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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Lee Y, Ni J, Wasinger VC, Graham P, Li Y. Comparison Study of Small Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods for Profiling Protein Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15462. [PMID: 37895140 PMCID: PMC10607056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are an important intercellular communicator, participating in all stages of cancer metastasis, immunity, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, protein cargoes within sEVs are considered as a superior source for breast cancer (BC) biomarker discovery. Our study aimed to optimise the approach for sEV isolation and sEV proteomic analysis to identify potential sEV protein biomarkers for BC diagnosis. sEVs derived from BC cell lines, BC patients' plasma, and non-cancer controls were isolated using ultracentrifugation (UC), a Total Exosome Isolation kit (TEI), and a combined approach named UCT. In BC cell lines, the UC isolates showed a higher sEV purity and marker expression, as well as a higher number of sEV proteins. In BC plasma samples, the UCT isolates showed the highest proportion of sEV-related proteins and the lowest percentage of lipoprotein-related proteins. Our data suggest that the assessment of both the quantity and quality of sEV isolation methods is important in selecting the optimal approach for the specific sEV research purpose, depending on the sample types and downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie C. Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Peter Graham
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
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3
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Fujimura NA, Fatima SE, Ahmed N, Akram M, Tahir S, Khan MA, Amirzada I, Nadeem T, Bashir H, Malik K. Evaluation of exosomes encapsulated recombinant Interleukin-29 for its in vitro anticancer studies. J Biotechnol 2023; 373:24-33. [PMID: 37394182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have recently been considered ideal biotherapeutic nanocarriers that broaden the frontiers of current drug delivery systems to overcome the shortcomings associated with cytokine-based immunotherapy. Using this approach, the current study aimed to assess anti-proliferative activity of purified IL-29 and exosomes encapsulated IL-29. The IL-29+pET-28a construct was transformed into Rosetta 2(DE3) cells which was used for the large-scale production of IL-29. Exosomes isolated from H1HeLa, and SF-767 cells using Total Exosome Isolation reagent were loaded with IL-29 via sonication. Isolation of exosomes was validated using their core protein signature by western blotting and specific miRNA profiles by RT-PCR. The drug loading efficiency of exosomes derived from H1HeLa cells was higher than that of SF-767-derived exosomes. The drug release kinetics of IL-29 encapsulated exosomes exhibited stable release of the recombinant drug. Around 50% of all cancer cell lines survived when IL-29 was administered at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. A survival rate of less than 10% was observed when cells were treated with 20 µg/mL IL-29 loaded exosomes. It was concluded that IL-29 loaded exosomes had a more significant cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, which might be attributed to sustained drug release, improved half-life, superior targeting efficacy, capacity to harness endogenous intracellular trafficking pathways, and heightened biocompatibility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Akusa Fujimura
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat E Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saad Tahir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amirzada
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSAT University, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Nadeem
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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4
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Zahran F, Nabil A, Nassr A, Barakat N. Amelioration of exosome and mesenchymal stem cells in rats infected with diabetic nephropathy by attenuating early markers and aquaporin-1 expression. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271731. [PMID: 37466513 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a prevalent diabetic microvascular condition. It is the leading cause of kidney disease in the advanced stages. There is no currently effective treatment available. This research aimed to investigate the curative potentials of exosomes isolated from mesenchymal stem cells affecting DN. This study was performed on 70 male adult albino rats. Adult rats were randomized into seven groups: Group I: Negative control group, Group II: DN group, Group III: Balanites treated group, Group IV: MSCs treated group, Group V: Exosome treated group, Group VI: Balanites + MSCs treated group and Group VII: Balanites + exosome treated group. Following the trial period, blood and renal tissues were subjected to biochemical, gene expression analyses, and histopathological examinations. Results showed that MDA was substantially increased, whereas TAC was significantly decreased in the kidney in the DN group compared to normal health rats. Undesired elevated values of MDA levels and a decrease in TAC were substantially ameliorated in groups co-administered Balanites aegyptiacae with MSCs or exosomes compared to the DN group. A substantial elevation in TNF-α and substantially diminished concentration of IGF-1 were noticed in DN rats compared to normal health rats. Compared to the DN group, the co-administration of Balanites aegyptiacae with MSCs or exosomes substantially improved the undesirable elevated values of TNF-α and IGF-1. Furthermore, in the DN group, the mRNA expression of Vanin-1, Nephrin, and collagen IV was significantly higher than in normal healthy rats. Compared with DN rats, Vanin-1, Nephrin, and collagen IV Upregulation were substantially reduced in groups co-administered Balanites aegyptiacae with MSCs or exosomes. In DN rats, AQP1 expression was significantly lower than in normal healthy rats. Furthermore, the groups co-administered Balanites aegyptiacae with MSCs or exosomes demonstrated a substantial increase in AQP1 mRNA expression compared to DN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zahran
