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Janin YL. On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1355-1378. [PMID: 36247982 PMCID: PMC9531561 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective is an attempt to document the problems that medicinal chemists are facing in drug discovery. It is also trying to identify relevant/possible, research areas in which academics can have an impact and should thus be the subject of grant calls. Accordingly, it describes how hit discovery happens, how compounds to be screened are selected from available chemicals and the possible reasons for the recurrent paucity of useful/exploitable results reported. This is followed by the successful hit to lead stories leading to recent and original antibacterials which are, or about to be, used in human medicine. Then, illustrated considerations and suggestions are made on the possible inputs of academic medicinal chemists. This starts with the observation that discovering a "good" hit in the course of a screening campaign still rely on a lot of luck - which is within the reach of academics -, that the hit to lead process requires a lot of chemistry and that if public-private partnerships can be important throughout these stages, they are absolute requirements for clinical trials. Concerning suggestions to improve the current hit success rate, one academic input in organic chemistry would be to identify new and pertinent chemical space, design synthetic accesses to reach these and prepare the corresponding chemical libraries. Concerning hit to lead programs on a given target, if no new hits are available, previously reported leads along with new structural data can be pertinent starting points to design, prepare and assay original analogues. In conclusion, this text is an actual plea illustrating that, in many countries, academic research in medicinal chemistry should be more funded, especially in the therapeutic area neglected by the industry. At the least, such funds would provide the intensive to secure series of hopefully relevant chemical entities which appears to often lack when considering the results of academic as well as industrial screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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Pańczyk‐Straszak K, Rapacz A, Marona H, Żelaszczyk D, Karczewska E, Zając M, Skiba‐Kurek I, Siwek A, Waszkielewicz A. Design, Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of New Phenoxyalkyl, Phenoxyethoxyethyl and Phenoxyacetyl Derivatives of Aminoalkanols. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pańczyk‐Straszak
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacodynamics Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karczewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Martyna Zając
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Iwona Skiba‐Kurek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmacobiology Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Waszkielewicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College Faculty of Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry Department of Bioorganic Chemistry Medyczna 9 30-688 Kraków Poland
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Pańczyk K, Rapacz A, Furgała-Wojas A, Sałat K, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Łucjanek M, Skiba-Kurek I, Karczewska E, Sowa A, Żelaszczyk D, Siwek A, Popiół J, Pękala E, Marona H, Waszkielewicz A. Anticonvulsant and analgesic in neuropathic pain activity in a group of new aminoalkanol derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127325. [PMID: 32631530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the presented research, thirteen new aminoalkanol derivatives were designed and obtained by chemical synthesis. In vivo studies (mice, i.p.) showed anticonvulsant activity (MES) of nine compounds, and in the case of one compound (R,S-trans-2-((2-(2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)ethyl)amino)cyclohexan-1-ol, 4) both anticonvulsant (ED50 MES = 15.67 mg/kg, TD50 rotarod = 78.30 mg.kg, PI = 5.00) and analgesic activity (OXA-induced neuropathic pain, active at 15 mg/kg). For selected active compounds additional in vitro studies have been performed, including receptor studies (5-HT1A), evaluation of antioxidant activity (DPPH assay), metabolism studies as well as safety panel (mutagenicity, safety in relation to the gastrointestinal flora, cytotoxicity towards astrocytes as well as impact on their proliferation and cell cycle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pańczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Furgała-Wojas
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Martyna Łucjanek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Skiba-Kurek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Karczewska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sowa
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacobiology, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henryk Marona
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Waszkielewicz
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
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Probe dependency in the determination of ligand binding kinetics at a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7906. [PMID: 31133718 PMCID: PMC6536503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-target binding kinetics are suggested to be important parameters for the prediction of in vivo drug-efficacy. For G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the binding kinetics of ligands are typically determined using association binding experiments in competition with radiolabelled probes, followed by analysis with the widely used competitive binding kinetics theory developed by Motulsky and Mahan. Despite this, the influence of the radioligand binding kinetics on the kinetic parameters derived for the ligands tested is often overlooked. To address this, binding rate constants for a series of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) antagonists were determined using radioligands with either slow (low koff) or fast (high koff) dissociation characteristics. A correlation was observed between the probe-specific datasets for the kinetic binding affinities, association rate constants and dissociation rate constants. However, the magnitude and accuracy of the binding rate constant-values was highly dependent on the used radioligand probe. Further analysis using recently developed fluorescent binding methods corroborates the finding that the Motulsky-Mahan methodology is limited by the employed assay conditions. The presented data suggest that kinetic parameters of GPCR ligands depend largely on the characteristics of the probe used and results should therefore be viewed within the experimental context and limitations of the applied methodology.
