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Cui Y, Zhou Q, Jin M, Jiang S, Shang P, Dong X, Li L. Research progress on pharmacological effects and bioavailability of berberine. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0. [PMID: 38888754 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from natural medicines such as coptidis rhizoma, has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as protecting the nervous system, protecting the cardiovascular system, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial, and antidiarrheal. However, factors such as poor solubility, low permeability, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux, and hepatic-intestinal metabolism result in BBR having a low bioavailability (< 1%), which restricts its application in clinical settings. Therefore, improving its bioavailability is a prerequisite for its clinical applications. This review summarizes the various pharmacological effects of BBR and analyzes the main reasons for its poor bioavailability. It introduces methods to improve the bioavailability of BBR through the use of absorption enhancers and P-gp inhibitors, structural modification of BBR, and preparation of BBR salts and cocrystals as well as the development of new formulations and focuses on the bioavailability study of the new formulations of BBR. The research of BBR was also prospected in order to provide reference for the further research of BBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Cui
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Quanying Zhou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Min Jin
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Siqi Jiang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peizhao Shang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofan Dong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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2
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Jacksi M, Schad E, Tantos A. Morphological Changes Induced by TKS4 Deficiency Can Be Reversed by EZH2 Inhibition in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:445. [PMID: 38672463 PMCID: PMC11047920 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scaffold protein tyrosine kinase substrate 4 (TKS4) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway via Src kinase. The TKS4 deficiency in humans is responsible for the manifestation of a genetic disorder known as Frank-Ter Haar syndrome (FTHS). Based on our earlier investigation, the absence of TKS4 triggers migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenomena while concurrently suppressing cell proliferation in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. This indicates that TKS4 may play a unique role in the progression of cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and the histone methyltransferase of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are involved in the migration, invasion, and EMT-like changes in TKS4-deficient cells (KO). EZH2 is responsible for the maintenance of the trimethylated lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3). METHODS We performed transcriptome sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, protein and RNA quantitative studies, cell mobility, invasion, and proliferation studies combined with/without the EZH2 activity inhibitor 3-deazanoplanocine (DZNep). RESULTS We detected an elevation of global H3K27me3 levels in the TKS4 KO cells, which could be reduced with treatment with DZNep, an EZH2 inhibitor. Inhibition of EZH2 activity reversed the phenotypic effects of the knockout of TKS4, reducing the migration speed and wound healing capacity of the cells as well as decreasing the invasion capacity, while the decrease in cell proliferation became stronger. In addition, inhibition of EZH2 activity also reversed most epithelial and mesenchymal markers. We investigated the wider impact of TKS4 deletion on the gene expression profile of colorectal cancer cells using transcriptome sequencing of wild-type and TKS4 knockout cells, particularly before and after treatment with DZNep. Additionally, we observed changes in the expression of several protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs that showed a recovery in expression levels following EZH2 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the removal of TKS4 causes a notable disruption in the gene expression pattern, leading to the disruption of several signal transduction pathways. Inhibiting the activity of EZH2 can restore most of these transcriptomics and phenotypic effects in colorectal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mevan Jacksi
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok 42002, Iraq
| | - Eva Schad
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
| | - Agnes Tantos
- HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.J.); (E.S.)
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3
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Cao J, Su Z, Li F, Zhang P, Zhang B, Liu R, Zhang L, Xie J, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X, Hong A. FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors synergistically induce hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis via repressing YAP signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:96. [PMID: 37085881 PMCID: PMC10122280 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide, but current treatment options remain limited and cause serious life-threatening side effects. Aberrant FGFR4 signaling has been validated as an oncogenic driver of HCC, and EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex, is a potential factor that contributes to acquired drug resistance in many tumors, including HCC. However, the functional relationship between these two carcinogenic factors, especially their significance for HCC treatment, remains unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the feasibility of a combination therapy targeting FGFR4 and EZH2 for HCC. METHODS RNA sequencing data of patients with Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed to determine FGFR4 and EZH2 expression and their interaction with prognosis. Moreover, the HCC cell lines, zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors were treated with FGFR4 inhibitor (Roblitinib) and/or EZH2 inhibitor (CPI-169) and then subjected to cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and tumor growth analyses to evaluate the feasibility of combination therapy for HCC both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was performed in combination with ChIP-Seq data analysis to investigate the critical mechanism underlying the combination treatment with Roblitinib and CPI-169. RESULTS EZH2 accumulated through the non-canonical NF-kB signaling in response to FGFR4 inhibitor treatment, and the elevated EZH2 levels led to the antagonism of HCC against Roblitinib (FGFR4 inhibitor). Notably, knockdown of EZH2 sensitized HCC cells to Roblitinib, while the combination treatment of Roblitinib and CPI-169 (EZH2 inhibitor) synergistically induced the HCC cell apoptosis in vitro and suppressed the zebrafish/mouse HCC xenografts and zebrafish HCC primary tumors development in vivo. Moreover, Roblitinib and CPI-169 synergistically inhibited HCC development via repressing YAP signaling. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study highlighted the potential of the therapeutic combination of FGFR4 and EZH2 inhibitors, which would provide new references for the further development of clinical treatment strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jieqiong Cao
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zijian Su
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fu Li
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Peiguang Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bihui Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Rongzhan Liu
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Linhao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Junye Xie
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jingsheng Li
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinting Zhang
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - An Hong
- Institute of Biomedicine & Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug & Engineering Technology Research Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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4
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Liao Q, Yang J, Ge S, Chai P, Fan J, Jia R. Novel insights into histone lysine methyltransferases in cancer therapy: From epigenetic regulation to selective drugs. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:127-141. [PMID: 36908859 PMCID: PMC9999304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible and precise temporal and spatial regulation of histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) is essential for epigenome homeostasis. The dysregulation of KMTs is associated with tumor initiation, metastasis, chemoresistance, invasiveness, and the immune microenvironment. Therapeutically, their promising effects are being evaluated in diversified preclinical and clinical trials, demonstrating encouraging outcomes in multiple malignancies. In this review, we have updated recent understandings of KMTs' functions and the development of their targeted inhibitors. First, we provide an updated overview of the regulatory roles of several KMT activities in oncogenesis, tumor suppression, and immune regulation. In addition, we summarize the current targeting strategies in different cancer types and multiple ongoing clinical trials of combination therapies with KMT inhibitors. In summary, we endeavor to depict the regulation of KMT-mediated epigenetic landscape and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200001, China