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A Nabil
- Beni-Suef University, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences - PSAS, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - A Nassr
- Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - N Barakat
- Mansoura University, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt
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5
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Alptekin A, Parvin M, Chowdhury HI, Rashid MH, Arbab AS. Engineered exosomes for studies in tumor immunology. Immunol Rev 2022; 312:76-102. [PMID: 35808839 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) with diameters of 30-150 nm secreted by most of the cells into the extracellular spaces and can alter the microenvironment through cell-to-cell interactions by fusion with the plasma membrane and subsequent endocytosis and release of the cargo. Because of their biocompatibility, low toxicity and immunogenicity, permeability (even through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)), stability in biological fluids, and ability to accumulate in the lesions with higher specificity, investigators have started making designer's exosomes or engineered exosomes to carry biologically active protein on the surface or inside the exosomes as well as using exosomes to carry drugs, micro RNA, and other products to the site of interest. In this review, we have discussed biogenesis, markers, and contents of various exosomes including exosomes of immune cells. We have also discussed the current methods of making engineered and designer's exosomes as well as the use of engineered exosomes targeting different immune cells in the tumors, stroke, as well as at peripheral blood. Genetic engineering and customizing exosomes create an unlimited opportunity to use in diagnosis and treatment. Very little use has been discovered, and we are far away to reach its limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alptekin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mahrima Parvin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Hazrati A, Soudi S, Malekpour K, Mahmoudi M, Rahimi A, Hashemi SM, Varma RS. Immune cells-derived exosomes function as a double-edged sword: role in disease progression and their therapeutic applications. Biomark Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35550636 PMCID: PMC9102350 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in 1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the subject of many studies; initially, they were considered as cell wastes with the belief that cells produced exosomes to maintain homeostasis. Nowadays, it has been found that EVs secreted by different cells play a vital role in cellular communication and are usually secreted in both physiological and pathological conditions. Due to the presence of different markers and ligands on the surface of exosomes, they have paracrine, endocrine and autocrine effects in some cases. Immune cells, like other cells, can secrete exosomes that interact with surrounding cells via these vesicles. Immune system cells-derived exosomes (IEXs) induce different responses, such as increasing and decreasing the transcription of various genes and regulating cytokine production. This review deliberate the function of innate and acquired immune cells derived exosomes, their role in the pathogenesis of immune diseases, and their therapeutic appliances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hazrati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Soudi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kosar Malekpour
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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7
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Petroušková P, Hudáková N, Maloveská M, Humeník F, Cizkova D. Non-Exosomal and Exosome-Derived miRNAs as Promising Biomarkers in Canine Mammary Cancer. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040524. [PMID: 35455015 PMCID: PMC9032658 DOI: 10.3390/life12040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary cancer (CMC), similar to human breast cancer (HBC) in many aspects, is the most common neoplasm associated with significant mortality in female dogs. Due to the limited therapy options, biomarkers are highly desirable for early clinical diagnosis or cancer progression monitoring. Since the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) as post-transcriptional gene regulators, they have become attractive biomarkers in oncological research. Except for intracellular miRNAs and cell-free miRNAs, exosome-derived miRNAs (exomiRs) have drawn much attention in recent years as biomarkers for cancer detection. Analysis of exosomes represents a non-invasive, pain-free, time- and money-saving alternative to conventional tissue biopsy. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of miRNAs that come from non-exosomal sources (canine mammary tumor, mammary tumor cell lines or canine blood serum) and from exosomes as promising biomarkers of CMC based on the current literature. As is discussed, some of the miRNAs postulated as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in CMC were also altered in HBC (such as miR-21, miR-29b, miR-141, miR-429, miR-200c, miR-497, miR-210, miR-96, miR-18a, miR19b, miR-20b, miR-93, miR-101, miR-105a, miR-130a, miR-200c, miR-340, miR-486), which may be considered as potential disease-specific biomarkers in both CMC and HBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Petroušková
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Nikola Hudáková
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Marcela Maloveská
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Filip Humeník
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Centre of Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (P.P.); (N.H.); (M.M.); (F.H.)
