamagnetic ion Zn2+ a candidate for the preparation of metalloporphyrins with high singlet oxygen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Espitia-Almeida
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia. .,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Carlos Díaz-Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - William Vallejo
- Grupo de Investigación en Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.
| | - Doris Gómez-Camargo
- Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Espitia-Almeida F, Diaz-Uribe C, Vallejo W, Gómez-Camargo D, Romero Bohórquez AR, Linares-Flores C. Photophysical study and in vitro approach against Leishmania panamensis of dicloro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrinato Sn(IV). F1000Res 2021; 10:379. [PMID: 34804494 PMCID: PMC8581593 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52433.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Photodynamic therapy activity against different biological systems has been reported for porphyrins. Porphyrin modifications through peripheral groups and/or by metal insertion inside the ring are main alternatives for the improvement of its photo-physical properties. In this study, we synthesized and characterized 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrin and the dicloro-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)porphyrinato Sn(IV). Methods: Metal-free porphyrin was synthesized using the Alder method, while the Sn(IV)-porphyrin complex was prepared by combining metal-free porphyrin with stannous chloride in DMF; the reaction yields were 47% and 64% respectively. Metal-free porphyrin was characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, ESI-mass spectrometry and
13C-NMR. Additionally, the Sn(IV) -porphyrin complex was characterized using UV-Vis and FT-IR. Cyclic voltammetry tests in four different solvents. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φ
f) was measured using fluorescein as a standard, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ
D) was estimated using the standard 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)porphyrin (H2TPP) and the quencher of singlet oxygen 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). Results: UV-Vis assay showed typical Q and Soret bands for porphyrin and its metallo-porphyrin complex. Compounds showed photoluminescence at the visible range of electromagnetic spectrum. The inclusion of the metal in the porphyrin core changed the Φ
f from 0.15 to 0.05 and the Φ
D increased from 0.55 to 0.59. Finally, the effect of the compounds on the viability of
L. panamensis was evaluated by means of the MTT test. The results showed that both compounds decreased the viability of the parasite; this inhibitory activity was greater under light irradiation; the porphyrin compound had IC
50 of 16.5 μM and the Sn(IV)-porphyrin complex had IC
50 of 19.2 μM. Conclusion: The compounds were synthesized efficiently, their characterization was carried out by different spectroscopy techniques and their own signals were evidenced for both structures, both compounds decreased the cell viability of
L. panamensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Espitia-Almeida
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Carlos Diaz-Uribe
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - William Vallejo
- Grupo de Fotoquímica y Fotobiología, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Doris Gómez-Camargo
- Grupo de Investigación UNIMOL, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Cristian Linares-Flores
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Centro de Química Orgánica y Productos Naturales, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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7
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Lusche I, Dirk C, Frentzen M, Meister J. Cavity Disinfection With a 445 nm Diode Laser Within the Scope of Restorative Therapy - A Pilot Study. J Lasers Med Sci 2021; 11:417-426. [PMID: 33425292 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cavity disinfection is necessary to prevent a progressive infection of the crown dentin and pulp. Increasing intolerance and resistance to antiseptics and antibiotics as well as the controversy over the effects of those on the dental hard tissue and composite have prompted the investigation of alternative treatment options. The objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the antibacterial potential of a diode laser with a wavelength of 445 nm in the cavity preparation using the bacterium Streptococcus salivarius associated with caries in conjunction with the characteristics and influences of dentin on light transmission. Methods: The bactericidal effect of the laser irradiation was determined in culture experiments by using caries-free human dentin samples on bacteria-inoculated agar. For this, dentin discs (horizontally cut coronal dentin) of 500 µm and 1000 µm thicknesses were produced and irradiated with the laser with irradiation parameters of 0.7-1 W in a cw-mode and exposure times of between 5-30 s. Based on the different sample thicknesses, the penetration depth effect of the irradiation was ascertained after the subsequent incubation of the bacteria-inoculated agar. Additional influential parameters on the irradiation transmission were investigated, including surface moisture, tooth color as well as the presence of a smear layer on the dentin surface. Results: The optical transmission values of the laser radiation for dentin were significantly dependent on the sample thickness (P = 0.006) as well as its moisture content (P = 0.013) and were independent of the presence of a smear layer. There was a 40% reduction in bacteria after the radiography of the 500-µm-thick dentin samples, which was shown as the lowest laser dose (443 J/cm2). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the diode laser with light emission at a wavelength of 445 nm is interesting for the supportive cavity disinfection within the scope of caries therapy and show potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Lusche
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn University, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Dirk
- Oral Technology, Bonn University, Wilhelmsplatz 5, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Frentzen
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Bonn University, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.,Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Bonn University, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Meister
