1
|
Dales MO, Drummond RM, Kennedy C. How selective antagonists and genetic modification have helped characterise the expression and functions of vascular P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10016-z. [PMID: 38740733 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular P2Y receptors mediate many effects, but the role of individual subtypes is often unclear. Here we discuss how subtype-selective antagonists and receptor knockout/knockdown have helped identify these roles in numerous species and vessels. P2Y1 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and endothelium-dependent vasodilation have been characterised using the selective antagonists, MRS2179 and MRS2216, whilst AR-C118925XX, a P2Y2 receptor antagonist, reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation, and signalling evoked by UTP or fluid shear stress. P2Y2 receptor knockdown reduced endothelial signalling and endothelial P2Y2 receptor knockout produced hypertensive mice and abolished vasodilation elicited by an increase in flow. UTP-evoked vasoconstriction was also blocked by AR-C118925XX, but the effects of P2Y2 receptor knockout were complex. No P2Y4 receptor antagonists are available and P2Y4 knockout did not affect the vascular actions of UTP and UDP. The P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2578, identified endothelial P2Y6 receptors mediating vasodilation, but receptor knockout had complex effects. MRS2578 also inhibited, and P2Y6 knockout abolished, contractions evoked by UDP. P2Y6 receptors contribute to the myogenic tone induced by a stepped increase in vascular perfusion pressure and possibly to the development of atherosclerosis. The P2Y11 receptor antagonists, NF157 and NF340, inhibited ATP-evoked signalling in human endothelial cells. Vasoconstriction mediated by P2Y12/P2Y13 and P2Y14 receptors was characterised using the antagonists, cangrelor, ticagrelor, AR-C67085 and MRS2211 or PPTN respectively. This has yet to be backed up by receptor knockout experiments. Thus, subtype-selective antagonists and receptor knockout/knockdown have helped identify which P2Y subtypes are functionally expressed in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells and the effects that they mediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markie O Dales
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Robert M Drummond
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Characterisation of P2Y receptor subtypes mediating vasodilation and vasoconstriction of rat pulmonary artery using selective antagonists. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:515-528. [PMID: 36018534 PMCID: PMC9832182 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular tone is modulated by nucleotides, but which P2 receptors mediate these actions is largely unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to use subtype-selective antagonists to determine the roles of individual P2Y receptor subtypes in nucleotide-evoked pulmonary vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Isometric tension was recorded from rat intrapulmonary artery rings (i.d. 200-500 µm) mounted on a wire myograph. Nucleotides evoked concentration- and endothelium-dependent vasodilation of precontracted tissues, but the concentration-response curves were shallow and did not reach a plateau. The selective P2Y2 antagonist, AR-C118925XX, inhibited uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP)- but not adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-evoked relaxation, whereas the P2Y6 receptor antagonist, MRS2578, had no effect on UTP but inhibited relaxation elicited by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP). ATP-evoked relaxations were unaffected by the P2Y1 receptor antagonist, MRS2179, which substantially inhibited responses to adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), and by the P2Y12/13 receptor antagonist, cangrelor, which potentiated responses to ADP. Both agonists were unaffected by CGS1593, an adenosine receptor antagonist. Finally, AR-C118925XX had no effect on vasoconstriction elicited by UTP or ATP at resting tone, although P2Y2 receptor mRNA was extracted from endothelium-denuded tissues using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with specific oligonucleotide primers. In conclusion, UTP elicits pulmonary vasodilation via P2Y2 receptors, whereas UDP acts at P2Y6 and ADP at P2Y1 receptors, respectively. How ATP induces vasodilation is unclear, but it does not involve P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, P2Y13, or adenosine receptors. UTP- and ATP-evoked vasoconstriction was not mediated by P2Y2 receptors. Thus, this study advances our understanding of how nucleotides modulate pulmonary vascular tone.