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-918-752-157
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8
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Dao TNT, Kim MG, Koo B, Liu H, Jang YO, Lee HJ, Kim Y, Park Y, Kim HS, Kim C, Shin Y. Chimeric nanocomposites for the rapid and simple isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12195. [PMID: 35188341 PMCID: PMC8859916 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the lack of rapid and sensitive isolation techniques to obtain EVs from clinical samples at a sufficiently high yield limits their practicability. Chimeric nanocomposites of lactoferrin conjugated 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid dendrimer-modified magnetic nanoparticles (LF-bis-MPA-MNPs) are fabricated and used for simple and sensitive EV isolation from various biological samples via a combination of electrostatic interaction, physically absorption, and biorecognition between the surfaces of the EVs and the LF-bis-MPA-MNPs. The speed, efficiency, recovery rate, and purity of EV isolation by the LF-bis-MPA-MNPs are superior to those obtained by using established methods. The relative expressions of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) from isolated EVs in cancerous cell-derived exosomes are verified as significantly higher than those from noncancerous ones. Finally, the chimeric nanocomposites are used to assess urinary exosomal miRNAs from urine specimens from 20 prostate cancer (PCa), 10 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), patients and 10 healthy controls. Significant up-regulation of miR-21 and miR-346 and down-regulation of miR-23a and miR-122-5p occurs in both groups compared to healthy controls. LF-bis-MPA-MNPs provide a rapid, simple, and high yield method for human excreta analysis in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen Thi Dao
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gyu Kim
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Huifang Liu
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ok Jang
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Lee
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yunlim Kim
- Department of UrologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yun‐Yong Park
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- INFUSIONTECH38, Heungan‐daero 427 beon‐gilDongan‐guAnyang‐si14059Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologySungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwon16419South Korea
| | - Choung‐Soo Kim
- Department of UrologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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9
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Shenoy GN, Bhatta M, Bankert RB. Tumor-Associated Exosomes: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Restoring Anti-Tumor T Cell Responses in Human Tumor Microenvironments. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113155. [PMID: 34831378 PMCID: PMC8619102 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by cells and play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of the immune system. Exosomes are heterogeneous and present in vast numbers in tumor microenvironments. A large subset of these vesicles has been demonstrated to be immunosuppressive. In this review, we focus on the suppression of T cell function by exosomes in human tumor microenvironments. We start with a brief introduction to exosomes, with emphasis on their biogenesis, isolation and characterization. Next, we discuss the immunosuppressive effect of exosomes on T cells, reviewing in vitro studies demonstrating the role of different proteins, nucleic acids and lipids known to be associated with exosome-mediated suppression of T cell function. Here, we also discuss initial proof-of-principle studies that established the potential for rescuing T cell function by blocking or targeting exosomes. In the final section, we review different in vivo models that were utilized to study as well as target exosome-mediated immunosuppression, highlighting the Xenomimetic mouse (X-mouse) model and the Omental Tumor Xenograft (OTX) model that were featured in a recent study to evaluate the efficacy of a novel phosphatidylserine-binding molecule for targeting immunosuppressive tumor-associated exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam N. Shenoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Maulasri Bhatta
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Richard B. Bankert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-716-829-2701
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10
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Wu X, Wang X, Wang J, Hao Y, Liu F, Wang X, Yang L, Lu Z. The Roles of Exosomes as Future Therapeutic Agents and Diagnostic Tools for Glioma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733529. [PMID: 34722277 PMCID: PMC8548662 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a common type of tumor originating in the brain. Glioma develops in the gluey supporting cells (glial cells) that surround and support nerve cells. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain microRNAs, messenger RNA, and proteins. Exosomes are the most prominent mediators of intercellular communication, regulating, instructing, and re-educating their surrounding milieu targeting different organs. As exosomes' diameter is in the nano range, the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, a crucial obstacle in developing therapeutics against brain diseases, including glioma, makes the exosomes a potential candidate for delivering therapeutic agents for targeting malignant glioma. This review communicates the current knowledge of exosomes' significant roles that make them crucial future therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoben Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xingbang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Medical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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11