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Johnson BM, Pham TA, Young KJ, Bantis LE, Sun W, Kasi A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Treatment Timing does not Impact Survival in Stage 4 Colon Cancer Treatment: A Retrospective Study. Kans J Med 2022; 15:273-277. [PMID: 36042840 PMCID: PMC9409940 DOI: 10.17161/kjm.vol15.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colon cancer impacts the lives of Kansans and those across the United States. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as panitumumab and cetuximab, have gained popularity as first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer despite their toxicities and have been used by clinicians in later lines of therapy. EGFR inhibitors have been proven to be an efficacious first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer, but no study has investigated outcomes comparing EGFR inhibitors as first-line treatment to its use as second- or third-line treatment. This study investigated EGFR inhibitor therapy estimated overall survival when used as first-, second-, and third-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer. Methods A retrospective review was done for patients with stage 4 colon cancer who underwent EGFR inhibitor treatment at a large academic center from November 2007 to August 2021. The patients were stratified into five groups by the line in which they received the EGFR inhibitor treatment. A log-rank test was used to analyze the groups, and the median survival for each group was determined. Results A total of 68 patients were reviewed; 18 received first-line, 23 received second-line, 18 received third-line, 6 received fourth-line, and 3 received sixth-line treatment with an EGFR inhibitor. Fourth- and sixth-line therapies were excluded due to small patient size. There was no significant difference in estimated survival time between any of the lines. Median survival of the therapies was found. Conclusions There was no statistical difference in survival between the first-, second-, or third-line groups, which may provide justification for its use as a second- or third-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tony A Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kate J Young
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Leonidas E Bantis
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anup Kasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Yu J, Yang K, Zheng J, Zhao P, Xia J, Sun X, Zhao W. Activation of FXR and inhibition of EZH2 synergistically inhibit colorectal cancer through cooperatively accelerating FXR nuclear location and upregulating CDX2 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:388. [PMID: 35449124 PMCID: PMC9023572 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that colon cancer cells varied in sensitivity to pharmacological farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation. Herein, we explore the regulatory mechanism of FXR in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and aim to design effective strategies of combined treatment based on the regulatory axis. We found that the expression of FXR was negatively correlated with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) in colon cancer tissues. EZH2 transcriptionally suppressed FXR via H3K27me3. The combination of FXR agonist OCA plus EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 acted in a synergistic manner across four colon cancer cells, efficiently inhibiting clonogenic growth and invasion in vitro, retarding tumor growth in vivo, preventing the G0/G1 to S phase transition, and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Benign control cells FHC were growth-arrested without apoptosis induction, but retained long-term proliferation and invasion capacity. Mechanistically, the drug combination dramatically accelerated FXR nuclear location and cooperatively upregulated caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) expression. The depletion of CDX2 antagonized the synergistic effects of the drug combination on tumor inhibition. In conclusion, our study demonstrated histone modification-mediated FXR silencing by EZH2 in colorectal tumorigenesis, which offers useful evidence for the clinical use of FXR agonists combined with EZH2 inhibitors in combating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Yu
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Kui Yang
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- grid.452438.c0000 0004 1760 8119Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi’an, PR China
| | - Jie Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of New Drug Research and Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, PR China.
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Palmitate-Triggered COX2/PGE2-Related Hyperinflammation in Dual-Stressed PdL Fibroblasts Is Mediated by Repressive H3K27 Trimethylation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060955. [PMID: 35326406 PMCID: PMC8946768 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interrelationships between periodontal disease, obesity-related hyperlipidemia and mechanical forces and their modulating effects on the epigenetic profile of periodontal ligament (PdL) cells are assumed to be remarkably complex. The PdL serves as a connective tissue between teeth and alveolar bone and is involved in pathogen defense and the inflammatory responses to mechanical stimuli occurring during tooth movement. Altered inflammatory signaling could promote root resorption and tooth loss. Hyperinflammatory COX2/PGE2 signaling was reported for human PdL fibroblasts (HPdLFs) concomitantly stressed with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides and compressive force after exposure to palmitic acid (PA). The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which this was modulated by global and gene-specific changes in histone modifications. The expression of key epigenetic players and global H3Kac and H3K27me3 levels were quantitatively evaluated in dual-stressed HPdLFs exposed to PA, revealing a minor force-related reduction in repressive H3K27me3. UNC1999-induced H3K27me3 inhibition reversed the hyperinflammatory responses of dual-stressed PA cultures characterized by increased COX2 expression, PGE2 secretion and THP1 adhesion. The reduced expression of the gene encoding the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the increased presence of H3K27me3 at its promoter-associated sites were reversed by inhibitor treatment. Thus, the data highlight an important epigenetic interplay between the different stimuli to which the PdL is exposed.
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8
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Development of a UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of a dual EZH1/2 inhibitor UNC1999 in rat plasma. Bioanalysis 2021; 14:67-74. [PMID: 34841882 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to establish and validate a simple and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of UNC1999, a dual inhibitor against EZH1 and EZH2 in plasma samples. Materials & methods: UNC1999 in rat plasma was processed with protein precipitation method and then separated on a C18 column and detected under positive ionization mode. The method presented good linearity over the range of 1.0-2000 ng/ml with good accuracy and precision. UNC1999 was absorbed slowly and achieved a maximum concentration of 118.8 ± 12.0 ng/ml 1.5 h after oral administration. Conclusion: The method provides a favorable character in selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and stabilities and was suitable for describing the pharmacokinetic profile of UNC1999.
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Luo M, Yang X, Chen HN, Nice EC, Huang C. Drug resistance in colorectal cancer: An epigenetic overview. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188623. [PMID: 34481016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite significant progress that has been made in therapies against CRC over the past decades, drug resistance is still a major limitation in CRC treatment. Numerous investigations have unequivocally shown that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in CRC drug resistance because of the high rate of epigenetic alterations in multiple genes during cancer development or drug treatment. Furthermore, the reversibility of epigenetic alterations provides novel therapeutic strategies to overcome drug resistance using small molecules, which can target non-coding RNAs or reverse histone modification and DNA methylation. In this review, we discuss epigenetic regulation in CRC drug resistance and the possible role of preventing or reversing CRC drug resistance using epigenetic therapy in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maochao Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xingyue Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Canhua Huang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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10
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Pickering OJ, Breininger SP, Underwood TJ, Walters ZS. Histone Modifying Enzymes as Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4084. [PMID: 34439236 PMCID: PMC8392153 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) has a dismal prognosis, where curable disease occurs in less than 40% of patients, and many of those with incurable disease survive for less than a year from diagnosis. Despite the widespread use of systematic chemotherapy in OAC treatment, many patients receive no benefit. New treatments are urgently needed for OAC patients. There is an emerging interest in epigenetic regulators in cancer pathogenesis, which are now translating into novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Histone-modifying enzymes (HMEs) are key epigenetic regulators responsible for dynamic covalent histone modifications that play roles in both normal and dysregulated cellular processes including tumorigenesis. Several HME inhibitors are in clinical use for haematological malignancies and sarcomas, with numerous on-going clinical trials for their use in solid tumours. This review discusses the current literature surrounding HMEs in OAC pathogenesis and their potential use in targeted therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zoë S. Walters
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (O.J.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.J.U.)
