Establishing the principle of reversibility in peptide/protein and small-molecule therapy

Conjugation of Methotrexate-Amino Derivatives to Macromolecules through Carboxylate Moieties Is Superior Over Conventional Linkage to Amino Residues: Chemical, Cell-Free and In Vitro Characterizations

In this study, we examined the possibility of introducing methotrexate (MTX) to the carboxylate rather than to the ε-amino side chains of proteins. We found that MTX—amino compounds covalently linked to the carboxylate moieties of macromolecules, undergo unusual peptide-bond cleavage, with the release of the MTX amino derivatives from the conjugates. This event takes place at an accelerated rate under acidic conditions, and at a slower rate at physiological pH values. The glutamate portion of MTX is responsible for this behavior, with little or no contribution of the p-aminobenzoate-pteridine ring that is linked to the α-amino side chain of the glutamate. Carboxylate-linked Fmoc-Glu-γ-CONH-(CH₂)₆-NH₂ undergoes hydrolysis in a nearly indistinguishable fashion. A free α carboxylate moiety is essential for this effect. Carboxylate linked Fmoc-glutamic-amide-γ-CONH-(CH₂)₆-NH₂ undergoes no hydrolysis under acidic conditions. Based on these findings, we engineered a cysteine specific MTX containing reagent. Its linkage to bovine serum albumin (BSA) yielded a conjugate with profound antiproliferative efficacy in a MTX-sensitive glioma cell line. In conclusion, carboxylate linked MTX-amino derivatives in particular, and carboxylate linked R-α-GLU-γ amino compounds in general are equipped with‘built-in chemical machinery’ that releases them under mild acidic conditions.