Collapse
|
3
|
Eise NT, Simpson JS, Thompson PE, Ventura S. Aqueous extracts of Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf contain a P2-purinoceptor antagonist-Implications for male fertility. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271735. [PMID: 35900970 PMCID: PMC9333203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stinging nettle root and leaf extracts were tested for their effect on prostatic smooth muscle contractility. Root extract did not affect electrical field stimulation induced-nerve mediated contractions of isolated rat prostates. On the other hand, leaf extract attenuated electrical field stimulation-induced contractions at all frequencies. Similarly, contractions elicited by exogenous administration of ATP and αβ-methylene ATP were inhibited by leaf extract, whereas contractions elicited by exogenous administration of noradrenaline or acetylcholine were unaffected. The active component was present within the aqueous phase of the leaf extract. In mouse mating studies, stinging nettle leaf extract (50 mg p.o. daily) reduced male fertility by 53% compared to vehicle-treated male mice. Cardiovascular parameters were unaffected by administration of stinging nettle leaf extract (p ≥ 0.057). Treated mice exhibited normal mating behaviour. Bladder and testes weighed less in stinging nettle leaf extract treated mice. All other organs and total body weight were unaffected. It is concluded that stinging nettle leaf extract reduces contractility of genitourinary smooth muscle by acting as an antagonist at postjunctional P2X1-purinoceptors. These data indicates that blocking sperm transport through pharmacological blockade of P2X1-purinoceptors via oral administration is consistent with an effective and convenient biological strategy male contraception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Eise
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie S. Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Philip E. Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sabatino Ventura
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kennedy C. ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves - another Burnstock legacy. Auton Neurosci 2021; 235:102860. [PMID: 34340045 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Geoff Burnstock created an outstanding scientific legacy that includes identification of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gut, the discovery and characterisation of a large family of purine and uridine nucleotide-sensitive ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors and the demonstration that ATP is as an excitatory cotransmitter in autonomic nerves. The evidence for cotransmission includes that: 1) ATP is costored with noradrenaline in synaptic vesicles in postganglionic sympathetic nerves innervating smooth muscle tissues, including the vas deferens and most arteries. 2) When coreleased with noradrenaline, ATP acts at postjunctional P2X1 receptors to elicit depolarisation, Ca2+ influx, Ca2+ sensitisation and contraction. 3) ATP is also coreleased with acetylcholine from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves innervating the urinary bladder, where it stimulates postjunctional P2X1 receptors, and a second, as yet unidentified site to evoke contraction of detrusor smooth muscle. In both systems membrane-bound ecto-enzymes and soluble nucleotidases released from postganglionic nerves dephosphorylate ATP and so terminate its neurotransmitter actions. Currently, the most promising potential area of therapeutic application relating to cotransmission is treatment of dysfunctional urinary bladder. This family of disorders is associated with the appearance of a purinergic component of neurogenic contractions. This component is an attractive target for drug development and targeting it may be a rewarding area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kennedy C. That was then, this is now: the development of our knowledge and understanding of P2 receptor subtypes. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:9-23. [PMID: 33527235 PMCID: PMC7954963 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P2 receptors are present in virtually all tissues and cell types in the human body, and they mediate the physiological and pharmacological actions of extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. They were first characterised and named by Geoff Burnstock in 1978, then subdivided into P2X and P2Y purinoceptors in 1985 on the basis of pharmacological criteria in functional studies on native receptors. Molecular cloning of receptors in the 1990s revealed P2X receptors to comprise seven different subunits that interact to produce functional homo- and heterotrimeric ligand-gated cation channels. A family of eight P2Y G protein-coupled receptors were also cloned, which can form homo- and heterodimers. Deep insight into the molecular mechanisms of agonist and antagonist action has been provided by more recent determination of the tertiary and quaternary structures of several P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes. Agonists and antagonists that are highly selective for individual subtypes are now available and some are in clinical use. This has all come about because of the intelligence, insight and drive of the force of nature that was Geoff Burnstock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, John Arbuthnott Building, 161 Cathedral St, Glasgow, G4 0RE, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Soslau G. Extracellular adenine compounds within the cardiovascular system: Their source, metabolism and function. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
|
7
|
