1
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Peng L, Wu T, Liu Y, Zhao D, He W, Yuan Y. OTUB1 accelerates hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing RACK1 via its non-canonical ubiquitination. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:987-1004. [PMID: 38315284 PMCID: PMC11219430 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00913-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated ubiquitination modification occupies a pivotal role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis and progression. The ubiquitin aldehyde binding 1 (OTUB1) was aberrantly upregulated and exhibited the pro-tumorigenic function in HCC. However, the underlying mechanisms and responsible targets of OTUB1 remain unclear. METHODS First, bioinformatics analysis, western blot and immunohistochemistry staining were applied to analyze OTUB1 expression in HCC specimens. Then, immunoprecipitation assay-tandem mass spectrometry (MS) combined with the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to explore the downstream target of OTUB1. Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays were used to identify the mechanisms involved. Finally, we explored the regulatory effect of MAZ on OTUB1 through ChIP-qPCR and dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS OTUB1 was broadly elevated in HCC tissues and promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC in vitro and in vivo. The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) performed as a functional partner of OTUB1 and its hyperactivation was associated with aggressive development and other malignant features in HCC by activating oncogenes transcription. Mechanistically, OTUB1 directly bound to RACK1 at its C-terminal domain and decreased the K48-linked ubiquitination of RACK1 through its non-canonical suppression of ubiquitination activity, which stabilized RACK1 protein levels in HCC cells. Therefore, OTUB1 significantly increased multiple oncogenes expression and activated PI3K/AKT and FAK/ERK signaling in a RACK1-dependent manner in HCC. Moreover, the transcription factor MAZ upregulated OTUB1 expression through identifying a putative response element of OTUB1 promoter area. CONCLUSIONS Our findings might provide a new therapeutic strategy for HCC by modifying the MAZ-OTUB1-RACK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiangen Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongli Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhi He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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2
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Son W, Jeong HS, Nam DE, Lee AJ, Nam SH, Lee JE, Choi BO, Chung KW. Peripheral Neuropathy and Decreased Locomotion of a RAB40B Mutation in Human and Model Animals. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:410-422. [PMID: 38196136 PMCID: PMC10789172 DOI: 10.5607/en23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rab40 proteins are an atypical subgroup of Rab GTPases containing a unique suppressor of the cytokine signaling (SOCS) domain that is recruited to assemble the CRL5 E3 ligase complex for proteolytic regulation in various biological processes. A nonsense mutation deleting the C-terminal SOCS box in the RAB40B gene was identified in a family with axonal peripheral neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2), and pathogenicity of the mutation was assessed in model organisms of zebrafish and Drosophila. Compared to control fish, zebrafish larvae transformed by the human mutant hRAB40B-Y83X showed a defective swimming pattern of stalling with restricted localization and slower motility. We were consistently able to observe reduced labeling of synaptic markers along neuromuscular junctions of the transformed larvae. In addition to the neurodevelopmental phenotypes, compared to normal hRAB40B expression, we further examined ectopic expression of hRAB40B-Y83X in Drosophila to show a progressive decline of locomotion ability. Decreased ability of locomotion by ubiquitous expression of the human mutation was reproduced not with GAL4 drivers for neuron-specific expression but only when a pan-glial GAL4 driver was applied. Using the ectopic expression model of Drosophila, we identified a genetic interaction in which Cul5 down regulation exacerbated the defective motor performance, showing a consistent loss of SOCS box of the pathogenic RAB40B. Taken together, we could assess the possible gain-of-function of the human RAB40B mutation by comparing behavioral phenotypes in animal models; our results suggest that the mutant phenotypes may be associated with CRL5-mediated proteolytic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonseok Son
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Da Eun Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Ah Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Nam
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Cell and Gene Therapy Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences and BK21 Team for Field-oriented BioCore Human Resources Development, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea
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3
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Tian R, Tian J, Zuo X, Ren S, Zhang H, Liu H, Wang Z, Cui Y, Niu R, Zhang F. RACK1 facilitates breast cancer progression by competitively inhibiting the binding of β-catenin to PSMD2 and enhancing the stability of β-catenin. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:685. [PMID: 37848434 PMCID: PMC10582012 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is a key scaffolding protein with multifunctional and multifaceted properties. By mediating protein-protein interactions, RACK1 integrates multiple intracellular signals involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Dysregulation of RACK1 has been implicated in the initiation and progression of many tumors. However, the exact function of RACK1 in cancer cellular processes, especially in proliferation, remains controversial. Here, we show that RACK1 is required for breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. This effect of RACK1 is associated with its ability to enhance β-catenin stability and activate the canonical WNT signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. We identified PSMD2, a key component of the proteasome, as a novel binding partner for RACK1 and β-catenin. Interestingly, although there is no interaction between RACK1 and β-catenin, RACK1 binds PSMD2 competitively with β-catenin. Moreover, RACK1 prevents ubiquitinated β-catenin from binding to PSMD2, thereby protecting β-catenin from proteasomal degradation. Collectively, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which RACK1 increases β-catenin stability and promotes breast cancer proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jianfei Tian