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Bonn University, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.,Center of Applied Medical Laser Research and Biomedical Optics (AMLaReBO), Bonn University, Welschnonnenstrasse 17, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.,Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Li H, Sun T, Liu C, Cao Y, Liu X. Photobiomodulation (450 nm) alters the infection of periodontitis bacteria via the ROS/MAPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:838-853. [PMID: 32014500 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on periodontitis. A periodontitis model was established via Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in beagles. Mandibular second and third premolars were removed, and implants were positioned immediately after tooth extraction. Left gingiva was irradiated with PBM (450 nm) as the LG group, and right side without irradiation was regarded as the CG (control) group. PBM treatment increased oxidative stress by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The elevated levels of H2O2 (a biomarker of oxidative stress) and the free radicals (NO• and O2•-) reduced the concentration of dominant pathogens and regulated ROS/RNS/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway by affecting p-AMPK, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). PBM therapy increased salivary levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukin (IL)-10, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase (CAT), and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)-1β, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (p < 0.05). All the results contributed to preventing periodontitis infection. PBM therapy improved bone mineral density and implant osseointegration by controlling dominant pathogens invasion via the upregulation of salivary anti-inflammatory and antioxidant defense by affecting ROS/RNS/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
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9
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In Vitro Anti-Leishmanial Effect of Metallic Meso-Substituted Porphyrin Derivatives against Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis Promastigotes Properties. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081887. [PMID: 32325815 PMCID: PMC7221524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a family of porphyrins based on 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-ethylphenyl)porphyrin (1, Ph) and six metallo-derivatives (Zn2+(2, Ph-Zn), Sn4+(3, Ph-Sn), Mn2+ (4, Ph-Mn), Ni2+ (5, Ph-Ni), Al3+ (6, Ph-Al), and V3+ (7, Ph-V)) were tested as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy against Leishmania braziliensis and panamensis. The singlet oxygen quantum yield value (ΦΔ) for (1–7) was measured using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as a singlet oxygen trapping agent and 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)-porphyrin (H2TPP) as a reference standard; besides, parasite viability was estimated by the MTT assay. After metal insertion into the porphyrin core, the ΦΔ increased from 0.76–0.90 and cell viability changed considerably. The ΦΔ and metal type changed the cytotoxic activity. Finally, (2) showed both the highest ΦΔ (0.90) and the best photodynamic activity against the parasites studied (IC50 of 1.2 μM).
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10
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Morici P, Battisti A, Tortora G, Menciassi A, Checcucci G, Ghetti F, Sgarbossa A. The in vitro Photoinactivation of Helicobacter pylori by a Novel LED-Based Device. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:283. [PMID: 32153551 PMCID: PMC7047934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance is the main cause for the failure of conventional antibiotic therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection, which is often associated with severe gastric diseases, including gastric cancer. In the last years, alternative non-pharmacological approaches have been considered in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Among these, antimicrobial PhotoDynamic Therapy (aPDT), a light-based treatment able to photoinactivate a wide range of bacteria, viruses, fungal and protozoan parasites, could represent a promising therapeutic strategy. In the case of H. pylori, aPDT can exploit photoactive endogenous porphyrins, such as protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin I and III, to induce photokilling, without any other exogenous photosensitizers. With the aim of developing an ingestible LED-based robotic pill for minimally invasive intragastric treatment of H. pylori infection, it is crucial to determine the best illumination parameters to activate the endogenous photosensitizers. In this study the photokilling effect on H. pylori has been evaluated by using a novel LED-based device, designed for testing the appropriate LEDs for the pill and suitable to perform in vitro irradiation experiments. Exposure to visible light induced bacterial photokilling most effectively at 405 nm and 460 nm. Sub-lethal light dose at 405 nm caused morphological changes on bacterial surface indicating the cell wall as one of the main targets of photodamage. For the first time endogenous photosensitizing molecules other than porphyrins, such as flavins, have been suggested to be involved in the 460 nm H. pylori photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Morici
- Nanoscience Institute, CNR and NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Battisti
- Nanoscience Institute, CNR and NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tortora
- The BioRobotics Institute, Polo Sant'Anna Valdera, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Polo Sant'Anna Valdera, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Giovanni Checcucci
- Nanoscience Institute, CNR and NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Ghetti
- Nanoscience Institute, CNR and NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Hoenes K, Wenzel U, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. Photoinactivation Sensitivity of
Staphylococcus carnosus
to Visible‐light Irradiation as a Function of Wavelength. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 96:156-169. [DOI: 10.1111/php.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
| | - Ulla Wenzel
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
| | | | - Martin Hessling
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics Ulm University of Applied Sciences Ulm Germany
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12