Vallon V, Unwin R, Inscho EW, Leipziger J, Kishore BK. Extracellular Nucleotides and P2 Receptors in Renal Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:211-269. [PMID: 31437091 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the regulation of renal hemodynamics and transport function has grown exponentially over the last 20 yr. This review attempts to integrate the available data while also identifying areas of missing information. First, the determinants of nucleotide concentrations in the interstitial and tubular fluids of the kidney are described, including mechanisms of cellular release of nucleotides and their extracellular breakdown. Then the renal cell membrane expression of P2X and P2Y receptors is discussed in the context of their effects on renal vascular and tubular functions. Attention is paid to effects on the cortical vasculature and intraglomerular structures, autoregulation of renal blood flow, tubuloglomerular feedback, and the control of medullary blood flow. The role of the nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the autocrine/paracrine regulation of sodium and fluid transport in the tubular and collecting duct system is outlined together with its role in integrative sodium and fluid homeostasis and blood pressure control. The final section summarizes the rapidly growing evidence indicating a prominent role of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system in the pathophysiology of the kidney and aims to identify potential therapeutic opportunities, including hypertension, lithium-induced nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, and kidney inflammation. We are only beginning to unravel the distinct physiological and pathophysiological influences of the extracellular nucleotide/P2 receptor system and the associated therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Robert Unwin
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Edward W Inscho
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jens Leipziger
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bellamkonda K Kishore
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California; Centre for Nephrology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; IMED ECD CVRM R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Biomedicine/Physiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Departments of Internal Medicine and Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, and Center on Aging, University of Utah Health & Nephrology Research, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muoboghare MO, Drummond RM, Kennedy C. Characterisation of P2Y 2 receptors in human vascular endothelial cells using AR-C118925XX, a competitive and selective P2Y 2 antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2894-2904. [PMID: 31116875 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is a lack of potent, selective antagonists at most subtypes of P2Y receptor. The aims of this study were to characterise the pharmacological properties of the proposed P2Y2 receptor antagonist, AR-C118925XX, and then to use it to determine the role of P2Y2 receptors in the action of the P2Y2 agonist, UTP, in human vascular endothelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell lines expressing native or recombinant P2Y receptors were superfused constantly, and agonist-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels monitored using the Ca2+ -sensitive fluorescent indicator, Cal-520. This set-up enabled full agonist concentration-response curves to be constructed on a single population of cells. KEY RESULTS UTP evoked a concentration-dependent rise in intracellular Ca2+ in 1321N1-hP2Y2 cells. AR-C118925XX (10 nM to 1 μM) had no effect per se on intracellular Ca2+ but shifted the UTP concentration-response curve progressively rightwards, with no change in maximum. The inhibition was fully reversible on washout. AR-C118925XX (1 μM) had no effect at native or recombinant hP2Y1 , hP2Y4 , rP2Y6 , or hP2Y11 receptors. Finally, in EAhy926 immortalised human vascular endothelial cells, AR-C118925XX (30 nM) shifted the UTP concentration-response curve rightwards, with no decrease in maximum. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AR-C118925XX is a potent, selective and reversible, competitive P2Y2 receptor antagonist, which inhibited responses mediated by endogenous P2Y2 receptors in human vascular endothelial cells. As the only P2Y2 -selective antagonist currently available, it will greatly enhance our ability to identify the functions of native P2Y2 receptors and their contribution to disease and dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markie O Muoboghare
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert M Drummond
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gong Y, Zhou Y, Yang J, Li S, Wang Z, Rao J, Li L, Yuan H, Shi L, Yang R, Xu X, Liu S, Liang S, Zou L. Abnormal sympathetic activity after myocardial ischemia involving P2X4 in dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:216-221. [PMID: 31051227 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The satellite glial cells (SGCs) of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) expressed P2X4 receptor. In this study, we investigated the abnormal sympathetic activity after myocardial ischemia (MI) involving P2X4 receptor in the cervical DRG SGC. The results showed that MI injury upregulated the P2X4 receptor mRNA and protein in DRG, and the upregulated P2X4 receptor was co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in DRG SGCs. P2X4 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) treatment decreased the expression of P2X4 receptor, counteracted the upregulation of GFAP and IL-1β and inhibited P38MAPK phosphorylation in DRG of MI rats. These results indicate that application of P2X4 shRNA may reduce P2X4-mediated nociceptive signal via inhibiting DRG afferents to alleviate the abnormal sympathetic activity induced by MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Gong