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Skottvoll F, Hansen FA, Harrison S, Boger IS, Mrsa A, Restan MS, Stein M, Lundanes E, Pedersen-Bjergaard S, Aizenshtadt A, Krauss S, Sullivan G, Bogen IL, Wilson SR. Electromembrane Extraction and Mass Spectrometry for Liver Organoid Drug Metabolism Studies. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3576-3585. [PMID: 33534551 PMCID: PMC8023518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Liver organoids are emerging tools for precision drug development and toxicity screening. We demonstrate that electromembrane extraction (EME) based on electrophoresis across an oil membrane is suited for segregating selected organoid-derived drug metabolites prior to mass spectrometry (MS)-based measurements. EME allowed drugs and drug metabolites to be separated from cell medium components (albumin, etc.) that could interfere with subsequent measurements. Multiwell EME (parallel-EME) holding 100 μL solutions allowed for simple and repeatable monitoring of heroin phase I metabolism kinetics. Organoid parallel-EME extracts were compatible with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) used to separate the analytes prior to detection. Taken together, liver organoids are well-matched with EME followed by MS-based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frøydis
Sved Skottvoll
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frederik André Hansen
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean Harrison
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Sneis Boger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ago Mrsa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Saed Restan
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Beethovenstr.
55, DE-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Elsa Lundanes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 1110, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
- Department
of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital
and University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112,
Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Lise Bogen
- Section
for Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute
of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1103,
Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Ray Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid
Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences,
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1112, Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Dai E, Han L, Liu J, Xie Y, Kroemer G, Klionsky DJ, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Wang J, Tang D. Autophagy-dependent ferroptosis drives tumor-associated macrophage polarization via release and uptake of oncogenic KRAS protein. Autophagy 2020; 16:2069-2083. [PMID: 31920150 PMCID: PMC7595620 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1714209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human neoplasia. Despite a large investment to understand the effects of KRAS mutation in cancer cells, the direct effects of the oncogenetic KRAS activation on immune cells remain elusive. Here, we report that extracellular KRASG12D is essential for pancreatic tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Oxidative stress induces KRASG12D protein release from cancer cells succumbing to autophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Extracellular KRASG12D packaged into exosomes then is taken up by macrophages through an AGER-dependent mechanism. KRASG12D causes macrophages to switch to an M2-like pro-tumor phenotype via STAT3-dependent fatty acid oxidation. Consequently, the disruption of KRASG12D release and uptake can abolish the macrophage-mediated stimulation of pancreatic adenocarcinomas in mouse models. Importantly, the level of KRASG12D expression in macrophages correlates with poor survival in pancreatic cancer patients. These findings not only identify extracellular KRASG12D as a key mediator of cancer cell-macrophage communication, but also provide a novel KRAS-targeted anticancer strategy. Abbreviations: DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern; PBMCMs, peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; s.c., subcutaneously; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages; TME, tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyong Dai
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Leng Han
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université De Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre De Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle De Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Herbert J. Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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13