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Abstract
‘Drug promiscuity’ refers to a drug that can act on multiple molecular targets, exhibiting similar or different pharmacological effects. Drugs may interact with unwanted targets, leading to off-target effects (one of the main reasons for side effects). Thus, intervention to prevent off-target effects in the early stages of drug discovery could reduce the risk of failure. The conversion between target and off-target effects is important for drug repurposing. Drug repurposing strategies could reduce research and development costs. This review details the research progress in the rational application of drug promiscuity for the discovery of multi-target drugs, drug repurposing and improving druggability in medicinal chemistry over the last 5 years.
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Karawajczyk A, Orrling KM, de Vlieger JSB, Rijnders T, Tzalis D. The European Lead Factory: A Blueprint for Public-Private Partnerships in Early Drug Discovery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 3:75. [PMID: 28154815 PMCID: PMC5243859 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Lead Factory (ELF) is a public–private partnership (PPP) that provides researchers in Europe with a unique platform for translation of innovative biology and chemistry into high-quality starting points for drug discovery. It combines an exceptional collection of small molecules, high-throughput screening (HTS) infrastructure, and hit follow-up capabilities to advance research projects from both private companies and publicly funded researchers. By active interactions with the wider European life science community, ELF connects and unites bright ideas, talent, and experience from several disciplines. As a result, ELF is a unique, collaborative lead generation engine that has so far resulted in >4,500 hit compounds with a defined biological activity from 83 successfully completed HTS and hit evaluation campaigns. The PPP has also produced more than 120,000 novel innovative library compounds that complement the 327,000 compounds contributed by the participating pharmaceutical companies. Intrinsic to its setup, ELF enables breakthroughs in areas with unmet medical and societal needs, where no individual entity would be able to create a comparable impact in such a short time.
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Plate-based diversity subset screening generation 2: an improved paradigm for high-throughput screening of large compound files. Mol Divers 2016; 20:789-803. [PMID: 27631533 PMCID: PMC5055576 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) is an effective method for lead and probe discovery that is widely used in industry and academia to identify novel chemical matter and to initiate the drug discovery process. However, HTS can be time consuming and costly and the use of subsets as an efficient alternative to screening entire compound collections has been investigated. Subsets may be selected on the basis of chemical diversity, molecular properties, biological activity diversity or biological target focus. Previously, we described a novel form of subset screening: plate-based diversity subset (PBDS) screening, in which the screening subset is constructed by plate selection (rather than individual compound cherry-picking), using algorithms that select for compound quality and chemical diversity on a plate basis. In this paper, we describe a second-generation approach to the construction of an updated subset: PBDS2, using both plate and individual compound selection, that has an improved coverage of the chemical space of the screening file, whilst only selecting the same number of plates for screening. We describe the validation of PBDS2 and its successful use in hit and lead discovery. PBDS2 screening became the default mode of singleton (one compound per well) HTS for lead discovery in Pfizer.
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Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P. The development of novel polypharmacological agents targeting the multiple binding sites of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:969-81. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1227317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
How to design a ligand to bind multiple targets, rather than to a single target, is the focus of this review. Rational polypharmacology draws on knowledge that is both broad ranging and hierarchical. Computer-aided multitarget ligand design methods are described according to their nested knowledge level. Ligand-only and then receptor-ligand strategies are first described; followed by the metabolic network viewpoint. Subsequently strategies that view infectious diseases as multigenomic targets are discussed, and finally the disease level interpretation of medicinal therapy is considered. As yet there is no consensus on how best to proceed in designing a multitarget ligand. The current methodologies are bought together in an attempt to give a practical overview of how polypharmacology design might be best initiated.