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjian Yang
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunhua Li
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Wang
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingan Rao
- Undergraduate student of Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liran Shi
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Runan Yang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lifang Zou
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory of Physiology Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of autonomic nervous function and disease, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Visternichan O, Jalali SF, Taizhanova D, Muravlyova L, Igimbayeva G. Dynamic changes in purine catabolism in patients with acute coronary syndrome that underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019; 10:86-91. [PMID: 30858946 PMCID: PMC6386334 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.10.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases are global problems. They are causes of death in about 43% of people worldwide and may become the most widespread reason of death by 2020. The prognosis is directly dependent to immediate diagnosis and on time treatment. Introduction of new biochemical markers as the early diagnosis of complications after coronary revascularization is very important in this period. Herein, we assayed the changes of purine catabolites in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in comparison with control group. METHODS Thirty five ACS patients (20 males and 15 females) were included (57±17 years old) in the study. The determination of intermediates of purine catabolism as guanine, hypoxanthine (GCS), adenine, xanthine (Kc) and uric acid (MK) were assayed before and 3 days after PCI. Conditionally, 35 healthy-matched persons were included in the control group. Purine catabolites were determined in plasma through the method of Oreshnikov E.V (2008). RESULTS In ACS patients, prior to PCI, there was a tendency to increase the concentration of guanine (P=0.001), hypoxanthine (P=0.002) adenine (P=0.0003), xanthine (P=0.000003) and uric acid (P=-0.000001) relative to the upper limits of normal ranges. And on the third day after PCI, there was the second tendency to increase the levels of guanine (P=0.000001), hypoxanthine (P=0.000001) adenine (P=0.0000001), xanthine (P=0.000001) and uric acid (P=0.0000001) relative to upper limits of normal ranges. CONCLUSION Increment of plasma purine catabolites can be a marker of inflammation and instability of coronary artery plaques and may be used as a restenosis marker in patients with history of PCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyed Farzad Jalali
- Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Characterization of purinergic receptor expression in ARPKD cystic epithelia. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:485-497. [PMID: 30417216 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney diseases (PKDs) are a group of inherited nephropathies marked by formation of fluid-filled cysts along the nephron. Growing evidence suggests that in the kidney formation of cysts and alteration of cystic electrolyte transport are associated with purinergic signaling. PCK/CrljCrl-Pkhd1pck/CRL (PCK) rat, an established model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), was used here to test this hypothesis. Cystic fluid of PCK rats and their cortical tissues exhibited significantly higher levels of ATP compared to Sprague Dawley rat kidney cortical interstitium as assessed by highly sensitive ATP enzymatic biosensors. Confocal calcium imaging of the freshly isolated cystic monolayers revealed a stronger response to ATP in a higher range of concentrations (above 100 μM). The removal of extracellular calcium results in the profound reduction of the ATP evoked transient, which suggests calcium entry into the cyst-lining cells is occurring via the extracellular (ionotropic) P2X channels. Further use of pharmacological agents (α,β-methylene-ATP, 5-BDBD, NF449, isoPPADS, AZ10606120) and immunofluorescent labeling of isolated cystic epithelia allowed us to narrow down potential candidate receptors. In conclusion, our ex vivo study provides direct evidence that the profile of P2 receptors is shifted in ARPKD cystic epithelia in an age-related manner towards prevalence of P2X4 and/or P2X7 receptors, which opens new avenues for the treatment of this disease.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tengah A, Syed NIH, Talip STA, Bujang SNB, Kennedy C. Comparison of signalling mechanisms underlying UTP-evoked vasoconstriction of rat pulmonary and tail arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:45-52. [PMID: 30170065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous nucleotide, UTP, acts at smooth muscle P2Y receptors to constrict rat pulmonary and tail arteries, but the underlying signalling pathways are poorly understood. The aim was to characterise the contribution of Ca2+ release and influx, rho kinase and protein kinase C to these contractions. Isometric tension was recorded from endothelium-denuded rat intralobar pulmonary and tail artery rings mounted on a wire myograph. Contractions were evoked by UTP and peak amplitude measured. Thapsigargin (1 µM), but not ryanodine (10 µM), significantly depressed contractions in both by 30-40% (P < 0.05). Nifedipine (1 µM) significantly reduced contractions in