1
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Nagasawa T, Sato K, Kasumi T. Interaction of Organogermanium Compounds with Saccharides in Aqueous Solutions: Promotion of Aldose-to-ketose Isomerization and Its Molecular Mechanism. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2023; 70:81-97. [PMID: 38239765 PMCID: PMC10792222 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2023_0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses sugar isomerization with organogermanium compounds. Organogermanium compounds markedly increase the aldose-ketose (glucose-fructose or lactose-lactulose) isomerization ratio, double the initial reaction rate, and significantly reduce the base-catalyzed degradation of sugars. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals that the affinity of organogermanium compounds with a 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) structure toward ketoses is 20-40 times stronger than that toward aldoses; thus, such organogermanium compounds form complexes more readily with ketoses than with aldoses. Stable ketose complexes, which contain multiple cis-diol structures and high fractions of furanose structures, suppress the reverse ketose-aldose reaction, thereby shifting the equilibrium toward the ketose side. These complexes also protect sugar molecules from alkaline degradation owing to the repulsion between anionic charges. The increased rate of the initial reaction in the alkaline isomerization process results from stabilizing the transition state by forming a complex between THGP and a cis-enediol intermediate. The cyclic pentacoordinate or hexacoordinate THGP structures give rise to a conjugated system of germanium orbitals, which is extended through dπ-pπ interactions, thereby improving the stability of the complex. Based on these results, we have developed a bench-scale lactulose syrup manufacturing plant incorporating a system to separate, recover, and reuse organogermanium poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane]. This manufacturing plant can be used as a model of an alkaline isomerization accelerator for continuous industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takafumi Kasumi
- Enzymology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University
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2
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Menchikov LG, Popov AV. Physiological Activity of Trace Element Germanium including Anticancer Properties. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1535. [PMID: 37371629 PMCID: PMC10295216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Germanium is an essential microelement, and its deficiency can result in numerous diseases, particularly oncogenic conditions. Consequently, water-soluble germanium compounds, including inorganic and coordination compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their biological activity. The review analyzes the primary research from the last decade related to the anticancer activity of germanium compounds. Furthermore, the review clarifies their actual toxicity, identifies errors and misconceptions that have contributed to the discrediting of their biological activity, and briefly suggests a putative mechanism of germanium-mediated protection from oxidative stress. Finally, the review provides clarifications on the discovery history of water-soluble organic germanium compounds, which was distorted and suppressed for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G. Menchikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Anatomy Chemistry Building, Rm 317, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Menchikov LG, Shestov AA, Popov AV. Warburg Effect Revisited: Embodiment of Classical Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry. Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S1-S20. [PMID: 37069111 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The Nobel Prize Winner (1931) Dr. Otto H. Warburg had established that the primary energy source of the cancer cell is aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). He also postulated the hypothesis about "the prime cause of cancer", which is a matter of debate nowadays. Contrary to the hypothesis, his discovery was recognized entirely. However, the discovery had almost vanished in the heat of battle about the hypothesis. The prime cause of cancer is essential for the prevention and diagnosis, yet the effects that influence tumor growth are more important for cancer treatment. Due to the Warburg effect, a large amount of data has been accumulated on biochemical changes in the cell and the organism as a whole. Due to the Warburg effect, the recovery of normal biochemistry and oxygen respiration and the restoration of the work of mitochondria of cancer cells can inhibit tumor growth and lead to remission. Here, we review the current knowledge on the inhibition of abnormal glycolysis, neutralization of its consequences, and normalization of biochemical parameters, as well as recovery of oxygen respiration of a cancer cell and mitochondrial function from the point of view of classical biochemistry and organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G Menchikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Shestov
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Azumi J, Shimada Y, Takeda T, Aso H, Nakamura T. The Organogermanium Compound 3-(Trihydroxygermyl) Propanoic Acid (THGP) Suppresses Inflammasome Activation Via Complexation with ATP. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13364. [PMID: 36362152 PMCID: PMC9654755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasome activity is a key indicator of inflammation. The inflammasome is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate the p38-NF-κB pathway and promote IL-1β transcription (signaling step 1). Next, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activates the inflammasome (a protein complex consisting of a signal recognition protein, an adapter protein, and Caspase-1) and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β (signaling step 2). Inflammasome activation causes excessive inflammation, leading to inflammasome-active diseases such as atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes. A hydrolysate of the organogermanium compound Ge-132, 3-(Trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP) can form a complex with a cis-diol structure. We investigated the inhibitory effect of THGP on inflammasome activity in human THP-1 monocytes. THGP inhibited IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activation (signaling step 2) in an ATP-dependent manner. On the other hand, THGP did not suppress IL-1β secretion induced by only lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. In addition, as IL-6 is an ATP-independent inflammatory cytokine, THGP did not decrease its secretion. THGP also suppressed pyroptosis, which is a caspase-1 activity-dependent form of cell death. Therefore, THGP is expected to become a new therapeutic or prophylactic agent for inflammasome-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Azumi
