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Tian Z, Liang G, Cui K, Liang Y, Wang Q, Lv S, Cheng X, Zhang L. Insight Into the Prospects for RNAi Therapy of Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:644718. [PMID: 33796026 PMCID: PMC8007863 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.644718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi), also known as gene silencing, is a biological process that prevents gene expression in certain diseases such as cancer. It can be used to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of treatments, particularly genetic therapies. However, challenges such as delivery of oligonucleotide drug to less accessible parts of the body and the high incidence of toxic side effects are encountered. It is therefore imperative to improve their delivery to target sites and reduce their harmful effects on noncancerous cells to harness their full potential. In this study, the role of RNAi in the treatment of COVID-19, the novel coronavirus disease plaguing many countries, has been discussed. This review aims to ascertain the mechanism and application of RNAi and explore the current challenges of RNAi therapy by identifying some of the cancer delivery systems and providing drug information for their improvement. It is worth mentioning that delivery systems such as lipid-based delivery systems and exosomes have revolutionized RNAi therapy by reducing their immunogenicity and improving their cellular affinity. A deeper understanding of the mechanism and challenges associated with RNAi in cancer therapy can provide new insights into RNAi drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Tian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Guohui Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kunli Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yayu Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoxia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Shaik AP, Shaik AS, Al-Sheikh YA. Colorectal cancer: A review of the genome-wide association studies in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:123-8. [PMID: 26021770 PMCID: PMC4455141 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.157548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wise association studies (GWAS) identify risk variants and modifiers that can influence the pathophysiological processes involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) and thus are important to detect associations between disease phenotypes. Our literature review, performed as per PRISMA statement indicates a significant lack of GWAS functional studies in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, studies on sequencing and mapping are needed to identify gene variants that play a role in the pathophysiology of CRC in this specific population. Because it is not apt to generalize disease associations found in other racial and/or ethnic groups to the Arabic or Middle Eastern population, it is very important to conduct GWAS taking into account multiple ethnicities in this region. In addition, linkage studies and case-control studies that include the various confounding and epigenetic factors are needed for appropriate diagnosis of CRC. We recommend that studies in this region be conducted to understand the role of gene-environment interactions across the various ethnic groups, stages of cancer, tumor type, clinical variables, and the population risk to CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abjal P. Shaik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S. Shaik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazeed A. Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Yazeed A. Al-Sheikh, Molecular Genetics Chair, Clinical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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Nanoscale particulate systems for multidrug delivery: towards improved combination chemotherapy. Ther Deliv 2014; 5:149-71. [PMID: 24483194 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While combination chemotherapy has led to measurable improvements in cancer treatment outcomes, its full potential remains to be realized. Nanoscale particles such as liposomes, nanoparticles and polymer micelles have been shown to increase delivery to the tumor site while bypassing many drug resistance mechanisms that limit the effectiveness of conventional therapies. Recent efforts in drug delivery have focused on coordinated, controlled delivery of multiple anticancer agents encapsulated within a single particle system. In this review, we analyze recent progress made in multidrug delivery in three main areas of interest: co-delivery of antineoplastic agents with drug sensitizers, sequential delivery via temporal release particles and simultaneous delivery of multiple agents. Future directions of the field, in light of recent advances with molecularly targeted agents, are suggested and discussed.
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Lin G, Yang C, Hu R, Chen CK, Law WC, Anderson T, Zhang B, Nguyen QT, Toh HT, Yoon HS, Cheng C, Yong KT. Interleukin-8 gene silencing on pancreatic cancer cells using biodegradable polymer nanoplexes. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60325c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymer nanoplexes were used as siRNA carriers for interleukin-8 gene silencing to attenuate cell proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guimiao Lin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
- The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology and the Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Medicine
| | - Chengbin Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Rui Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chih-Kuang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- Buffalo, USA
| | - Wing-Cheung Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Kowloon, P.R. China
| | - Tommy Anderson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Butian Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Quoc Toan Nguyen
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry
- School of Biological Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hui Ting Toh
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry
- School of Biological Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ho Sup Yoon
- Division of Structural Biology & Biochemistry
- School of Biological Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- Buffalo, USA
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798, Singapore
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DcR3 regulates the growth and metastatic potential of SW480 colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2741-8. [PMID: 24101127 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is considered to have anti‑apoptotic and pro-metastatic functions, suggesting it might be a therapeutic target. We examined the role and mechanisms of DcR3 on growth and the metastatic ability of SW480 colon cancer cells to provide therapeutic information for targeting DcR3 by RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Growth and the metastatic ability were inhibited, apoptosis was induced and cell cycle profile was changed after decreasing DcR3 expression, with lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. Our results implied the therapeutic potential of silencing DcR3 expression by RNAi in colon cancer.
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Gene silencing in adipose tissue macrophages regulates whole-body metabolism in obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:8278-83. [PMID: 23630254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300492110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and infiltration by macrophages is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese humans, offering a potential target for therapeutics. However, whether AT macrophages (ATMs) directly contribute to systemic glucose intolerance has not been determined. The reason is the lack of methods to ablate inflammatory genes expressed in macrophages specifically localized within AT depots, leaving macrophages in other tissues unaffected. Here we report that i.p. administration of siRNA encapsulated by glucan shells in obese mice selectively silences genes in epididymal ATMs, whereas macrophages within lung, spleen, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous (SubQ) adipose, and liver are not targeted. Such administration of GeRPs to silence the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α or osteopontin in epididymal ATMs of obese mice caused significant improvement in glucose tolerance. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cytokines produced by ATMs can exacerbate whole-body glucose intolerance.
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