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zuo
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Sixin Ren
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - He Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanfen Cui
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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4
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Neumann AJ, Prekeris R. A Rab-bit hole: Rab40 GTPases as new regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1268922. [PMID: 37736498 PMCID: PMC10509765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1268922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of machinery involved in cell migration is vital to the maintenance of proper organism function. When migration is dysregulated, a variety of phenotypes ranging from developmental disorders to cancer metastasis can occur. One of the primary structures involved in cell migration is the actin cytoskeleton. Actin assembly and disassembly form a variety of dynamic structures which provide the pushing and contractile forces necessary for cells to properly migrate. As such, actin dynamics are tightly regulated. Classically, the Rho family of GTPases are considered the major regulators of the actin cytoskeleton during cell migration. Together, this family establishes polarity in the migrating cell by stimulating the formation of various actin structures in specific cellular locations. However, while the Rho GTPases are acknowledged as the core machinery regulating actin dynamics and cell migration, a variety of other proteins have become established as modulators of actin structures and cell migration. One such group of proteins is the Rab40 family of GTPases, an evolutionarily and functionally unique family of Rabs. Rab40 originated as a single protein in the bilaterians and, through multiple duplication events, expanded to a four-protein family in higher primates. Furthermore, unlike other members of the Rab family, Rab40 proteins contain a C-terminally located suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box domain. Through the SOCS box, Rab40 proteins interact with Cullin5 to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. As a member of this complex, Rab40 ubiquitinates its effectors, controlling their degradation, localization, and activation. Because substrates of the Rab40/Cullin5 complex can play a role in regulating actin structures and cell migration, the Rab40 family of proteins has recently emerged as unique modulators of cell migration machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Han KJ, Mikalayeva V, Gerber SA, Kettenbach AN, Skeberdis VA, Prekeris R. Rab40c regulates focal adhesions and PP6 activity by controlling ANKRD28 ubiquitylation. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/9/e202101346. [PMID: 35512830 PMCID: PMC9070665 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab40c is a SOCS box-containing protein which binds Cullin5 to form a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex (Rab40c/CRL5) to regulate protein ubiquitylation. However, the exact functions of Rab40c remain to be determined, and what proteins are the targets of Rab40c-Cullin5-mediated ubiquitylation in mammalian cells are unknown. Here we showed that in migrating MDA-MB-231 cells Rab40c regulates focal adhesion's number, size, and distribution. Mechanistically, we found that Rab40c binds the protein phosphatase 6 (PP6) complex and ubiquitylates one of its subunits, ankyrin repeat domain 28 (ANKRD28), thus leading to its lysosomal degradation. Furthermore, we identified that phosphorylation of FAK and MOB1 is decreased in Rab40c knock-out cells, which may contribute to focal adhesion site regulation by Rab40c. Thus, we propose a model where Rab40c/CRL5 regulates ANKRD28 ubiquitylation and degradation, leading to a decrease in PP6 activity, which ultimately affects FAK and Hippo pathway signaling to alter focal adhesion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Valeryia Mikalayeva
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Scott A Gerber
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Vytenis A Skeberdis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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6
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Ou H, Wang L, Xi Z, Shen H, Jiang Y, Zhou F, Liu Y, Zhou Y. MYO10 contributes to the malignant phenotypes of colorectal cancer via RACK1 by activating integrin/Src/FAK signaling. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3838-3851. [PMID: 35912545 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver metastases still remain a major cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) patient death. MYO10 is upregulated in several tumor types, however, its significance and the underlying mechanism in CRC is not entirely clear. Here we found that MYO10 was highly expressed in CRC tumor tissues, especially in liver metastasis tissues. MYO10 knockout reduced CRC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro, and CRC metastasis in vivo. We identified RACK1 by LC-MS/MS and demonstrated that MYO10 interacts with and stabilizes RACK1. Mechanistically, MYO10 promotes CRC cell progression and metastasis via ubiquitination-mediated RACK1 degradation and integrin/Src/FAK signaling activation. Therefore, the MYO10/RACK1/integrin/Src/FAK axis may play an important role in CRC progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Ou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyao Xi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaofei Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Wu