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11
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Li Y, Yang G, Yang C, Tang P, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu J, Ouyang L. Targeting Autophagy-Related Epigenetic Regulators for Cancer Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11798-11815. [PMID: 34378389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic modifications (including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs), which are associated with the occurrence and development of tumors, can directly or indirectly regulate autophagy. In particular, nuclear events induced by several epigenetic regulators can regulate the autophagic process and expression levels of tumor-associated genes, thereby promoting tumor progression. Tumor-associated microRNAs, including oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs, are of great significance to autophagy during tumor progression. Targeting autophagy with emerging epigenetic drugs is expected to be a promising therapeutic strategy for human tumors. From this perspective, we aim to summarize the role of epigenetic modification in the autophagic process and the underlying molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the regulatory efficacy of epigenetic drugs on the autophagic process in tumors is also summarized. This perspective may provide a theoretical basis for the combined treatment of epigenetic drugs/autophagy mediators in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaoxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengcan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Juncheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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12
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miR-1253, a novel tumor suppressor gene in colon cancer, is associated with poor patients prognosis. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:563-571. [PMID: 33837882 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MiR-1253 has been reported to play vital roles in a variety of cancers. However, its function in the progression and prognosis of colon cancer remains unclear. Here, the clinical significance and biological function of miR-1253 in the development of colon cancer was investigated. The expression of miR-1253 was identified in colon cancer tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. The prognostic value of miR-1253 was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. The roles of miR-1253 in regulating cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer were evaluated in vitro by CCK8 and Transwell assay. It was found that miR-1253 was significantly downregulated in colon cancer tissues and cell lines (P < 0.001). The downregulation of miR-1253 was associated with the TNM stage (P = 0.007) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.037) of patients. MiR-1253 (HR factor = 2.564, 95% CI = 1.077-6.107, P = 0.033) and TNM stage (HR factor = 2.899, 95% CI = 1.024-8.205, P = 0.045) were identified as independent factors that can predict the prognosis of patients. Functionally, miR-1253 acts as a tumor suppressor that inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer through targeting EZH2. MiR-1253 was identified as a prognostic biomarker and a tumor suppressor of colon cancer.
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13
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Özel M, Kilic E, Baskol M, Akalın H, Baskol G. The Effect of EZH2 Inhibition through DZNep on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Mechanism. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:139-148. [PMID: 33861639 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is uncertain, it is known that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism and epigenetic changes have an important role. This study was focused on evaluating the relationship of 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) with the EMT mechanism, which is a histone methyltransferase inhibitor on HCC and is also known as an enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) inhibitor. Cell viability of HepG2 cells (HCC cell line) assessed for DZNep over 72 hours with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Additionally, colony-forming assay, apoptosis assay, RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) were performed to see the effect of DZNep on HepG2 cells. DZNep reduced cell proliferation for 72 hours, also significantly reduced colony formation in addition it increased the total apoptosis. DZNep on EZH2, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin (Vim) gene expressions was given different results by either decreasing or increasing the expressions. In this study, we observed a positive effect of DZNep on apoptosis and TIMP3 expression level and decreased colony formation. However, it gave complicated results with the level of gene expression E-cadherin and TIMP2, increase the level of Vim and MMP2 expression. Therefore, we think that further studies are necessary to clarify the role of DZNep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Özel
- Department of Biochemistry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Eser Kilic
- Department of Biochemistry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mevlüt Baskol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hilal Akalın
- Department of Genetics, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gülden Baskol
- Department of Biochemistry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.,Betül-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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14
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Cao Z, Wu W, Wei H, Zhang W, Huang Y, Dong Z. Downregulation of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 inhibits cell viability and enhances chemosensitivity in lung cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:26. [PMID: 33240432 PMCID: PMC7681225 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 (EZH2) is the principle component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)/embryonic ectoderm development protein-EZH2 complex, which promotes tumorigenesis by repressing transcription of tumor suppressor genes. EZH2 is considered a key marker in several types of cancer, such as colorectal and prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms and clinical value of EZH2 in lung cancer have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the functions of EZH2 in lung cancer progression and to determine whether treatment with an EZH2 inhibitor enhanced the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP). At the logarithmic growth phase, A549 cells were treated with a small interfering (si)RNA-EZH2, and cell viability was detected using an MTT assay. The degree of apoptosis and cell cycle were detected using flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were detected via wound healing and Transwell Matrigel assays. According to information from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, the results of the present study demonstrated that EZH2 was upregulated in lung cancer. Furthermore, overexpression of EZH2 was associated with poor patient prognosis, while EZH2 knockdown inhibited cell viability and migration, and enhanced apoptosis and chemosensitivity in a lung cancer cell line. EZH2 knockdown and treatment of A549 cells using EZH2 inhibitor elevated the inhibitory effects of CDDP on cell viability and apoptosis. Western blot and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analyses were performed to assess the expression levels of relative protein and mRNA, respectively, in A549 cells treated with siRNA-EZH2 or with CDDP. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that high EZH2 expression was associated with poor prognosis, accompanied with a potential impairment of migration and viability in lung cancer cells. These findings suggest that EZH2 may act as a candidate molecular target for gene therapy, and treatment with EZH2 inhibitor may be used to increase chemosensitivity to CDDP agents in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Cao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Haiting Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhengwei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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15