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Shany-Kdoshim S, Polak D, Houri-Haddad Y, Feuerstein O. Killing mechanism of bacteria within multi-species biofilm by blue light. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1628577. [PMID: 31275529 PMCID: PMC6598489 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1628577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the study was to characterize the immediate and delayed effects of non-coherent blue-light treatment on the composition and viability of an in vitro biofilm composed of anaerobic multispecies, as well as the mechanisms involved. Methods: A multispecies biofilm was constructed of Streptococcus sanguinis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, test groups were exposed to blue light. The multispecies biofilm was explored with a newly developed method based on flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The involvement of the paracrine pathway in the phototoxic mechanism was investigated by a crossover of the supernatants between mono-species P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum biofilms. Results: Blue light led to a reduction of about 50% in the viable pathogenic bacteria P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, vs that in the non-exposed biofilm. Biofilm thickness was also reduced by 50%. The phototoxic effect of blue light on mono-species biofilm was observed in P. gingivalis, whereas F. nucleatum biofilm was unaffected. A lethal effect was obtained when the supernatant of P. gingivalis biofilm previously exposed to blue light was added to the F. nucleatum biofilm. The effect was circumvented by the addition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to the supernatant. Conclusion: Blue-light has an impact on the bacterial composition and viability of the multispecies biofilm. The phototoxic effect of blue light on P. gingivalis in biofilm was induced directly and on F. nucleatum via ROS mediators of the paracrine pathway. This phenomenon may lead to a novel approach for 'replacement therapy,' resulting in a less periodonto-pathogenic biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Shany-Kdoshim
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Polak
- Department of Periodontology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Osnat Feuerstein
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Hoenes K, Hess M, Vatter P, Spellerberg B, Hessling M. 405 nm and 450 nm Photoinactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2018; 8:142-148. [PMID: 30719331 PMCID: PMC6348701 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoinactivation of bacteria with visible light has been reported in numerous studies. Radiation around 405 nm is absorbed by endogenous porphyrins and generates reactive oxygen species that destroy bacteria from within. Blue light in the spectral range of 450-470 nm also exhibits an antibacterial effect, but it is weaker than 405 nm radiation, and the photosensitizers involved have not been clarified yet, even though flavins and porphyrins are possible candidates. There are significantly fewer photoinactivation studies on fungi. To test if visible light can inactivate fungi and to elucidate the mechanisms involved, the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DSM no. 70449) was irradiated with violet (405 nm) and blue (450 nm) light. The mean irradiation doses required for a one log reduction of colony forming units for this strain were 182 J/cm2 and 526 J/cm2 for 405 nm and 450 nm irradiation, respectively. To investigate the cell damaging mechanisms, trypan blue staining was performed. However, even strongly irradiated cultures hardly showed any stained S. cerevisiae cells, indicating an intact cell membrane and thus arguing against the previously suspected mechanism of cell membrane damage during photoinactivation with visible light at least for the investigated strain. The results are compatible with photoinactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells being in a viable but nonculturable state. To identify potential fungal photosensitizers, the absorption and fluorescence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell lysates were determined. The spectral absorption and fluorescence results are in favor of protoporphyrin IX as the most important photosensitizer at 405 nm radiation. For 450 nm irradiation, riboflavin and other flavins may be the main photosensitizer candidates, since porphyrins do not play a prominent role at this wavelength. No evidence of the involvement of other photosensitizers was found in the spectral data of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hoenes
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Hess
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - P Vatter
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - B Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Hessling
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D 89081 Ulm, Germany
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14
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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15
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Huang H, Lv W, Chen Y, Zheng X, Hu Y, Wang R, Huang M, Tang H. The Role of NADPH Oxidase in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2636. [PMID: 29375505 PMCID: PMC5767184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) on Trichophyton rubrum and investigate its mechanism of action. Methods: The viability of fungi treated with IPL alone and with IPL combined with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) pretreatment was determined by MTT assays. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified with a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined by commercial kits. The transcription of the Nox gene was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and micromorphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, fungal keratinase activity was detected by measuring dye release from keratin azure. Results: The growth declined with statistical significance after 6 h of treatment (P < 0.001). The ROS and MDA content increased after IPL treatment, whereas the SOD and GSH-Px activity decreased. Nox gene expression was upregulated, and the micromorphology was damaged. Keratinase activity decreased. Fungi that received DPI pretreatment exhibited contrasting outcomes. Conclusion: We found that 420-nm IPL significantly inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of T. rubrum in vitro. A suggested mechanism involves Nox as a factor that mediates 420-nm IPL-induced oxidative damage of T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Weibiao Lv
- Clinical Laboratory, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Nanchong, The Second Clinical School of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruihua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Meiling Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Hongfeng Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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