tail artery by ~60% (P < 0.01). Y27632 (10 µM), a rho kinase inhibitor and GF109203X (10 µM), a protein kinase C inhibitor, each significantly reduced pulmonary vasoconstriction by ~20%, and tail artery contractions by ~80% and ~40%, respectively (P < 0.01). In pulmonary artery, Y27632, GF109203X and thapsigargin, acted in an additive manner, but nifedipine less so. Adding all four together abolished the UTP response. In tail artery, Y27632 plus thapsigargin or GF109203X or nifedipine abolished contractions. Thapsigargin, GF109203X and nifedipine, coapplied pair-wise, acted additively and applying all three together abolished UTP-evoked contractions. So, Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and influx through Cav1.2 channels, but not ryanodine receptors, play significant roles in UTP-evoked vasoconstriction of rat pulmonary and tail arteries. Rho kinase and protein kinase C are also involved, but more so in tail artery. Thus UTP activates multiple signalling mechanisms that lead to vasoconstriction, but their relative importance differs in pulmonary compared with systemic arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asrin Tengah
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Nawazish-I-Husain Syed
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Siti Tajidah Abdul Talip
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Siti Nur Basirah Bujang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zou L, Han X, Liu S, Gong Y, Wu B, Yi Z, Liu H, Zhao S, Jia T, Li L, Yuan H, Shi L, Zhang C, Gao Y, Li G, Xu H, Liang S. Baicalin Depresses the Sympathoexcitatory Reflex Induced by Myocardial Ischemia via the Dorsal Root Ganglia. Front Physiol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 30065662 PMCID: PMC6056627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia (MI) is one of the major causes of death in cardiac diseases. Purinergic signaling is involved in bidirectional neuronal-glial communication in the primary sensory ganglia. The sensory neuritis of cardiac afferent neurons in cervical dorsal root ganglion (cDRG) interacts with cardiac sympathetic efferent postganglionic neurons, forming feedback loops. The P2Y12 receptor is expressed in satellite glial cells (SGCs) of DRG. Baicalin is a major active ingredient extracted from natural herbal medicines, which has anti-inflammatory and strong anti-oxidation properties. In this study we investigated the effect of baicalin on P2Y12 receptor in the cervical DRG SGC-mediated sympathoexcitatory reflex, which is increased during MI. The results showed that the expression of P2Y12 receptor mRNA and protein in DRG, and the co-localization values of P2Y12 receptor and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cDRG SGCs were increased after MI. The activated SGCs increased IL-1β protein expression and elevated Akt phosphorylation in cDRG. Baicalin treatment inhibited the upregulation of the P2Y12 receptor, GFAP protein and Akt phosphorylation in cDRG neurons/SGCs. The stellate ganglia (SG) affect cardiac sympathetic activity. Baicalin treatment also decreased the upregulation of the P2Y12 receptor, GFAP protein in the SG. The P2Y12 agonist, 2Me-SADP, increased [Ca2+]i in HEK293 cells transfected with the P2Y12 receptor plasmid and SGCs in cDRG. These results indicate that application of baicalin alleviates pathologic sympathetic activity induced by MI via inhibition of afferents in the cDRG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinyao Han
- First Clinical Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- First Clinical Department, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shanhong Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Liran Shi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
P2Y 11 Receptors: Properties, Distribution and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:107-122. [PMID: 29134605 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The P2Y11 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that is stimulated by endogenous purine nucleotides, particularly ATP. Amongst P2Y receptors it has several unique properties; (1) it is the only human P2Y receptor gene that contains an intron in the coding sequence; (2) the gene does not appear to be present in the rodent genome; (3) it couples to stimulation of both phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase. Its absence in mice and rats, along with a limited range of selective pharmacological tools, has hampered the development of our knowledge and understanding of its properties and functions. Nonetheless, through a combination of careful use of the available tools, suppression of receptor expression using siRNA and genetic screening for SNPs, possible functions of native P2Y11 receptors have been identified in a variety of human cells and tissues. Many are in blood cells involved in inflammatory responses, consistent with extracellular ATP being a damage-associated signalling molecule in the immune system. Thus proposed potential therapeutic applications relate, in the main, to modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zou L, Gong Y, Zhao S, Yi Z, Han X, Wu B, Jia T, Li L, Yuan H, Shi L, Zhang C, Gao Y, Li G, Xu H, Liu H, Liang S, Liu S. Downregulation of P2Y12in the superior cervical ganglia alleviates abnormal sympathetic activity after myocardial ischemia. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3375-3383. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zou
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Gong
- First Clinical Department; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shanhong Zhao
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Yi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Nursing College; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Xinyao Han
