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Gupta A, Laha JK. Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300207. [PMID: 37565381 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost-effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross-coupling, coupling with metal-complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom- and step-economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER) S.A.S. Nagar, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Mohali, 160062, India
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Oikawa M, Sugeno Y, Tukada H, Takasaki Y, Takamizawa S, Irie R. Four Stereoisomers of 2-Aminomethyl-1-cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Oikawa
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugeno
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Tukada
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takasaki
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takamizawa
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
| | - Raku Irie
- Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0027, Japan
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Vorberg R, Trapp N, Carreira EM, Müller K. Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptane as a Core Structure for Conformational Locking of 1,3-Bis-Pharmacophores, Exemplified by GABA. Chemistry 2017; 23:3126-3138. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Vorberg
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Ivleva EA, Tkachenko IM, Gavrilova VS, Klimochkin YN. Synthesis of amino polycarboxylic acids of the adamantane series. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stadler H. Synthesis of Novel, Chiral Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene Amino Acid Derivatives as Useful Synthons in Medicinal Chemistry. Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of thiazole-based pyrrolidinones and isoindolinediones as anticonvulsant agents. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Awada H, Robin S, Guillot R, Yazbeck O, Naoufal D, Jaber N, Hachem A, Aitken DJ. Practical Syntheses of Both Enantiomers of the Conformationally Restricted GABA Analoguecis-(2-Aminocyclobutyl)acetic Acid. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Suemasa A, Igawa A, Ide S, Fukuda H, Abe H, Arisawa M, Minami M, Shuto S. Conformationally Restricted GABA with Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Backbone as the First Highly Selective BGT-1 Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:889-93. [PMID: 25147609 DOI: 10.1021/ml500134k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of the three-dimensional diversity-oriented conformational restriction strategy using key chiral cyclopropane units, we previously identified 3 ((2S,3R)-4-amino-3,4-methanobutyric acid) with a chiral trans-cyclopropane structure as a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter inhibitor selective for GABA transporter (GAT) subtypes GAT-3 and BGT-1 (betaine/GABA transporter-1). Further conformational restriction of 3 with the rigid bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane backbone led to the successful development of the first highly potent and selective BGT-1 inhibitor 4 (IC50 = 0.59 μM). The bioactive conformation of 3 for BGT-1 was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suemasa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Arisa Igawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hayato Fukuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Arisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masabumi Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12,
Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
- Center for Research
and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Stephens D, Zhang Y, Cormier M, Chavez G, Arman H, Larionov OV. Three-component reaction of small-ring cyclic amines with arynes and acetonitrile. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6558-60. [PMID: 23770825 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42854k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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An efficient synthesis of 3-OBn-6β,14-epoxy-bridged opiates from naltrexone and identification of a related dual MOR inverse agonist/KOR agonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6801-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Oikawa M, Sasaki S, Sakai M, Ishikawa Y, Sakai R. Total Synthesis of (±)-Dysibetaine CPa and Analogs. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aitken DJ, Drouin L, Goretta S, Guillot R, Ollivier J, Spiga M. Stereoselective preparation of β,γ-methano-GABA derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7517-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06095c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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