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Huo X, Sun H, Qian Q, Ma X, Peng P, Yu M, Zhang Y, Yang J, Cao D, Gui T, Shen K. CYP27B1 Downregulation: A New Molecular Mechanism Regulating EZH2 in Ovarian Cancer Tumorigenicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:561804. [PMID: 33163485 PMCID: PMC7591459 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.561804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic cancers, and most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a major tumor marker and an effective therapeutic target for ovarian cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present study investigated the biological effects of EZH2 knockout in SKOV3 cells in vitro and in vivo and explored the molecular mechanism by integrated analysis of messenger RNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data. Methods The CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to establish EZH2 knockout SKOV3 cells. Protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting. The effect of EZH2 on ovarian cancer was evaluated in vitro with MTT, wound healing, Transwell, and apoptosis assays and in vivo with a xenograft model. mRNA-seq and ChIP-seq were performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of EZH2. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of tissue arrays was used to analyze the correlations among EZH2 and CYP27B1 expressions and prognosis. Results We obtained three EZH2 knockout subclones. EZH2 knockout SKOV3 cells exhibited significantly suppressed proliferation, migration, and invasion and a significantly increased apoptosis rate. The subcutaneous tumor formation rate decreased from 100 to 0% in the EZH2 knockout group. Integrated analysis of the mRNA-seq and ChIP-seq data identified 1,455 significantly upregulated genes with matching downregulated trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) methylation binding sites in 1b11H cells compared to SKOV3 cells. The set of downregulated genes in EZH2 knockout cells was highly enriched in genes regulating the activation of steroid biosynthesis; the top-ranked hub gene was CYP27B1. The EZH2 and CYP27B1 expression levels showed a statistically significant inverse correlation, which was also associated with unfavorable prognosis. The in vitro experiment demonstrated that CYP27B1 can suppress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the levels of AKT and p-AKT were significantly increased, whereas STAT3 was downregulated, in 1b11H cells compared to SKOV3 cells. Moreover, STAT3 and AKT overexpression was observed in 1b11H siRNA for CYP27B1 (siCYP27B1) cells. Conclusion EZH2 plays an important role in promoting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in ovarian cancer by regulating the core steroid biosynthesis gene via H3K27me3 methylation. Moreover, CYP27B1, the steroid biosynthesis hub gene, might be a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengzi Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuhong Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shan Dong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangwen Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Gui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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16
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Chen Z, Chen Q, Cheng Z, Gu J, Feng W, Lei T, Huang J, Pu J, Chen X, Wang Z. Long non-coding RNA CASC9 promotes gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by epigenetic repression of DUSP1. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:858. [PMID: 33056982 PMCID: PMC7560854 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs), such as gefitinib, has greatly affected clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to regulate tumorigenesis and cancer progression, but their contributions to NSCLC gefitinib resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, by analyzing the differentially expressed lncRNAs in gefitinib-resistant cells and gefitinib-sensitive cells in the National Institute of Health GEO dataset, we found that lncRNA CASC9 expression was upregulated, and this was also verified in resistant tissues. Gain and loss of function studies showed that CASC9 inhibition restored gefitinib sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo, whereas CASC9 overexpression promoted gefitinib resistance. Mechanistically, CASC9 repressed the tumor suppressor DUSP1 by recruiting histone methyltransferase EZH2, thereby increasing the resistance to gefitinib. Furthermore, ectopic expression of DUSP1 increased gefitinib sensitivity by inactivating the ERK pathway. Our results highlight the essential role of CASC9 in gefitinib resistance, suggesting that the CASC9/EZH2/DUSP1 axis might be a novel target for overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Cheng
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Gu
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Feng
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyao Lei
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaze Pu
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Cancer Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Katona BW, Hojnacki T, Glynn RA, Paulosky KE, Szigety KM, Cao Y, Zhang X, Feng Z, He X, Ma J, Hua X. Menin-mediated Repression of Glycolysis in Combination with Autophagy Protects Colon Cancer Against Small-molecule EGFR Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2319-2329. [PMID: 32879052 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Menin serves both tumor suppressor and promoter roles in a highly tumor-specific manner. In colorectal cancer, menin is overexpressed and plays a critical role in regulating transcription of SKP2, and combined treatment with a menin inhibitor and small-molecule EGFR inhibitor (EGFRi) leads to synergistic killing of colorectal cancer cells. However, the full spectrum of menin function in colorectal cancer remains uncertain. Herein, we demonstrate that menin inhibition increases glycolysis in colorectal cancer cells. This menin inhibitor-induced increase in glycolysis occurs in an mTOR-independent manner and enhances the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to EGFRis. In addition, we show that EGFRis induce autophagy in colorectal cancer cells, which is important for cell survival in the setting of combined treatment with an EGFRi and menin inhibitor. Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine further sensitizes colorectal cancers to treatment with the combination of an EGFRi and menin inhibitor. Together, these findings uncover a novel role for menin in colorectal cancer as a repressor of glycolysis and demonstrate that menin inhibitor-induced increases in glycolysis sensitize colorectal cancer cells to EGFRis. In addition, these findings illustrate the importance of autophagy as a protective mechanism against EGFRis, especially in the presence of menin inhibition. Ultimately, these data open the possibility of using menin-mediated regulation of glycolysis to potentially improve treatment modalities for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson W Katona
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taylor Hojnacki
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Glynn
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kayla E Paulosky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine M Szigety
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zijie Feng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xin He
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Ma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xianxin Hua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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18
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Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is enzymatic catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that can alter downstream target genes expression by trimethylation of Lys-27 in histone 3 (H3K27me3). EZH2 could also regulate gene expression in ways besides H3K27me3. Functions of EZH2 in cells proliferation, apoptosis, and senescence have been identified. Its important roles in the pathophysiology of cancer are now widely concerned. Therefore, targeting EZH2 for cancer therapy is a hot research topic now and different types of EZH2 inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we summarize the structure and action modes of EZH2, focusing on up-to-date findings regarding the role of EZH2 in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, metabolism, drug resistance, and immunity regulation. Furtherly, we highlight the advance of targeting EZH2 therapies in experiments and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Du