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Jotatsu T, Izumi H, Morimoto Y, Yatera K. Selection of microRNAs in extracellular vesicles for diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma by in vitro analysis. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:2198-2210. [PMID: 33000251 PMCID: PMC7551269 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a malignant tumor which is a challenge for diagnosis and is associated with a poor patient prognosis. Thus, early diagnostic interventions will improve the quality of life and life expectancy of these patients. Recently, cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be involved in maintaining homeostasis, and abnormal miRNA expression has often been observed in various diseases including cancer. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by many cells contain proteins and nucleic acids. miRNAs are secreted from all cells via EVs and circulate throughout the body. In this study, culture media were passed sequentially through membrane filters 220–50 nm in size, and EVs with diameters of 50 to 220 nm (EVcap50/220) were collected. miRNAs (EV50-miRNAs) in EVcap50/220 were purified, and microarray analysis was performed. EV50-miRNA expression profiles were compared between MPM cells and a normal pleural mesothelial cell line, and six EV50-miRNAs were selected for further investigation. Of these, hsa-miR-193a-5p and hsa-miR-551b-5p demonstrated higher expression in MPM-derived EVcap50/220. These miRNAs reduced the expression of several genes involved in cell-cell interactions and cell-matrix interactions in normal pleural mesothelial cells. Our data suggest that hsa-miR-193a-5p and hsa-miR-551b-5p in EVcap50/220 could be diagnostic markers for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanobu Jotatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Yasuo Morimoto
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yatera
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807‑8555, Japan
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14
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Vafaei S, Roudi R, Madjd Z, Aref AR, Ebrahimi M. Potential theranostics of circulating tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes application in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:288. [PMID: 32655320 PMCID: PMC7339440 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At the present time, colorectal cancer (CRC) is still known as a disease with a high mortality rate. Theranostics are flawless scenarios that link diagnosis with therapy, including precision medicine as a critical platform that relies on the development of biomarkers particularly “liquid biopsy”. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) in a liquid biopsy approach are of substantial importance in comparison with traditional ones, which cannot generally be performed to determine the dynamics of the tumor due to its wide restriction of range. Thus, recent attempts has shifted towards minimally noninvasive methods. Main text CTCs and TDEs, as significant signals emitted from the tumor microenvironment, which are also detectable in the blood, prove themselves to be promising novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response prediction. The therapeutic potential of them is still limited, and studies are at its infancy. One of the major challenges for the implementation of CTCs and TDEs which are new trends in translational medicine is the development of isolation and characterization; a standardizable approach. This review highlights and discusses the current challenges to find the bio fluids application in CRC early detection and clinical management. Conclusion Taken together, CTCs and TDEs as silent drivers of metastasis can serve in the management of cancer patient treatment and it is of the upmost importance to expand our insight into this subject. However, due to the limited data available from clinical trials, further validations are required before addressing their putative application in oncology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Vafaei
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Roudi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Hemmat Street (Highway), Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Inhalation of lung spheroid cell secretome and exosomes promotes lung repair in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1064. [PMID: 32111836 PMCID: PMC7048814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal and incurable form of interstitial lung disease in which persistent injury results in scar tissue formation. As fibrosis thickens, the lung tissue loses the ability to facilitate gas exchange and provide cells with needed oxygen. Currently, IPF has few treatment options and no effective therapies, aside from lung transplant. Here we present a series of studies utilizing lung spheroid cell-secretome (LSC-Sec) and exosomes (LSC-Exo) by inhalation to treat different models of lung injury and fibrosis. Analysis reveals that LSC-Sec and LSC-Exo treatments could attenuate and resolve bleomycin- and silica-induced fibrosis by reestablishing normal alveolar structure and decreasing both collagen accumulation and myofibroblast proliferation. Additionally, LSC-Sec and LSC-Exo exhibit superior therapeutic benefits than their counterparts derived from mesenchymal stem cells in some measures. We showed that an inhalation treatment of secretome and exosome exhibited therapeutic potential for lung regeneration in two experimental models of pulmonary fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease and adult lung spheroid cells have been shown to promote regeneration in animal models of IPF. Here the authors show that the secretome and exosomes of lung spheroid cells is effective as inhalation treatment in rodent models of lung injury and fibrosis and superior to the counterparts derived from mesenchymal stem cells.