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Hokkaido, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate 042-0958, Hokkaido, Japan
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Wang M, Wang L, Lyu X, Hua X, Goddard JM, Yang R. Lactulose production from lactose isomerization by chemo-catalysts and enzymes: Current status and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108021. [PMID: 35901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactulose, a semisynthetic nondigestive disaccharide with versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries, has received increasing interest due to its significant health-promoting effects. Currently, industrial lactulose production is exclusively carried out by chemical isomerization of lactose via the Lobry de Bruyn-Alberda van Ekenstein (LA) rearrangement, and much work has been directed toward improving the conversion efficiency in terms of lactulose yield and purity by using new chemo-catalysts and integrated catalytic-purification systems. Lactulose can also be produced by an enzymatic route offering a potentially greener alternative to chemo-catalysis with fewer side products. Compared to the controlled trans-galactosylation by β-galactosidase, directed isomerization of lactose with high isomerization efficiency catalyzed by the most efficient lactulose-producing enzyme, cellobiose 2-epimerase (CE), has gained much attention in recent decades. To further facilitate the industrial translation of CE-based lactulose biotransformation, numerous studies have been reported on improving biocatalytic performance through enzyme mediated molecular modification. This review summarizes recent developments in the chemical and enzymatic production of lactulose. Related catalytic mechanisms are also highlighted and described in detail. Emerging techniques that aimed at advancing lactulose production, such as the boronate affinity-based technique and molecular biological techniques, are reviewed. Finally, perspectives on challenges and opportunities in lactulose production and purification are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Julie M Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China.
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Sato K, Nagasawa T, Kasumi T. An Organogermanium Compound Enhances the Initial Reaction Rate of Alkaline Isomerization of an Aldose into a Ketose through Enediol Complex Formation. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2022; 69:9-13. [PMID: 35493701 PMCID: PMC8960003 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the organogermanium compound 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) enhances the enzymatic and alkaline isomerization of an aldose to a ketose through cis-diol complex formation by multiple mechanisms. Its higher affinity for the ketose than the aldose protects the ketose complex from alkaline decomposition. Furthermore, it has been reported that the aldose-ketose alkaline isomerization pathway includes 1,2-enediol. Therefore, we speculated that the complex-forming ability of THGP could also be applied to enediol, a transient intermediate of alkaline isomerization. To test this prediction, we analyzed the initial rates of glucose or lactose isomerization in a region where there was no substantial difference in pH with and without THGP addition. The results showed that THGP enhanced the rate of fructose or lactulose formation per unit time by approximately 2-fold compared to the control. This finding indicated that THGP could form a complex with the transition state of aldose-ketose alkaline isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takafumi Kasumi
- Enzymology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University
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7
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Dual Effect of Organogermanium Compound THGP on RIG-I-Mediated Viral Sensing and Viral Replication during Influenza a Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091674. [PMID: 34578256 PMCID: PMC8473027 DOI: 10.3390/v13091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of viral nucleic acid with protein factors is a crucial process for initiating viral polymerase-mediated viral genome replication while activating pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune responses. It has previously been reported that a hydrolysate of Ge-132, 3-(trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP), shows a modulatory effect on microbial infections, inflammation, and immune responses. However, the detailed mechanism by which THGP can modify these processes during viral infections remained unknown. Here, we show that THGP can specifically downregulate type I interferon (IFN) production in response to stimulation with a cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I ligand 5′-triphosphate RNA (3pRNA) but not double-stranded RNA, DNA, or lipopolysaccharide. Consistently, treatment with THGP resulted in the dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN induction upon infections with influenza virus (IAV) and vesicular stomatitis virus, which are known to be mainly sensed by RIG-I. Mechanistically, THGP directly binds to the 5′-triphosphate moiety of viral RNA and competes with RIG-I-mediated recognition. Furthermore, we found that THGP can directly counteract the replication of IAV but not EMCV (encephalitismyocarditis virus), by inhibiting the interaction of viral polymerase with RNA genome. Finally, IAV RNA levels were significantly reduced in the lung tissues of THGP-treated mice when compared with untreated mice. These results suggest a possible therapeutic implication of THGP and show direct antiviral action, together with the suppressive activity of innate inflammation.