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Liu S, Rong G, Li X, Geng L, Zeng Z, Jiang D, Yang J, Wei Y. Diosgenin and GSK126 Produce Synergistic Effects on Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer Cells by Mediating EZH2 via the Rho/ROCK Signaling Pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5057-5067. [PMID: 32606728 PMCID: PMC7292386 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s237474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diosgenin, a natural steroidal saponin isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum, has been reported to exert anti-cancer effects. Inhibitors of enhancer of zeste homology 2 (EZH2) have been widely used in treatment of cancers. However, the effects of combined treatment with diosgenin and an EZH2 inhibitor on gastric cancer (GC) cells, and the mechanism for those effects are not fully understood. Methods AGS and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells were treated with diosgenin (0 to 8 μM), followed by treatment with either diosgenin or an EZH2 inhibitor, GSK126 alone. Afterwards, an EZH2 overexpression plasmid and Rho inhibitor, GSK429286A was involved in cells. Cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and cell apoptosis, migration, and invasion were examined by CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry, and transwell assays. Western blotting was performed to detect the relative levels of protein expression. Results Treatment with diosgenin alone caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cell viability, and combined treatment with an EZH2 inhibitor plus GSK126 caused a further significant decrease. A further analysis revealed that treatment with either diosgenin or GSK126 alone induced significant increases in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and combined treatment with both agents induced further increases in those parameters. In addition, combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 synergistically induced even stronger effects on impaired cell proliferation, G0/G1 phase arrest, and cell apoptosis when compared to treatment with either diosgenin or GSK126 treatment alone. At the molecular level, we demonstrated that inhibition of Rho/ROCK signaling by combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 could downregulate the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules. We also found that EZH2 overexpression reversed the anti-tumor effect of diosgenin by inducing cell survival, blocking G1-phase arrest, and promoted EMT. While, these biological properties were further reversed by GSK429286A. Conclusion Collectively, combined treatment with diosgenin and GSK126 produced even more significant effects on GC cell inhibition by targeting EZH2 via Rho/ROCK signaling-mediated EMT, which might be a therapeutic strategy for improving the poor therapeutic outcomes obtained with GSK126 monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Rong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhineng Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxiang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yesheng Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, People's Republic of China
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20
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Sastre D, Baiochi J, de Souza Lima IM, Canto de Souza F, Corveloni AC, Thomé CH, Faça VM, Schiavinato JLDS, Covas DT, Panepucci RA. Focused screening reveals functional effects of microRNAs differentially expressed in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1239. [PMID: 31864341 PMCID: PMC6925883 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of death worldwide. Recent studies have pointed to an important role of microRNAs in carcinogenesis. Several microRNAs are described as aberrantly expressed in CRC tissues and in the serum of patients. However, functional outcomes of microRNA aberrant expression still need to be explored at the cellular level. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of microRNAs aberrantly expressed in CRC samples in the proliferation and cell death of a CRC cell line. METHODS We transfected 31 microRNA mimics into HCT116 cells. Total number of live propidium iodide negative (PI-) and dead (PI+) cells were measured 4 days post-transfection by using a high content screening (HCS) approach. HCS was further used to evaluate apoptosis (via Annexin V and PI staining), and to discern between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, by detecting cleaved Caspase 9 and 8, respectively. To reveal mRNA targets and potentially involved mechanisms, we performed microarray gene expression and functional pathway enrichment analysis. Quantitative PCR and western blot were used to validate potential mRNA targets. RESULTS Twenty microRNAs altered the proliferation of HCT116 cells in comparison to control. miR-22-3p, miR-24-3p, and miR-101-3p significantly repressed cell proliferation and induced cell death. Interestingly, all anti-proliferative microRNAs in our study had been previously described as poorly expressed in the CRC samples. Predicted miR-101-3p targets that were also downregulated by in our microarray were enriched for genes associated with Wnt and cancer pathways, including MCL-1, a member of the BCL-2 family, involved in apoptosis. Interestingly, miR-101-3p preferentially downregulated the long anti-apoptotic MCL-1 L isoform, and reduced cell survival specifically by activating the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Moreover, miR-101-3p also downregulated IL6ST, STAT3A/B, and MYC mRNA levels, genes associated with stemness properties of CRC cells. CONCLUSIONS microRNAs upregulated in CRC tend to induce proliferation in vitro, whereas microRNAs poorly expressed in CRC halt proliferation and induce cell death. We provide novel evidence linking preferential inhibition of the anti-apoptotic MCL-1 L isoform by miR-101-3p and consequent activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as potential mechanisms for its antitumoral activity, likely due to the inhibition of the IL-6/JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Sastre
- Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01. Guamá., Belém, Pará CEP 66075-110 Brazil
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - João Baiochi
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Ildercilio Mota de Souza Lima
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Felipe Canto de Souza
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Corveloni
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Carolina Hassib Thomé
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Vitor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Josiane Lilian dos Santos Schiavinato
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci
- Laboratory of Functional Biology (LFBio), Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CTC), Regional Blood Center, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), R. Ten. Catão Roxo, 2501., Ribeirão Preto, SP 14051-140 Brazil
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21
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Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121656. [PMID: 31861179 PMCID: PMC6952790 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how ATG genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.
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22
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Clarke TL, Tang R, Chakraborty D, Van Rechem C, Ji F, Mishra S, Ma A, Kaniskan HÜ, Jin J, Lawrence MS, Sadreyev RI, Whetstine JR. Histone Lysine Methylation Dynamics Control EGFR DNA Copy-Number Amplification. Cancer Discov 2019; 10:306-325. [PMID: 31776131 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acquired chromosomal DNA copy gains are a feature of many tumors; however, the mechanisms that underpin oncogene amplification are poorly understood. Recent studies have begun to uncover the importance of epigenetic states and histone lysine methyltransferases (KMT) and demethylases (KDM) in regulating transient site-specific DNA copy-number gains (TSSG). In this study, we reveal a critical interplay between a myriad of lysine methyltransferases and demethylases in modulating H3K4/9/27 methylation balance to control extrachromosomal amplification of the EGFR oncogene. This study further establishes that cellular signals (hypoxia and EGF) are able to directly promote EGFR amplification through modulation of the enzymes controlling EGFR copy gains. Moreover, we demonstrate that chemical inhibitors targeting specific KMTs and KDMs are able to promote or block extrachromosomal EGFR amplification, which identifies potential therapeutic strategies for controlling EGFR copy-number heterogeneity in cancer, and, in turn, drug response. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a network of epigenetic factors and cellular signals that directly control EGFR DNA amplification. We demonstrate that chemical inhibitors targeting enzymes controlling this amplification can be used to rheostat EGFR copy number, which uncovers therapeutic opportunities for controlling EGFR DNA amplification heterogeneity and the associated drug response.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ran Tang
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Damayanti Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Capucine Van Rechem
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sweta Mishra
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Anqi Ma
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael S Lawrence
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Johnathan R Whetstine
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts.
