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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review is focused on new information about the presentation and management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents. RECENT FINDINGS Palpable thyroid nodules are uncommon in children but many children have nodules detected by radiologic imaging. How to evaluate them, when to suspect thyroid cancer, and how best to follow apparently benign nodules has become an area of great interest. The American Thyroid Association recently published treatment guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and cancers but much has been learned since that publication. SUMMARY Personal and family history, ultrasound features, and fine needle aspiration cytology are used to determine the risk of cancer in thyroid nodules, which are then managed according to cancer risk.
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Gomez-Rueda H, Palacios-Corona R, Gutiérrez-Hermosillo H, Trevino V. A robust biomarker of differential correlations improves the diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid cancers. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1355-62. [PMID: 27035928 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules and subsequent cytological analysis is unable to determine the diagnosis in 15 to 30% of thyroid cancer cases; patients with indeterminate cytological results undergo diagnostic surgery which is potentially unnecessary. Current gene expression biomarkers based on well-determined cytology are complex and their accuracy is inconsistent across public datasets. In the present study, we identified a robust biomarker using the differences in gene expression values specifically from cytologically indeterminate thyroid tumors and a powerful multivariate search tool coupled with a nearest centroid classifier. The biomarker is based on differences in the expression of the following genes: CCND1, CLDN16, CPE, LRP1B, MAGI3, MAPK6, MATN2, MPPED2, PFKFB2, PTPRE, PYGL, SEMA3D, SERGEF, SLC4A4 and TIMP1. This 15-gene biomarker exhibited superior accuracy independently of the cytology in six datasets, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) thyroid dataset. In addition, this biomarker exhibited differences in the correlation coefficients between benign and malignant samples that indicate its discriminatory power, and these 15 genes have been previously related to cancer in the literature. Thus, this 15-gene biomarker provides advantages in clinical practice for the effective diagnosis of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gomez-Rueda
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Research and Innovation, Medical School, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Colonia Los Doctores, 64710 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Palacios-Corona
- Northeastern Biomedical Research Center, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-Hermosillo
- Department of Geriatrics, UMAE 1 CMN del Bajío, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Hospital Aranda de la Parra, Colonia Centro, 37000 León, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Victor Trevino
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Research and Innovation, Medical School, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Colonia Los Doctores, 64710 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Kuo LE, Kelz RR. Management of Thyroid Nodular Disease: Current Cytopathology Classifications and Genetic Testing. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2015; 25:1-16. [PMID: 26610771 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Preoperative diagnosis and operative planning for patients with thyroid nodules has improved over the last decade. The Bethesda criteria for cytopathologic classification of thyroid nodule aspirate has enhanced communication between pathologists and clinicians. Multiple genetic tests, including molecular markers and the Afirma gene expression classifier, have been developed and validated. The tests, along with clinical and radiologic information, are most useful in the setting of indeterminate cytology. The development of an updated diagnostic and treatment algorithm incorporating all available tests will help standardize the management of patients with nodular thyroid disease and reduce variation and inefficiencies in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel R Kelz
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, Angelos P, Benvenga S, Cerutti JM, Dinauer CA, Hamilton J, Hay ID, Luster M, Parisi MT, Rachmiel M, Thompson GB, Yamashita S. Management Guidelines for Children with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2015; 25:716-59. [PMID: 25900731 PMCID: PMC4854274 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous guidelines for the management of thyroid nodules and cancers were geared toward adults. Compared with thyroid neoplasms in adults, however, those in the pediatric population exhibit differences in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and long-term outcomes. Furthermore, therapy that may be recommended for an adult may not be appropriate for a child who is at low risk for death but at higher risk for long-term harm from overly aggressive treatment. For these reasons, unique guidelines for children and adolescents with thyroid tumors are needed. METHODS A task force commissioned by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) developed a series of clinically relevant questions pertaining to the management of children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Using an extensive literature search, primarily focused on studies that included subjects ≤18 years of age, the task force identified and reviewed relevant articles through April 2014. Recommendations were made based upon scientific evidence and expert opinion and were graded using a modified schema from the United States Preventive Services Task Force. RESULTS These inaugural guidelines provide recommendations for the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules in children and adolescents, including the role and interpretation of ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration cytology, and the management of benign nodules. Recommendations for the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of children and adolescents with DTC are outlined and include preoperative staging, surgical management, postoperative staging, the role of radioactive iodine therapy, and goals for thyrotropin suppression. Management algorithms are proposed and separate recommendations for papillary and follicular thyroid cancers are provided. CONCLUSIONS In response to our charge as an independent task force appointed by the ATA, we developed recommendations based on scientific evidence and expert opinion for the management of thyroid nodules and DTC in children and adolescents. In our opinion, these represent the current optimal care for children and adolescents with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L. Francis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Steven G. Waguespack
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders and Department of Pediatrics-Patient Care, Children's Cancer Hospital, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew J. Bauer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania, The Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Angelos
- Section of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- University of Messina, Interdepartmental Program on Clinical & Molecular Endocrinology, and Women's Endocrine Health, A.O.U. Policlinico Universitario G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Janete M. Cerutti
- Department of Morphology and Genetics. Division of Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine A. Dinauer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jill Hamilton
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Toronto, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian D. Hay
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Markus Luster
- University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marguerite T. Parisi
- Departments of Radiology and Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marianna Rachmiel
- Pediatric Division, Assaf Haroffeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Geoffrey B. Thompson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Subspecialty GS (General Surgery), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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5
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Toll AD, Rossi ED, Ali SZ. Role of ancillary testing in thyroid fine needle aspiration: Review and update. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2014; 3:218-224. [PMID: 31051689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration identifies 70-75% as benign, and 4% as malignant. The remainder falls into categories of "indeterminate" with a widely ranging malignancy rate from 10-75%. The diagnosis and clinical management of indeterminate lesions is evolving, and we will review ancillary testing as an aid to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Toll
- Department of Pathology, Jersey Shore Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Syed Z Ali
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Khan MI, Laufgraben MJ. Molecular markers in thyroid cytology: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:439-448. [PMID: 30754188 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2013.827385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of thyroid nodules in the general population has risen markedly with the greater use of ultrasound resulting in increasing use of ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Although FNA can identify the majority of nodules as either benign or malignant, one-third of aspirates demonstrate indeterminate cytologic characteristics. Though most of these nodules will be pathologically benign, thyroid surgery has usually been needed to make an accurate diagnosis, and the extent of surgery needed (lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy) is difficult to predict in advance. New molecular techniques are being investigated and used clinically to improve decision making in patients with thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology. These molecular markers have the potential to help clinicians decide which patients may be monitored without thyroid surgery, and also the optimal strategy when surgery is felt to be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam I Khan
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Marc J Laufgraben
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Ghanem M, Levy Y, Mazeh H. Preoperative diagnosis of benign thyroid nodules with intermediate cytology. Gland Surg 2012; 1:89-91. [PMID: 25083431 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2012.08.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ghanem
- 1 Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91240, Israel ; 2 Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, K4/729 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Yair Levy
- 1 Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91240, Israel ; 2 Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, K4/729 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Haggi Mazeh
- 1 Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91240, Israel ; 2 Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, K4/729 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792, USA
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