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Shimada Y, Sato K, Masaki M, Nakamura T, Tokuji Y. Quantitative assessment of the interactions between the organogermanium compound and saccharides using an NMR reporter molecule. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108199. [PMID: 33272559 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane], Ge-132, is a water-soluble organogermanium compound reported to have physiological effects such as immunostimulatory and antiviral effects. The hydrolysate of Ge-132, 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP), can interact with diols; therefore, it likely can interact with diol-containing sugars in sugar chains, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, which have important physiological functions. In this study, we quantitatively assessed the ability of THGP to interact with saccharides using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and THGP derivatives. THGP was complexed by binding its trihydroxy group with saccharides in aqueous solutions via the cis-diol group rather than the trans-diol group. The spectra of THGP and monosaccharides indicated that THGP has a higher affinity for ketose than aldose. Moreover, the complexation ability between THGP and saccharides was influenced by the number of cis-diol groups on the saccharide structure. Thus, interactions of THGP with important biological sugars might be involved in the physiological functions of Ge-132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Sato
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Mika Masaki
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan; Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Azumi J, Takeda T, Shimada Y, Aso H, Nakamura T. The Organogermanium Compound THGP Suppresses Melanin Synthesis via Complex Formation with L-DOPA on Mushroom Tyrosinase and in B16 4A5 Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4785. [PMID: 31561511 PMCID: PMC6801725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The organogermanium compound 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) has various biological activities. We previously reported that THGP forms a complex with cis-diol structures. L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of melanin, contains a cis-diol structure in its catechol skeleton, and excessive melanin production causes skin darkening and staining. Thus, the cosmetic field is investigating substances that suppress melanin production. In this study, we investigated whether THGP inhibits melanin synthesis via the formation of a complex with L-DOPA using mushroom tyrosinase and B16 4A5 melanoma cells. The ability of THGP to interact with L-DOPA was analyzed by 1H-NMR, and the influence of THGP and/or kojic acid on melanin synthesis was investigated. We also examined the effect of THGP on cytotoxicity, tyrosinase activity, and gene expression and found that THGP interacted with L-DOPA, a precursor of melanin with a cis-diol structure. The results also showed that THGP inhibited melanin synthesis, exerted a synergistic effect with kojic acid, and did not affect tyrosinase activity or gene expression. These results suggest that THGP is a useful substrate that functions as an inhibitor of melanogenesis and that its effect is enhanced by combination with kojic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Azumi
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
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10
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Organogermanium suppresses cell death due to oxidative stress in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13637. [PMID: 31541125 PMCID: PMC6754400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very harmful to dermal cells, and it is thus important to develop cosmetics that protect the skin from ROS and other stimuli. Repagermanium is a synthetic water-soluble organogermanium polymer, and in this study, we attempted to visualize the incorporation of germanium into normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) using isotope microscopy. In addition, the content of 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP), a hydrolyzed monomer of repagermanium, in NHDFs was determined through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the dose-dependent incorporation of THGP was confirmed. We then evaluated the preventive effects of THGP against ROS-induced NHDF death and confirmed the observed preventive effects through gene profiling and expression analysis. The addition of 0.59–5.9 mM THGP reduced cell death resulting from ROS damage caused by the reaction between xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine and the direct addition of H2O2. Furthermore, this study provides the first demonstration that the effect of THGP was not due to the direct scavenging of ROS, which indicates that the mechanism of THGP differs from that of general antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid. The gene profiling and expression analysis showed that THGP suppressed the expression of the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) gene, which is related to cell death, and the interleukin 6 (IL6) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) genes, which are related to the inflammatory response. Furthermore, the production of IL6 induced by H2O2 was suppressed by the THGP treatment. Our data suggest that the preventive effect of THGP against ROS-induced cell death is not due to antioxidant enzymes or ROS scavenging.