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23
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Qin J, Wen B, Liang Y, Yu W, Li H. Histone Modifications and their Role in Colorectal Cancer (Review). Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:2023-2033. [PMID: 31055775 PMCID: PMC7471167 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of colorectal cancer is a complex and multistep process mediated by a variety of factors including the dysregulation of genetic and epigenetic under the influence of microenvironment. It is evident that epigenetics that affects gene activity and expression has been recognized as a critical role in the carcinogenesis. Aside from DNA methylation, miRNA level, and genomic imprinting, histone modification is increasingly recognized as an essential mechanism underlying the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Aberrant regulation of histone modification like acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation levels on specific residues is implicated in a wide spectrum of cancers, including colorectal cancer. In addition, as this process is reversible and accompanied by a plethora of deregulated enzymes, inhibiting those histone-modifying enzymes activity and regulating its level has been thought of as a potential path for tumor therapy. This review provides insight into the basic information of histone modification and its application in the colorectal cancer treatment, thereby offering new potential targets for treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Qin
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Bin Wen
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Yuqi Liang
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Weitao Yu
- Lianyungang Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixuan Li
- Institute of Spleen and Stomach, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
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24
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Mellini P, Marrocco B, Borovika D, Polletta L, Carnevale I, Saladini S, Stazi G, Zwergel C, Trapencieris P, Ferretti E, Tafani M, Valente S, Mai A. Pyrazole-based inhibitors of enhancer of zeste homologue 2 induce apoptosis and autophagy in cancer cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0150. [PMID: 29685965 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel pyrazole-based EZH2 inhibitors have been prepared through a molecular pruning approach from known inhibitors bearing a bicyclic moiety as a central scaffold. The hit compound 1o (N-((4,6-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-5-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide) showed low micromolar EZH2/PRC2 inhibition and high selectivity towards a panel of other methyltransferases. Moreover, 1o displayed cell growth arrest in breast MDA-MB231, leukaemia K562, and neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cancer cells joined to reduction of H3K27me3 levels and induction of apoptosis and autophagy.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Mellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Biagina Marrocco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Diana Borovika
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Lucia Polletta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carnevale
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Serena Saladini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Stazi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Peteris Trapencieris
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles iela 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Tafani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy .,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
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25
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Jones BA, Varambally S, Arend RC. Histone Methyltransferase EZH2: A Therapeutic Target for Ovarian Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 17:591-602. [PMID: 29726819 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in females in the United States. There were an estimated 22,440 new cases and 14,080 deaths due to ovarian cancer in 2017. Most patients present with advanced-stage disease, revealing the urgent need for new therapeutic strategies targeting pathways of tumorigenesis and chemotherapy resistance. While multiple genomic changes contribute to the progression of this aggressive disease, it has become increasingly evident that epigenetic events play a pivotal role in ovarian cancer development. One of the well-studied epigenetic modifiers, the histone methyltransferase EZH2, is a member of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is commonly involved in transcriptional repression. EZH2 is the enzymatic catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex that can alter gene expression by trimethylating lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27). In ovarian cancer, EZH2 is commonly overexpressed and therefore potentially serves as an effective therapeutic target. Multiple small-molecule inhibitors are being developed to target EZH2, which are now in clinical trials. Thus, in this review, we highlight the progress made in EZH2-related research in ovarian cancer and discuss the potential utility of targeting EZH2 with available small-molecule inhibitors for ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(3); 591-602. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayley A Jones
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Rebecca C Arend
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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26
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Liu D, Meng X, Wu D, Qiu Z, Luo H. A Natural Isoquinoline Alkaloid With Antitumor Activity: Studies of the Biological Activities of Berberine. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:9. [PMID: 30837865 PMCID: PMC6382680 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coptis, a traditional medicinal plant, has been used widely in the field of traditional Chinese medicine for many years. More recently, the chemical composition and bioactivity of Coptis have been studied worldwide. Berberine is a main component of Rhizoma Coptidis. Modern medicine has confirmed that berberine has pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, and blood pressure-lowering effects. Importantly, the active ingredient of berberine has clear inhibitory effects on various cancers, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, and cervical cancer. Cancer, ranked as one of the world’s five major incurable diseases by WHO, is a serious threat to the quality of human life. Here, we try to outline how berberine exerts antitumor effects through the regulation of different molecular pathways. In addition, the berberine-mediated regulation of epigenetic mechanisms that may be associated with the prevention of malignant tumors is described. Thus, this review provides a theoretical basis for the biological functions of berberine and its further use in the clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Donglu Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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27
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Yang Y, Zhu F, Wang Q, Ding Y, Ying R, Zeng L. Inhibition of EZH2 and EGFR produces a synergistic effect on cell apoptosis by increasing autophagy in gastric cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8455-8463. [PMID: 30555238 PMCID: PMC6278712 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s186498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous reports have shown that a combination of two or more drugs leads to better cancer treatment. Inhibitors of zeste homology 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor have been widely used in cancer treatments. However, the mechanisms of the combined use of these two drugs remain elusive. Methods Sulforhodamine B assays and Alexa Fluor®-488 Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit were used to detect the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis in vitro, respectively. Western blotting analysis was used to detect the relative protein expression, and xenografted tumor was generated in nude mice to evaluate the effect in vivo. Results Treatment with either Gefitinib ranging from 0 to 12.5 µM or GSK126 ranging from 0 to 8.3 µM caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cell survival fraction, and the combination of Gefitinib at 12.5 µM and GSK126 at 8.3 µM caused further significant decrease. The combination indexes were 0.061, 0.591, 0.713, and 0.371 for MGC803, A549, PC-3, and MDB-MA-231, respectively. In MGC803 cells, the combination of GSK126 and Gefitinib synergistically induced cell apoptosis (56.2%), which was markedly higher as compared to either drug alone (7.6% and 10.6%, P<0.05). Treatment with either Gefitinib or GSK126 alone induced a significant increase in cell apoptosis in LC3-II and p-ULK, whereas the combination of the two induced a further increase. Pretreatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, prevented the apoptosis induced by the combined use of Gefitinib and GSK126. In addition, the combined use of Gefitinib and GSK126 also inhibited the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Furthermore, the combined use of GSK126 and Gefitinib synergistically inhibited xenografted tumor proliferation. Conclusion The combined use of GSK126 and Gefitinib exerts a synergic effect on tumor growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo through inducing autophagy and promoting apoptosis. Therefore, GSK126 and Gefitinib in combination may be considered as a potential strategy in treating solid tumor clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Wenling City, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province 317500, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province 317500, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310015, China,
| | - Qingmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310015, China,
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province 317500, China
| | - Rongbiao Ying
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Taizhou Cancer Hospital, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province 317500, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province 310015, China,
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28
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Hargarten JC, Williamson PR. Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy: A Path to the Control of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1864. [PMID: 30154791 PMCID: PMC6102341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a significant cause of debilitation and mortality globally and are in need of cost-effective therapeutics. Autophagy is a cellular pathway that facilitates immune modulation involved in both pathogen control and autoimmunity. Regulation is multifactorial and includes a number of epigenetic pathways which can involve modification of DNA-binding histones to induce autophagy-related mRNA synthesis or microRNA and decapping-associated mRNA degradation which results in autophagy suppression. Appreciation of epigenetic-based pathways involved in autophagy and autoimmunity may facilitate application of a burgeoning group of epigenetic pharmaceuticals to these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Hargarten
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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29
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Liu Y, Wang YL, He SW, Chen MH, Zhang Z, Fu XP, Fu BB, Liao BQ, Lin YH, Qi ZQ, Wang HL. Protective effects of resveratrol against mancozeb induced apoptosis damage in mouse oocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6233-6245. [PMID: 28031523 PMCID: PMC5351627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mancozeb, a mixture of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate manganese and zinc salts, is one of the most widely used fungicides in agriculture. Mancozeb could lead to mitochondria dysfunction, cellular anti-oxidation enzymes depletion and apoptotic pathways activation. Previous studies indicated the exposure of mancozeb through mother would lead to irregular estrous cycles, decreased progesterone levels, reduced litter sizes, and more frequent delivery of dead fetuses. In this study, we investigated mancozeb inducing reproductive toxicity, especially focusing on its apoptotic effect and epigenetic modifications. We also showed that resveratrol, a kind of phytoalexin found in peanuts and grapes, can alleviate mancozeb's adverse effects, such as declined fertility, decreased ovary weight and primary follicles. Besides, mancozeb treated oocytes displayed suboptimal developmental competence and this can also be improved by treatment of resveratrol. More detailed investigation of these processes revealed that mancozeb increased reactive oxygen species, causing cell apoptosis and abnormal epigenetic modifications, and resveratrol can block these cytotoxic changes. Collectively, our results showed that resveratrol can alleviate mancozeb induced infertility and this was mainly through the correction of apoptotic tendency and the abnormity of cellular epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ya-Long Wang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shu-Wen He
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Xiamen Institute for Food and Drug Quality Control, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xian-Pei Fu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bin-Bin Fu
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bao-Qiong Liao
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Lin
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Quan Qi
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Organ Transplantation Institute, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Organ and Tissue Regeneration, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
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30
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Grinshtein N, Rioseco CC, Marcellus R, Uehling D, Aman A, Lun X, Muto O, Podmore L, Lever J, Shen Y, Blough MD, Cairncross GJ, Robbins SM, Jones SJ, Marra MA, Al-Awar R, Senger DL, Kaplan DR. Small molecule epigenetic screen identifies novel EZH2 and HDAC inhibitors that target glioblastoma brain tumor-initiating cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59360-59376. [PMID: 27449082 PMCID: PMC5312317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal and aggressive adult brain tumor, requiring the development of efficacious therapeutics. Towards this goal, we screened five genetically distinct patient-derived brain-tumor initiating cell lines (BTIC) with a unique collection of small molecule epigenetic modulators from the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC). We identified multiple hits that inhibited the growth of BTICs in vitro, and further evaluated the therapeutic potential of EZH2 and HDAC inhibitors due to the high relevance of these targets for GBM. We found that the novel SAM-competitive EZH2 inhibitor UNC1999 exhibited low micromolar cytotoxicity in vitro on a diverse collection of BTIC lines, synergized with dexamethasone (DEX) and suppressed tumor growth in vivo in combination with DEX. In addition, a unique brain-penetrant class I HDAC inhibitor exhibited cytotoxicity in vitro on a panel of BTIC lines and extended survival in combination with TMZ in an orthotopic BTIC model in vivo. Finally, a combination of EZH2 and HDAC inhibitors demonstrated synergy in vitro by augmenting apoptosis and increasing DNA damage. Our findings identify key epigenetic modulators in GBM that regulate BTIC growth and survival and highlight promising combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Grinshtein
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Constanza C Rioseco
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Uehling
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ahmed Aman
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xueqing Lun
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Osamu Muto
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lauren Podmore
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jake Lever
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Yaoqing Shen
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael D Blough
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg J Cairncross
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen M Robbins
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven J Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Group, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Donna L Senger
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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31
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Clancy KW, Russell AM, Subramanian V, Nguyen H, Qian Y, Campbell RM, Thompson PR. Citrullination/Methylation Crosstalk on Histone H3 Regulates ER-Target Gene Transcription. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1691-1702. [PMID: 28485572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone tails are a key contributor to epigenetic regulation. Histone H3 Arg26 and Lys27 are both modified by multiple enzymes, and their modifications have profound effects on gene expression. Citrullination of H3R26 by PAD2 and methylation of H3K27 by PRC2 have opposing downstream impacts on gene regulation; H3R26 citrullination activates gene expression, and H3K27 methylation represses gene expression. Both of these modifications are drivers of a variety of cancers, and their writer enzymes, PAD2 and EZH2, are the targets of drug therapies. After biochemical and cell-based analysis of these modifications, a negative crosstalk interaction is observed. Methylation of H3K27 slows citrullination of H3R26 30-fold, whereas citrullination of H3R26 slows methylation 30,000-fold. Examination of the mechanism of this crosstalk interaction uncovered a change in structure of the histone tail upon citrullination which prevents methylation by the PRC2 complex. This mechanism of crosstalk is reiterated in cell lines using knockdowns and inhibitors of both enzymes. Based our data, we propose a model in which, after H3 Cit26 formation, H3K27 demethylases are recruited to the chromatin to activate transcription. In total, our studies support the existence of crosstalk between citrullination of H3R26 and methylation of H3K27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen W. Clancy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Anna-Maria Russell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Yuewei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Robert M. Campbell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
- Program
in Chemical Biology, UMass Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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32