H, Dong X, Liao L, Huang L. An Integrative Analysis Identifying RAB40C as an Oncogenic Immune Protein and Prognostic Marker of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:525-537. [PMID: 35645578 PMCID: PMC9135582 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s357166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RAB40C, a member of the Ras oncogene family, is a protein with GTPase and GTP-binding activity and is also predicted to be important in immunomodulation. However, the link between RAB40C and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) has not yet been elucidated. Exploring the relationship between RAB40C and LUSC could help expand the repertoire of immunotherapeutic targets for LUSC and provide more effective therapeutic options for LUSC patients, which behalf of our aim for our study. Methods We analyzed the RAB40C expression in different tumor types and stages based on the TCGA database. Subsequently, we explored the differences in RAB40C expression in LUSC versus paracancerous tissues through immunohistochemical analysis. The prognostic value of RAB40C was assessed by Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis-based RAB40C impact pathways and the correlation between RAB40C expression and immune infiltration were obtained using the TIMER2.0 and the CIBERSORT analytical tools. Tumor mutational load and microsatellite instability (MSI) were assessed by the Spearman correlation analysis. Finally, the close association of RAB40C with LUSC was explored by correlating immune cell infiltration with immunomodulator expression, assessing risk scores in combination with other factors, and analyzing prognostic nomogram. Results The expression of RAB40C was significantly elevated in LUSC. RAB40C expression was significantly associated with immune factors, immune-related pathways, and MSI. Moreover, RAB40C significantly negatively correlated with LUSC-associated immune infiltrating cells, CD4 memory-activated cells, γδ T cells, M1-like macrophages, and the immune regulator CD28, while it positively associated with the activation of Tregs and natural killer cells. Further, a risk model constructed from RAB40C and its associated immune genes showed that RAB40C might be an independent prognostic factor for LUSC. Conclusion RAB40C can be used as an effective prognostic biomarker and a potential immunotherapeutic target for the treatment of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wu
- Department of Pneumology, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Wu, Department of Pneumology, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Xuhui Dong
- Department of Pneumology, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixian Liao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihaoyun Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Linklater ES, Duncan ED, Han KJ, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Lyons TR, Prekeris R. Rab40-Cullin5 complex regulates EPLIN and actin cytoskeleton dynamics during cell migration. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212111. [PMID: 33999101 PMCID: PMC8129794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab40b is a SOCS box–containing protein that regulates the secretion of MMPs to facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling during cell migration. Here, we show that Rab40b interacts with Cullin5 via the Rab40b SOCS domain. We demonstrate that loss of Rab40b–Cullin5 binding decreases cell motility and invasive potential and show that defective cell migration and invasion stem from alteration to the actin cytoskeleton, leading to decreased invadopodia formation, decreased actin dynamics at the leading edge, and an increase in stress fibers. We also show that these stress fibers anchor at less dynamic, more stable focal adhesions. Mechanistically, changes in the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion dynamics are mediated in part by EPLIN, which we demonstrate to be a binding partner of Rab40b and a target for Rab40b–Cullin5-dependent localized ubiquitylation and degradation. Thus, we propose a model where Rab40b–Cullin5-dependent ubiquitylation regulates EPLIN localization to promote cell migration and invasion by altering focal adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Linklater
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Emily D Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomics Center, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University Life Sciences Center, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Aurora, CO
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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9
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Interactions of Lipid Droplets with the Intracellular Transport Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052776. [PMID: 33803444 PMCID: PMC7967230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, studies of intracellular membrane trafficking have focused on the secretory and endocytic pathways and their major organelles. However, these pathways are also directly implicated in the biogenesis and function of other important intracellular organelles, the best studied of which are peroxisomes and lipid droplets. There is a large recent body of work on these organelles, which have resulted in the introduction of new paradigms regarding the roles of membrane trafficking organelles. In this review, we discuss the roles of membrane trafficking in the life cycle of lipid droplets. This includes the complementary roles of lipid phase separation and proteins in the biogenesis of lipid droplets from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes, and the attachment of mature lipid droplets to membranes by lipidic bridges and by more conventional protein tethers. We also discuss the catabolism of neutral lipids, which in part results from the interaction of lipid droplets with cytosolic molecules, but with important roles for both macroautophagy and microautophagy. Finally, we address their eventual demise, which involves interactions with the autophagocytotic machinery. We pay particular attention to the roles of small GTPases, particularly Rab18, in these processes.