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10
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Stegall MD, Morris RE, Alloway RR, Mannon RB. Developing New Immunosuppression for the Next Generation of Transplant Recipients: The Path Forward. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1094-101. [PMID: 26730885 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of new immunosuppressive drugs has slowed markedly over the past several years, and the outlook that improved therapy will be available to the next generation of transplant recipients is bleak. In this viewpoint, the authors outline some of important barriers to new drug development and suggest specific steps that the transplant community can take to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Stegall
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology, von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - R E Morris
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - R R Alloway
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - R B Mannon
- Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Comprehensive Transplant Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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One size does not fit all: Challenging some dogmas and taboos in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:29-38. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in genetics, biology, chemical synthesis and computational methods have contributed to the understanding of diseases and drugs and with all of the above, there is an expectation that we are in a better position than ever before to create effective medicines for our needs. The reality is, however, disconnected from the expectation – US FDA drug approval statistics show that the number of approved drugs, especially the first-in-class drugs, is not commensurate with our improved knowledge. In this perspective, we offer our views on the possible reasons for this, focusing on small-molecule drugs and suggest some ideas for further considerations.
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12
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Karawajczyk A, Giordanetto F, Benningshof J, Hamza D, Kalliokoski T, Pouwer K, Morgentin R, Nelson A, Müller G, Piechot A, Tzalis D. Expansion of chemical space for collaborative lead generation and drug discovery: the European Lead Factory Perspective. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1310-6. [PMID: 26429298 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) represents a major cornerstone of drug discovery. The availability of an innovative, relevant and high-quality compound collection to be screened often dictates the final fate of a drug discovery campaign. Given that the chemical space to be sampled in research programs is practically infinite and sparsely populated, significant efforts and resources need to be invested in the generation and maintenance of a competitive compound collection. The European Lead Factory (ELF) project is addressing this challenge by leveraging the diverse experience and know-how of academic groups and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engaged in synthetic and/or medicinal chemistry. Here, we describe the novelty, diversity, structural complexity, physicochemical characteristics and overall attractiveness of this first batch of ELF compounds for HTS purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Karawajczyk
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Daniel Hamza
- Sygnature Discovery, BioCity, Nottingham NG1 1GF, UK
| | - Tuomo Kalliokoski
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Strabe 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kees Pouwer
- Syncom BV, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Adam Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gerhard Müller
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, 6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Piechot
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tzalis
- Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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Caldwell GW. In silico tools used for compound selection during target-based drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:901-23. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1043885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Caldwell
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Discovery Sciences, Spring House, PA, USA
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Nussbaumer P. Medicinal Chemists of the 21stCentury-Who Are We and Where to Go? ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1133-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Huang H, Liu H, Liu C, Fan L, Zhang X, Gao A, Hu X, Zhang K, Cao X, Jiang K, Zhou Y, Hou J, Nan F, Li J. Disruption of the unfolded protein response (UPR) by lead compound selectively suppresses cancer cell growth. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:257-68. [PMID: 25721085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying chemotherapy candidates with high selectivity against cancer cells is a major challenge in cancer treatment. Tumor microenvironments cause chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) as an adaptive response. Here, one novel small-molecule compound, 17#, was discovered as a potent pan-UPR inhibitor. It exhibited good selection for growth inhibition when cancer cells were cultured in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), mimicking an in vitro glucose-deprived status. Additionally, 17# alone could mildly suppress the growth of HeLa tumor xenografts, and a synergistic anti-cancer effect was observed when 17# was combined with 2DG. A mechanistic study showed that 17#-induced selective anti-cancer effects were highly dependent on UPR inhibition, and overexpressing GRP78 or XBP1s reversed the 17#-induced growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest, partially by delaying the downregulation of the cell cycle regulator cyclin B1. Furthermore, 17# improved the sensitivity of anti-cancer drugs such as doxorubicin or etoposide. Our study presents evidence that disrupting the UPR has selective therapeutic potential and may enhance drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201203, China; National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changmei Liu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Anhui Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaobei Hu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kunzhi Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianchao Cao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kailong Jiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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