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Filonova GE, Nikolaevskaya EN, Kansuzyan AV, Krylova IV, Egorov MP, Jouikov VV, Syroeshkin MA. Antioxidant Properties of Adrenaline in the Presence of Ge-132. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina E. Filonova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2 119435 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Elena N. Nikolaevskaya
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Artem V. Kansuzyan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR; University of Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes France
| | - Irina V. Krylova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | | | - Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
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Vishtorskaya AA, Saverina EA, Pechennikov VM, Krylova IV, Lalov AV, Syroeshkin MA, Egorov MP, Jouikov VV. Assessing Ge-132 as an antioxidant in organic and water-containing media. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Shimada Y, Sato K, Takeda T, Tokuji Y. The Organogermanium Compound Ge-132 Interacts with Nucleic Acid Components and Inhibits the Catalysis of Adenosine Substrate by Adenosine Deaminase. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:164-172. [PMID: 28429285 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) is a water-soluble organogermanium compound that exerts various physiological effects, including anti-inflammatory activity and pain relief. In water, Ge-132 is hydrolyzed to 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP), which in turn is capable of interacting with cis-diol compounds through its trihydroxy group, indicating that this compound could also interact with diol-containing nucleic acid constituents. In this study, we evaluated the ability of THGP to interact with nucleosides or nucleotides via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In addition, we evaluated the effect of added THGP on the enzymatic activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA) when using adenosine or 2'-deoxyadenosine as a substrate. In solution, THGP indeed formed complexes with nucleotides or nucleosides through their cis-diol group. Moreover, the ability of THGP to form complexes with nucleotides was influenced by the number of phosphate groups present on the ribose moiety. Notably, THGP also inhibited the catalysis of adenosine by ADA in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, interactions between THGP and important biological nucleic acid constituents might be implicated in the physiological effects of Ge-132.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Katsuyuki Sato
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tokuji
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
- Department of Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
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14
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Kim E, Hwang SU, Yoon JD, Jeung EB, Lee E, Kim DY, Hyun SH. Carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) treatment during in vitro culture protects fertilized porcine embryos against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:581-590. [PMID: 28993559 PMCID: PMC5735269 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the in vivo environment, porcine in vitro embryo-culture systems are suboptimal, as they induce oxidative stress via the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
High ROS levels during early embryonic development cause negative effects, such as apoptosis. In this study, we examined the effects of the antioxidant carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) during in
vitro culture (IVC) on embryonic development in porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. Zygotes were treated with different concentrations of Ge-132 (0, 100, 200 and 400 μg/ml). All of
the Ge-132 treatment groups displayed greater total cell numbers after IVC (98.1, 98.5 and 103.4, respectively) compared with the control group (73.9). The 200 μg/ml Ge-132 treatment group exhibited significantly
increased intracellular GSH levels compared with the control group, whereas the ROS generation levels decreased in Ge-132 dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the KEAP1 gene
and proapoptotic genes BAX and CASPASE3 were lower in the Ge-132 treated blastocysts compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The percentages of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the
Ge-132 treated embryos on day 2 (48 h) were significantly lower than the untreated embryos (9.1 vs. 17.1% and 0 vs. 2.7%, respectively). In the day 7 blastocysts, the percentages of
apoptotic cells in 200 µg/ml Ge-132 treated group were lower compared to controls (1.6 vs. 2.5%). More KEAP1 protein was found to be localized in cytoplasm of the 200 μg/ml Ge-132 treated blastocysts,
whereas KEAP1 protein was predominantly nuclei in the control blastocysts. These results indicate that the developmental competence of embryos cultured under Ge-132 treatment may be associated with KEAP1 signaling
cascades involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis during porcine preimplantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ung Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Junchul David Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsong Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Kangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Hyun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology, Veterinary Medical Center and College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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15
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Maheshwari K, Srivastava MK, Saxena S, Jain A. Generation, spectroscopic characterization and antioxidant activity of tetracoordinate and hexacoordinate complexes of diethylgermanium(IV) of relatively sterically undemanding N-protected amino acids and sterically demanding heterocyclic β-diketones containing radical sensitive Ge-O bond. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1266356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjiv Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Asha Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
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16
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Nagasawa T, Sato K, Shimada Y, Kasumi T. Efficient Conversion of D-Glucose to D-Fructose in the Presence of Organogermanium Compounds. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2016; 63:39-45. [PMID: 34354481 PMCID: PMC8056899 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Glucose and D-fructose are isomers of commonly consumed monosaccharides. The ratio of conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose by glucose isomerase (xylose isomerase) is not more than 50 %. However, addition of an equimolar ratio of the organogermanium compound poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) or its derivative increases the conversion ratio to 80 %. In contrast, use of the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation with heating results in a lower conversion ratio, less than 30 %, whereas addition of an equimolar concentration of Ge-132 or its derivative to this reaction mixture increases the ratio to 73 %. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to further analyze the affinity between organogermanium compounds (i.e., Ge-132 and its derivatives) and sugar using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. For the dimethyl derivative of Ge-132, the complex formation ratios at 0.25 M (mixing ratio 1:1) were 19 and 74 % for D-glucose and D-fructose, respectively. Additionally, the complex formation constants between monosaccharides and Ge-132 were 1.2 and 46 M-1 for D-glucose and D-fructose, respectively. The complex formation capacity was approximately 40-fold higher for D-fructose than for D-glucose. Therefore, we concluded that the high affinity for the product of isomerization may promote isomerization, and that promotion of sugar isomerization using organogermanium compounds is an effective method for conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- 1 Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd.,2 The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University
| | - Takafumi Kasumi
- 3 Enzymology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Nihon University
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