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10
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Yu Z, Jiang X, Qin L, Deng H, Wang J, Ren W, Li H, Zhao L, Liu H, Yan H, Shi W, Wang Q, Luo C, Long B, Zhou H, Sun H, Jiao Z. A novel UBE2T inhibitor suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling hyperactivation and gastric cancer progression by blocking RACK1 ubiquitination. Oncogene 2021; 40:1027-1042. [PMID: 33323973 PMCID: PMC7862066 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01572-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is critically involved in gastric cancer (GC) progression. However, current Wnt pathway inhibitors being studied in preclinical or clinical settings for other cancers such as colorectal and pancreatic cancers are either too cytotoxic or insufficiently efficacious for GC. Thus, we screened new potent targets from β-catenin destruction complex associated with GC progression from clinical samples, and found that scaffolding protein RACK1 deficiency plays a significant role in GC progression, but not APC, AXIN, and GSK3β. Then, we identified its upstream regulator UBE2T which promotes GC progression via hyperactivating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through the ubiquitination and degradation of RACK1 at the lysine K172, K225, and K257 residues independent of an E3 ligase. Indeed, UBE2T protein level is negatively associated with prognosis in GC patients, suggesting that UBE2T is a promising target for GC therapy. Furthermore, we identified a novel UBE2T inhibitor, M435-1279, and suggested that M435-1279 acts inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway hyperactivation through blocking UBE2T-mediated degradation of RACK1, resulting in suppression of GC progression with lower cytotoxicity in the meantime. Overall, we found that increased UBE2T levels promote GC progression via the ubiquitination of RACK1 and identified a novel potent inhibitor providing a balance between growth inhibition and cytotoxicity as well, which offer a new opportunity for the specific GC patients with aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiangyan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Long Qin
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haixiao Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wen Ren
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Pathology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wengui Shi
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Changjiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Long
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huinian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Zuoyi Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
- Cui-ying Experimental Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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11
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Wu B, Chang N, Xi H, Xiong J, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Wu S, Wang N, Yi H, Song Y, Chen L, Zhang J. PHB2 promotes tumorigenesis via RACK1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3150-3166. [PMID: 33537079 PMCID: PMC7847695 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among cancers worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the most common type. Increasing evidence shows that PHB2 is highly expressed in other cancer types; however, the effects of PHB2 in NSCLC are currently poorly understood. Method: PHB2 expression and its clinical relevance in NSCLC tumor tissues were analyzed using a tissue microarray. The biological role of PHB2 in NSCLC was investigated in vitro and in vivo using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining, gene expression knockdown and overexpression, cell proliferation assay, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, wound healing assay, Transwell assay, western blot analysis, qRT-PCR, coimmunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry analysis. Results: Our major finding is that PHB2 facilitates tumorigenesis in NSCLC by interacting with and stabilizing RACK1, which further induces activation of downstream tumor-promoting effectors. PHB2 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tumor tissues, and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological features. Furthermore, PHB2 overexpression promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas PHB2 knockdown enhanced apoptosis in NSCLC cells. The stimulating effect of PHB2 on tumorigenesis was also verified in vivo. In addition, PHB2 interacted with RACK1 and increased its expression through posttranslational modification, which further induced activation of the Akt and FAK pathways. Conclusions: Our results reveal the effects of PHB2 on tumorigenesis and its regulation of RACK1 and RACK1-associated proteins and downstream signaling in NSCLC. We believe that the crosstalk between PHB2 and RACK1 provides us with a great opportunity to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
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12