- First Clinical Department; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Jia
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Huilong Yuan
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Liran Shi
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Department of Cell Biology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Yun Gao
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| | - Shuangmei Liu
- Department of Physiology; Medical School of Nanchang University; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Autonomic Nervous Function and Disease; Nanchang Jiangxi P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morrow GB, Nicholas RA, Kennedy C. UTP is not a biased agonist at human P2Y(11) receptors. Purinergic Signal 2015; 10:581-5. [PMID: 25015314 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism describes a multistate model of G protein-coupled receptor activation in which each ligand induces a unique structural conformation of the receptor, such that the receptor couples differentially to G proteins and other intracellular proteins. P2Y receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by endogenous nucleotides, such as adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). A previous report suggested that UTP may be a biased agonist at the human P2Y11 receptor, as it increased cytosolic [Ca2+], but did not induce accumulation of inositol phosphates, whereas ATP did both. The mechanism of action of UTP was unclear, so the aim of this study was to characterise the interaction of UTP with the P2Y11 receptor in greater detail. Intracellular Ca2+ was monitored in 1321N1 cells stably expressing human P2Y11 receptors using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator, fluo-4. ATP evoked a rapid, concentration-dependent rise in intracellular Ca2+, but surprisingly, even high concentrations of UTP were ineffective. In contrast, UTP was slightly, but significantly more potent than ATP in evoking a rise in intracellular Ca2+ in 1321N1 cells stably expressing the human P2Y2 receptor, with no difference in the maximum response. Thus, the lack of response to UTP at hP2Y11 receptors was not due to a problem with the UTP solution. Furthermore, coapplying a high concentration of UTP with ATP did not inhibit the response to ATP. Thus, contrary to a previous report, we find no evidence for an agonist action of UTP at the human P2Y11 receptor, nor does UTP act as an antagonist.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lenertz LY, Baughman CJ, Waldschmidt NV, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ. Control of bone development by P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in mesenchymal and hematopoietic cells. Gene 2015; 570:1-7. [PMID: 26079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development and homeostasis require the interplay between several cell types, including mesenchymal osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as hematopoietic osteoclasts. Recent evidence suggests that cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, which are fundamental for tissue regeneration and treatment of degenerative diseases, are controlled by P2 receptors (i.e., P2X and P2Y receptors). Both types of P2 receptors are versatile transducers of diverse signals activated by extracellular nucleotides like ATP that are released in response to tissue injury, infection or shear stress. The P2X family of receptors has been shown to mediate multiple signaling events including the influx of calcium, activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and induction of AP-1 family members known to regulate bone development. Support for the significance of P2X7 in regulating bone development and homeostasis has been provided by several studies focusing on animal models and single nucleotide polymorphisms. P2 receptors are functionally expressed in both bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, while recent findings also suggest that these receptors translate mechanical stimuli in osteocytes. Their ability to respond to external nucleotide analogs renders these cell surface proteins excellent targets for skeletal regenerative therapies. This overview summarizes mechanisms by which nucleotide receptors control skeletal cells and contribute to bone tissue development remodeling and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Lenertz
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Cory J Baughman
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
The role of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) as a major intracellular energy source is well-established. In addition, ATP and related nucleotides have widespread extracellular actions via the ionotropic P2X (ligand-gated cation channels) and metabotropic P2Y (G protein-coupled) receptors. Numerous experimental techniques, including myography, electrophysiology and biochemical measurement of neurotransmitter release, have been used to show that ATP has several major roles as a neurotransmitter in peripheral nerves. When released from enteric nerves of the gastrointestinal tract it acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, mediating descending muscle relaxation during peristalsis. ATP is also an excitatory cotransmitter in autonomic nerves; 1) It is costored with noradrenaline in synaptic vesicles in postganglionic sympathetic nerves innervating smooth muscle preparations, such as the vas deferens and most arteries. When coreleased with noradrenaline, ATP acts at postjunctional P2X1 receptors to evoke depolarisation, Ca(2+) influx, Ca(2+) sensitisation and contraction. 