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Kurmasheva RT, Sammons M, Favours E, Wu J, Kurmashev D, Cosmopoulos K, Keilhack H, Klaus CR, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of tazemetostat (EPZ-6438), a novel EZH2 inhibitor, by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26218. [PMID: 27555605 PMCID: PMC5584632 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) is a selective inhibitor of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 and currently in clinical development for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and genetically defined tumors. PROCEDURES Tazemetostat was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) solid tumor xenografts using a dose of 400 mg/kg administered twice daily by oral gavage for 28 days. H3K27me3:H3 ratios were determined in control and treated tumors. RESULTS Tazemetostat induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared with control in nine of 30 (30%) of the xenografts studied. Significant differences in EFS distribution were observed in five of seven (71%) rhabdoid tumor xenograft lines compared with four of 23 (17%) nonrhabdoid xenograft lines (chi-square [χ2 ] test P = 0.006). Tazemetostat induced tumor growth inhibition meeting criteria for intermediate and high EFS treated-to-control (T/C) activity in two of 25 (8%) and one of 25 (4%) xenografts, respectively. Intermediate and high activity for the EFS T/C metric was observed exclusively among rhabdoid tumor xenografts (three of five rhabdoid tumor vs 0 of 22 nonrhabdoid tumors (χ² test P < 0.001). One rhabdoid tumor xenograft (G401) showed stable disease. For one rhabdoid tumor (G401), delayed tumor regression to tazemetostat was noted following 1 week of tumor growth. Tazemetostat induced significant reduction of H3K27me3 levels in the majority of tumors compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Tazemetostat demonstrated significant antitumor activity in rhabdoid tumor models but showed no consistent activity against any other histology. Tazemetostat reduced H3K27me3 levels irrespective of tumor response. Further preclinical testing to evaluate tazemetostat in combination with other anticancer agents is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jianwrong Wu
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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33
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Hessmann E, Johnsen SA, Siveke JT, Ellenrieder V. Epigenetic treatment of pancreatic cancer: is there a therapeutic perspective on the horizon? Gut 2017; 66:168-179. [PMID: 27811314 PMCID: PMC5256386 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes one of the most aggressive malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of <7%. Due to growing incidence, late diagnosis and insufficient treatment options, PDAC is predicted to soon become one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Although intensified cytostatic combinations, particularly gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel and the folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) protocol, provide some improvement in efficacy and survival compared with gemcitabine alone, a breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer remains out of sight. Nevertheless, recent translational research activities propose that either modulation of the immune response or pharmacological targeting of epigenetic modifications alone, or in combination with chemotherapy, might open highly powerful therapeutic avenues in GI cancer entities, including pancreatic cancer. Deregulation of key epigenetic factors and chromatin-modifying proteins, particularly those responsible for the addition, removal or recognition of post-translational histone modifications, are frequently found in human pancreatic cancer and hence constitute particularly exciting treatment opportunities. This review summarises both current clinical trial activities and discovery programmes initiated throughout the biopharma landscape, and critically discusses the chances, hurdles and limitations of epigenetic-based therapy in future PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hessmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steven A Johnsen
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens T Siveke
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Volker Ellenrieder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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34
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Abstract
Besides being a genetic disease, cancer is also an epigenetic disease. The histone methyltransferase EZH2 is the catalytic subunit of PRC2, a highly conserved protein complex that regulates gene expression by methylating lysine 27 on histone H3. Given its role in tumorigenesis and its prognostic value in several tumor types, this protein appears a relevant therapeutic target. This review focuses on the preclinical and preliminary clinical results of studies investigating EZH2 inhibitors in human malignancies. These emerging data suggest that EZH2 inhibitors represent a very promising class of drugs, which will probably have a major impact on improving outcome and reducing toxicity for patients with indolent and aggressive B-cell lymphomas and other specific solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Italiano
- Early Phase Trials and Sarcoma Units, Institut Bergonié, 229 cours de l'Argonne, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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35
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) were initially considered to be a subset of undifferentiated tumor cells with well-defined phenotypic and molecular markers. However, emerging evidence indicates instead that colorectal CSCs are heterogeneous subsets of tumor cells that are continuously reshaped by the dynamic interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and immune factors in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, the colorectal CSC phenotypes and responsiveness to therapy may not only be a tumor cell-intrinsic feature, but also depend on tumor-extrinsic microenvironmental factors. Furthermore, emerging evidence also implicates colorectal CSCs in potential immune evasion. Therefore, understanding how colorectal CSC-intrinsic mechanisms cooperate with the extrinsic microenvironmental factors to dynamically shape colorectal CSC resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy holds great promise for development of targeted CSC therapies of advanced human CRC.
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36
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Katoh M. Mutation spectra of histone methyltransferases with canonical SET domains and EZH2-targeted therapy. Epigenomics 2015; 8:285-305. [PMID: 26411517 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in canonical SET-methyltransferases have been identified in autism and intellectual disability syndromes and gain-of-function somatic alterations in EZH2, MLL3, NSD1, WHSC1 (NSD2) and WHSC1L1 (NSD3) in cancer. EZH2 interacts with AR, ERα, β-catenin, FOXP3, NF-κB, PRC2, REST and SNAI2, resulting in context-dependent transcriptional activation and repression. Pharmacological EZH2 inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and solid tumors. EZH2 inhibitors might also be applicable in the treatment of SWI/SNF-mutant cancers, reflecting the reciprocal expression of and functional overlap between EZH2 and SMARCA4. Because of the risks for autoimmune diseases, cognitive impairment, cardiomyopathy and myelodysplastic syndrome, EZH2 inhibitors should be utilized for cancer treatment in patients receiving long-term surveillance but not for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ward, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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37
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Wang W, Qin JJ, Voruganti S, Nag S, Zhou J, Zhang R. Polycomb Group (PcG) Proteins and Human Cancers: Multifaceted Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1220-67. [PMID: 26227500 DOI: 10.1002/med.21358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are transcriptional repressors that regulate several crucial developmental and physiological processes in the cell. More recently, they have been found to play important roles in human carcinogenesis and cancer development and progression. The deregulation and dysfunction of PcG proteins often lead to blocking or inappropriate activation of developmental pathways, enhancing cellular proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and increasing the cancer stem cell population. Genetic and molecular investigations of PcG proteins have long been focused on their PcG functions. However, PcG proteins have recently been shown to exert non-classical-Pc-functions, contributing to the regulation of diverse cellular functions. We and others have demonstrated that PcG proteins regulate the expression and function of several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in a PcG-independent manner, and PcG proteins are associated with the survival of patients with cancer. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the research on PcG proteins, including both the Pc-repressive and non-classical-Pc-functions. We specifically focus on the mechanisms by which PcG proteins play roles in cancer initiation, development, and progression. Finally, we discuss the potential value of PcG proteins as molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer, and as molecular targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106.,Center for Cancer Biology and Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106
| | - Sukesh Voruganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106
| | - Subhasree Nag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, Cancer Center, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, P. R. China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106.,Center for Cancer Biology and Therapy, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106
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38
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Gargalionis AN, Karamouzis MV, Adamopoulos C, Papavassiliou AG. Protein trafficking in colorectal carcinogenesis--targeting and bypassing resistance to currently applied treatments. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:607-615. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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