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Christakoudi S, Runglall M, Mobillo P, Rebollo-Mesa I, Tsui TL, Nova-Lamperti E, Taube C, Norris S, Kamra Y, Hilton R, Augustine T, Bhandari S, Baker R, Berglund D, Carr S, Game D, Griffin S, Kalra PA, Lewis R, Mark PB, Marks SD, MacPhee I, McKane W, Mohaupt MG, Paz-Artal E, Kon SP, Serón D, Sinha MD, Tucker B, Viklický O, Stahl D, Lechler RI, Lord GM, Hernandez-Fuentes MP. Development and validation of the first consensus gene-expression signature of operational tolerance in kidney transplantation, incorporating adjustment for immunosuppressive drug therapy. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102899. [PMID: 32707447 PMCID: PMC7374249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with "operational tolerance" (OT) maintain a functioning graft without immunosuppressive (IS) drugs, thus avoiding treatment complications. Nevertheless, IS drugs can influence gene-expression signatures aiming to identify OT among treated KTRs. METHODS We compared five published signatures of OT in peripheral blood samples from 18 tolerant, 183 stable, and 34 chronic rejector KTRs, using gene-expression levels with and without adjustment for IS drugs and regularised logistic regression. FINDINGS IS drugs explained up to 50% of the variability in gene-expression and 20-30% of the variability in the probability of OT predicted by signatures without drug adjustment. We present a parsimonious consensus gene-set to identify OT, derived from joint analysis of IS-drug-adjusted expression of five published signature gene-sets. This signature, including CD40, CTLA4, HSD11B1, IGKV4-1, MZB1, NR3C2, and RAB40C genes, showed an area under the curve 0⋅92 (95% confidence interval 0⋅88-0⋅94) in cross-validation and 0⋅97 (0⋅93-1⋅00) in six months follow-up samples. INTERPRETATION We advocate including adjustment for IS drug therapy in the development stage of gene-expression signatures of OT to reduce the risk of capturing features of treatment, which could be lost following IS drug minimisation or withdrawal. Our signature, however, would require further validation in an independent dataset and a biomarker-led trial. FUNDING FP7-HEALTH-2012-INNOVATION-1 [305147:BIO-DrIM] (SC,IR-M,PM,DSt); MRC [G0801537/ID:88245] (MPH-F); MRC [MR/J006742/1] (IR-M); Guy's&StThomas' Charity [R080530]&[R090782]; CONICYT-Bicentennial-Becas-Chile (EN-L); EU:FP7/2007-2013 [HEALTH-F5-2010-260687: The ONE Study] (MPH-F); Czech Ministry of Health [NV19-06-00031] (OV); NIHR-BRC Guy's&StThomas' NHS Foundation Trust and KCL (SC); UK Clinical Research Networks [portfolio:7521].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Christakoudi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Manohursingh Runglall
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paula Mobillo
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Irene Rebollo-Mesa
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Tjir-Li Tsui
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Catharine Taube
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sonia Norris
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Yogesh Kamra
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rachel Hilton
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Titus Augustine
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Anlaby Rd, Hull HU3 2JZ, UK
| | - Richard Baker
- St James's University Hospital, Beckett St, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sue Carr
- Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Rd, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - David Game
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sian Griffin
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
| | - Philip A Kalra
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Ln, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Robert Lewis
- Queen Alexandra Hospital, Southwick Hill Rd, Cosham, Portsmouth PO6 3LY, UK
| | - Patrick B Mark
- University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK; University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Iain MacPhee
- St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Rd, London SW17 0QT, UK & Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE
| | - William McKane
- Northern General Hospital, Herries Rd, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Markus G Mohaupt
- Internal Medicine, Lindenhofgruppe Berne, Switzerland; University of Bern, Berne, Switzerland; School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology and imas12 Research Institute, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sui Phin Kon
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Daniel Serón
- Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manish D Sinha
- Evelina London Children's Hospital, Westminster Bridge Rd, Lambeth, London SE1 7EH, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Beatriz Tucker
- King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ondrej Viklický
- Transplantační laboratoř, Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny (IKEM), Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Stahl
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Graham M Lord
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maria P Hernandez-Fuentes
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK; King's Health Partners, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Liu K, Huo H, Jia W, Li M, Xiong Z, Sun Y, Wu J, Li H, Liu J, Liu Y, Jin T, Li B, Zuo Y, Zhao Y. RAB40C gene polymorphisms rs62030917 and rs2269556 are associated with an increased risk of lumbar disc herniation development in the Chinese Han population. J Gene Med 2020; 23:e3252. [PMID: 32656896 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) places a serious burden on the daily lives and socioeconomics of people. Although the pathogenesis of LDH is complex, genetic factors such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may affect the risk of developing LDH. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of RAB40C SNPs on the risk of LDH in the Chinese Han population. METHODS We investigated 508 LDH cases and 508 healthy controls for this case-control study. Three tag SNPs in RAB40C were selected and genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform (Agena Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). After adjusting for age and gender, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS In the allele model, we found rs62030917 and rs2269556 in RAB40C with a minor G allele significantly increased the risk of LDH (rs62030917: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.00-1.50, p = 0.046; rs2269556: OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.02-1.45, p = 0.033). In genetic model analysis, rs2269556 was associated with an increased risk of LDH under both codominant (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.03-2.15, p = 0.035) and log-additive models (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01-1.45, p = 0.035). rs62030917 of RAB40C was associated with an increased risk of LDH under codominant, recessive and log-additive models (p < 0.05) only among individuals younger than 49 years after stratification by age. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, our results suggest that rs62030917 and rs2269556 in the RAB40C gene influence genetic susceptibility to LDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexun Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hongjun Huo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wenchao Jia
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Manglai Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Zichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haiyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zuo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Abstract
Melanin pigments are responsible for human skin and hair color, and they protect the body from harmful ultraviolet light. The black and brown melanin pigments are synthesized in specialized lysosome-related organelles called melanosomes in melanocytes. Mature melanosomes are transported within melanocytes and transferred to adjacent keratinocytes, which constitute the principal part of human skin. The melanosomes are then deposited inside the keratinocytes and darken the skin (a process called tanning). Owing to their dark color, melanosomes can be seen easily with an ordinary light microscope, and melanosome research dates back approximately 150 years; since then, biochemical studies aimed at isolating and purifying melanosomes have been conducted. Moreover, in the last two decades, hundreds of molecules involved in regulating melanosomal functions have been identified by analyses of the genes of coat-color mutant animals and patients with genetic diseases characterized by pigment abnormalities, such as hypopigmentation. In recent years, dynamic analyses by more precise microscopic observations have revealed specific functions of a variety of molecules involved in melanogenesis. This review article focuses on the latest findings with regard to the steps (or mechanisms) involved in melanosome formation and transport of mature melanosomes within epidermal melanocytes. Finally, we will touch on current topics in melanosome research, particularly on the "melanosome transfer" and "post-transfer" steps, and discuss future directions in pigment research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Ohbayashi
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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15
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Blair CM, Walsh NM, Littman BH, Marcoux FW, Baillie GS. Targeting B-Raf inhibitor resistant melanoma with novel cell penetrating peptide disrupters of PDE8A - C-Raf. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:266. [PMID: 30909892 PMCID: PMC6434832 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent advances in the treatment of melanoma that involve immunotherapy and B-Raf inhibition have revolutionised cancer care for this disease. However, an un-met clinical need remains in B-Raf inhibitor resistant patients where first-generation B-Raf inhibitors provide only short-term disease control. In these cases, B-Raf inhibition leads to paradoxical activation of the C-Raf – MEK – ERK signalling pathway, followed by metastasis. PDE8A has been shown to directly interact with and modulate the cAMP microdomain in the vicinity of C-Raf. This interaction promotes C-Raf activation by attenuating the PKA-mediated inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase. Methods We have used a novel cell-penetrating peptide agent (PPL-008) that inhibits the PDE8A – C-Raf complex in a human malignant MM415 melanoma cell line and MM415 melanoma xenograft mouse model to investigate ERK MAP kinase signalling. Results We have demonstrated that the PDE8A – C-Raf complex disruptor PPL-008 increased inhibitory C-Raf-S259 phosphorylation and significantly reduced phospho-ERK signalling. We have also discovered that the ability of PPL-008 to dampen ERK signalling can be used to counter B-Raf inhibitor-driven paradoxical activation of phospho-ERK in MM415 cells treated with PLX4032 (Vemurafenib). PPL-008 treatment also significantly retarded the growth of these cells. When applied to a MM415 melanoma xenograft mouse model, PPL-008C penetrated tumour tissue and significantly reduced phospho-ERK signalling in that domain. Conclusion Our data suggests that the PDE8A-C-Raf complex is a promising therapeutic treatment for B-Raf inhibitor resistant melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5489-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor M Blair
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Portage Glasgow Limited, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola M Walsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Bruce H Littman
- Portage Pharmaceuticals Limited, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.,EyGen Inc, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Frank W Marcoux
- Portage Glasgow Limited, Glasgow, UK.,Portage Pharmaceuticals Limited, Tortola, British Virgin Islands
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,Portage Glasgow Limited, Glasgow, UK.
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