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16
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Guo H, Huang B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Ren Y. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes improve injury of hippocampal neurons in rats with depression by upregulating microRNA-26a expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106285. [PMID: 32088640 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes have been widely applied in disease therapies. However, the role of BMSCs-derived exosomes in depression remains obscure. This study aims to explore the mechanism of BMSCs-derived exosomal microRNA-26a (miR-26a) on hippocampal neuronal injury of depressed rats. METHODS BMSCs and their exosomes were obtained and identified. Rat models of depression were established by corticosterone injection, then injected with BMSCs-derived exosomes. The contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), imalondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rats' serum, hippocampal tissues and neurons were determined. The expression of miR-26a in hippocampal tissues and neurons was detected by RT-qPCR. The injury models of rat hippocampal neurons were established to figure out the role of BMSCs-derived exosomes and miR-26a in neuron apoptosis and proliferation. RESULTS In hippocampal tissues of depressed rats, miR-26a was lowly expressed, and BMSCs-derived exosomes upregulated miR-26a expression. BMSCs-derived exosomes restrained apoptosis in hippocampal tissues of depressed rats. BMSCs-derived exosomes and upregulated miR-26a elevated SOD level, lessened MDA, LDH, TNF-α and IL-1β levels, boosted hippocampal neuron proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in depressed rats. CONCLUSION Collectively, our study reveals that miR-26a is lowly expressed in depressed rats, and BMSCs-derived exosomes improve hippocampal neuron injury of rat with depression by upregulating miR-26a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Bailing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Quangang Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Ren
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, 450052 Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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17
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Otani K, Fujioka Y, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Optimal Isolation Method of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Rat Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194780. [PMID: 31561474 PMCID: PMC6801590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate cell–to–cell communication. We recently reported that circulating sEVs regulate systolic blood pressure in an animal model of human systemic hypertension. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. As the first step for detailed analyses, we sought to increase the yield and purity of sEVs isolated from rat plasma. We compared the concentration and size distribution of sEVs as well as protein expression of the sEV marker and contaminants among plasma sEVs isolated by the ultracentrifugation (UC) method, the precipitation with polyethylene-glycol and ultracentrifugation (PEG-UC) method, or the precipitation with polyethylene-glycol (PEG) method. Effects of anticoagulants were also examined. The total concentration of plasma sEVs isolated by the PEG or PEG-UC method was much higher than that of the UC method. In the plasma sEVs isolated by the PEG-UC method, contaminating proteins were lower, while the protein expression of certain sEV markers was higher than that of the PEG method. There was no significant difference in total concentration or protein expression of sEV markers in sEVs isolated from rat plasma treated with three different anticoagulants (heparin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or acid citrate dextrose buffer) by the PEG-UC method. We, for the first time, determined that the PEG-UC method was optimal for sEV isolation from rat plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Otani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Yusei Fujioka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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18
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Trovato E, Di Felice V, Barone R. Extracellular Vesicles: Delivery Vehicles of Myokines. Front Physiol 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 31133872 PMCID: PMC6514434 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement and regular physical activity are two important factors that help the human body prevent, reduce and treat different chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, cachexia and cancer. During exercise, several tissues release molecules into the blood stream, and are able to mediate beneficial effects throughout the whole body. In particular, contracting skeletal muscle cells have the capacity to communicate with other organs through the release of humoral factors that play an important role in the mechanisms of adaptation to physical exercise. These muscle-derived factors, today recognized as myokines, act as endocrine and paracrine hormones. Moreover, exercise may stimulate the release of small membranous vesicles into circulation, whose composition is influenced by the same exercise. Combining the two hypotheses, these molecules related to exercise, named exer-kines, might be secreted from muscle cells inside small vesicles (nanovesicles). These could act as messengers in tissue cross talk during physical exercise. Thanks to their ability to deliver useful molecules (such as proteins and miRNA) in both physiological and pathological conditions, extracellular vesicles can be thought of as promising candidates for potential therapeutic and diagnostic applications for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Trovato
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Innovation and Biotechnology for Health and Exercise (iBioTHEx), Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), Human Anatomy and Histology Institute, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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