2) ATP is also coreleased with acetylcholine from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves innervating the urinary bladder and again acts at postjunctional P2X1 receptors, and possibly also a P2X1+4 heteromer, to elicit smooth muscle contraction. In both cases the neurotransmitter actions of ATP are terminated by dephosphorylation by extracellular, membrane-bound enzymes and soluble nucleotidases released from postganglionic nerves. There are indications of an increased contribution of ATP to control of blood pressure in hypertension, but further research is needed to clarify this possibility. More promising is the upregulation of P2X receptors in dysfunctional bladder, including interstitial cystitis, idiopathic detrusor instability and overactive bladder syndrome. Consequently, these roles of ATP are of great therapeutic interest and are increasingly being targeted by pharmaceutical companies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Burnstock G, Pelleg A. Cardiac purinergic signalling in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2015; 11:1-46. [PMID: 25527177 PMCID: PMC4336308 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is a historical account about purinergic signalling in the heart, for readers to see how ideas and understanding have changed as new experimental results were published. Initially, the focus is on the nervous control of the heart by ATP as a cotransmitter in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, as well as in intracardiac neurons. Control of the heart by centers in the brain and vagal cardiovascular reflexes involving purines are also discussed. The actions of adenine nucleotides and nucleosides on cardiomyocytes, atrioventricular and sinoatrial nodes, cardiac fibroblasts, and coronary blood vessels are described. Cardiac release and degradation of ATP are also described. Finally, the involvement of purinergic signalling and its therapeutic potential in cardiac pathophysiology is reviewed, including acute and chronic heart failure, ischemia, infarction, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, syncope, hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, angina, diabetic cardiomyopathy, as well as heart transplantation and coronary bypass grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
García-Villalón ÁL, Granado M, Monge L, Fernández N, Carreño-Tarragona G, Amor S. Purinergic component in the coronary vasodilatation to acetylcholine after ischemia-reperfusion in perfused rat hearts. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:283-9. [PMID: 25228127 DOI: 10.1159/000365928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the involvement of purinergic receptors in coronary endothelium-dependent relaxation, the response to acetylcholine (1 × 10(-8) to 3 × 10(-7)M) was recorded in isolated rat hearts perfused according to the Langendorff procedure before and after 30 min of ischemia and 15 min of reperfusion and after the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with L-NAME (10(-4)M), in the absence and presence of the antagonist of purinergic P2X receptors, PPADS (3 × 10(-6)M), and of the antagonist of purinergic P2Y receptors, Reactive Blue 2 (3 × 10(-7)M). In control conditions, the relaxation to acetylcholine was not altered by PPADS or Reactive Blue 2. The relaxation to acetylcholine was reduced after ischemia-reperfusion, and, in this condition, it was further reduced by treatment with PPADS or Reactive Blue 2. Likewise, the relaxation to acetylcholine was reduced by L-NAME, and reduced further by Reactive Blue 2 but not by PPADS. These results suggest that the relaxation to acetylcholine may be partly mediated by purinergic receptors after ischemia-reperfusion, due to the reduction of nitric oxide release in this condition.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kurtenbach S, Kurtenbach S, Zoidl G. Array data extractor (ADE): a LabVIEW program to extract and merge gene array data. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:496. [PMID: 24289243 PMCID: PMC4222097 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large data sets from gene expression array studies are publicly available offering information highly valuable for research across many disciplines ranging from fundamental to clinical research. Highly advanced bioinformatics tools have been made available to researchers, but a demand for user-friendly software allowing researchers to quickly extract expression information for multiple genes from multiple studies persists. Findings Here, we present a user-friendly LabVIEW program to automatically extract gene expression data for a list of genes from multiple normalized microarray datasets. Functionality was tested for 288 class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and expression data from 12 studies comparing normal and diseased human hearts. Results confirmed known regulation of a beta 1 adrenergic receptor and further indicate novel research targets. Conclusions Although existing software allows for complex data analyses, the LabVIEW based program presented here, “Array Data Extractor (ADE)”, provides users with a tool to retrieve meaningful information from multiple normalized gene expression datasets in a fast and easy way. Further, the graphical programming language used in LabVIEW allows applying changes to the program without the need of advanced programming knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kurtenbach
- Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, York University, LSB 323A, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
The importance of drug discovery for treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:355-7. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|