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Ko EJ, Kim DY, Kim MH, An H, Kim J, Jeong JY, Song KS, Cha HJ. Functional Analysis of Membrane-Associated Scaffolding Tight Junction (TJ) Proteins in Tumorigenic Characteristics of B16-F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:833. [PMID: 38255907 PMCID: PMC10815660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins (Tjps), Tjp1 and Tjp2, are tight junction-associated scaffold proteins that bind to the transmembrane proteins of tight junctions and the underlying cytoskeleton. In this study, we first analyzed the tumorigenic characteristics of B16-F10 melanoma cells, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastatic potential, and the expression patterns of related proteins, after the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of Tjp genes. The proliferation of Tjp1 and Tjp2 KO cells significantly increased in vitro. Other tumorigenic characteristics, including migration and invasion, were significantly enhanced in Tjp1 and Tjp2 KO cells. Zonula occludens (ZO)-associated protein Claudin-1 (CLDN-1), which is a major component of tight junctions and functions in controlling cell-to-cell adhesion, was decreased in Tjp KO cells. Additionally, Tjp KO significantly stimulated tumor growth and metastasis in an in vivo mouse model. We performed a transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate the key genes involved in the mechanisms of action of Tjp1 and Tjp2. Among the various genes affected by Tjp KO-, cell cycle-, cell migration-, angiogenesis-, and cell-cell adhesion-related genes were significantly altered. In particular, we found that the Ninjurin-1 (Ninj1) and Catenin alpha-1 (Ctnna1) genes, which are known to play fundamental roles in Tjps, were significantly downregulated in Tjp KO cells. In summary, tumorigenic characteristics, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and metastatic potential, were significantly increased in Tjp1 and Tjp2 KO cells, and the knockout of Tjp genes significantly affected the expression of related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Ko
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea or (E.-J.K.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-H.K.); (H.A.)
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Do-Ye Kim
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea or (E.-J.K.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-H.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea or (E.-J.K.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-H.K.); (H.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin An
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea or (E.-J.K.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-H.K.); (H.A.)
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea;
- Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.J.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Jee-Yeong Jeong
- Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.J.); (K.S.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Seob Song
- Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.J.); (K.S.S.)
- Departments of Medical Life Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea or (E.-J.K.); (D.-Y.K.); (M.-H.K.); (H.A.)
- Institute for Medical Science, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea; (J.-Y.J.); (K.S.S.)
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Yu S, He J, Xie K. Zonula Occludens Proteins Signaling in Inflammation and Tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3804-3815. [PMID: 37564207 PMCID: PMC10411466 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) is the barrier of epithelial and endothelial cells to maintain paracellular substrate transport and cell polarity. As one of the TJ cytoplasmic adaptor proteins adjacent to cell membrane, zonula occludens (ZO) proteins are responsible for connecting transmembrane TJ proteins and cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, providing a binding platform for transmembrane TJ proteins to maintain the barrier function. In addition to the basic structural function, ZO proteins play important roles in signal regulation such as cell proliferation and motility, the latter including cell migration, invasion and metastasis, to influence embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, damage repair, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and cancer progression. In this review, we will focus on the signal regulating function of ZO proteins in inflammation and tumorigenesis, and discuss the limitations of previous research and future challenges in ZO protein research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yu
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangdong, China
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Hu X, Zhou Y, Shi J, Qi M, Li X, Yang Y, Zhu C, Wang C, Tang Z, Ma Y, Yu G. Osthole relieves skin damage and inhibits chronic itch through modulation of Akt/ZO-3 pathway in atopic dermatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175649. [PMID: 36921706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition and significantly reduces quality of life. Tight junction (TJ), which is located directly beneath the stratum corneum, maintains skin barrier function and aids in the identification of the cell's "territory". We evaluated seventeen TJ related genes to explore AD related alterations of TJ. Remarkably, we found that the expression of ZO-3, a gene that had not been linked to the development of TJ in AD, was significantly down-regulated in the skin of AD mice and patients. siRNA mediated knock-down of ZO-3 significantly decreased transepithelial electrical resistance in HaCaT cells, demonstrating that ZO-3 is essential to epidermal barrier function. In addition to ZO-3 downregulation, protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation was increased in the skin of AD mice. We further confirmed an inverse relationship between Akt phosphorylation and ZO-3 expression in AD using HaCaT cells and mouse model. Finally, we tested the efficacy of osthole as a treatment for AD in mice and HaCaT cells. Osthole inhibits Akt phosphorylation, and thereby enhances ZO-3 expression in mouse models of AD, resulting in greatly lessened AD associated skin damage and chronic itch, and osthole also increased the expression of ZO-3 in HaCaT cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt. Together, we established that ZO-3 is essential for the development of TJ in AD skin and HaCaT cells, and our findings provide fresh support for osthole's ability to protect ZO-3 expression and the epidermal barrier in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Hu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxin Qi
- Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chan Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Changming Wang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongxiang Tang
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Ma
- School of Life Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guang Yu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicine of Prevention and Treatment in Neurological Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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Altered integrity of hepatocyte tight junctions in rats with triptolide-induced cholestasis. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:188-194. [PMID: 33781452 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), an active component of Tripterygium wilfordiiHook. f. (TWHF), has been widely used for centuries as a traditional Chinese medicine. However, the clinical application of TP has been restricted due to multitarget toxicity, such as hepatotoxicity. In this study, 28 days of oral TP administration (100, 200, or 400 μg·kg-1·d-1) induced the occurrence of cholestasis in female Wistar rats, as evidenced by increased serum levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and hepatic total bile acids (TBAs). In addition, the heptocyte polarity associated with the strcture of tight junctions (TJs) was disrupted in both rats and sandwich-cultured primary hepatocytes. Immunoblotting revealed decreased expression of the TJ-associated proteins occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens protein (ZO-1), and downregulated mRNA levels of these TJs was also detected by real-time PCR. An immunofluorescence analysis showed abnormal subcellular localization of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1, which was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the concentration of FITC-dextran, a marker of paracellular penetration, was found to increase rapidly in bile increased rapidly (within 6 minutes) after treatment with TP, which indicated the functional impairment of TJs. Taken together, these results suggest that the administration of TP for 28 consecutive days to rats could induce cholestatic injury in the liver, and the increased paracellular permeability might play an important role in these pathological changes.
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Huet A, Dvorshchenko K, Taburets O, Grebinyk D, Beregova T, Ostapchenko L. Tlr2 and Tjp1 Genes’ Expression during Restoration of Skin Integrity. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452720060122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Neonatal Hyperoxia Downregulates Claudin-4, Occludin, and ZO-1 Expression in Rat Kidney Accompanied by Impaired Proximal Tubular Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2641461. [PMID: 33343804 PMCID: PMC7725566 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2641461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperoxia is essential to manage in preterm infants but causes injury to immature kidney. Previous study indicates that hyperoxia causes oxidative damage to neonatal kidney and impairs renal development. However, the underlying mechanisms by which neonatal hyperoxia effects on immature kidney still need to be elucidated. Tight junction, among which the representative proteins are claudin-4, occludin, and ZO-1, plays a crucial role in nephrogenesis and maintaining renal function. Inflammatory cytokines are involved in the pleiotropic regulation of tight junction proteins. Here, we investigated how neonatal hyperoxia affected the expression of key tight junction proteins and inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the developing rat kidneys and elucidated their correlation with renal injury. We found claudin-4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression in proximal tubules was significantly downregulated after neonatal hyperoxia. The expression of these tight junction proteins was positively correlated with that of IL-6 and TNF-α, while claudin-4 expression was positively correlated with injury score of proximal tubules in mature kidneys. These findings indicated that impaired expression of tight junction proteins in kidney might be a potential mechanism of hyperoxia-induced nephrogenic disorders. It provides new insights to further study oxidative renal injury and development disorders and will be helpful for seeking potential therapeutics for hyperoxia-induced renal injury in the future.
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Cao L, Yang T, Huang S, Yun X, Hou H, Wang T, Shi D, Li X. Expression patterns of ZO-1/2 and their effects on porcine oocyte in vitro maturation and early embryonic development. Theriogenology 2020; 161:262-270. [PMID: 33348145 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2 are involved in epithelial polarity maintenance, gene transcription, cell proliferation and tumor cell metastasis. Regulating ZO-1/2 expression influences the early embryonic development of mice, but whether they are involved in oocyte maturation is still poorly understood. In the present study, the expression patterns of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in porcine cumulus cells and oocytes matured in vitro and early embryos from parthenogenetic activation were detected by qRT-PCR or Western blot, and then their roles in porcine oocyte maturation and early embryo development were investigated by shRNA technology. ZO-1 and ZO-2 were found to be expressed in cumulus cells, oocytes and early embryos, while ZO-1α+ was expressed only in cumulus cells, morula and blastocysts. During in vitro maturation (IVM), the abundance of ZO-1 and ZO-2 in oocytes was significantly higher than that in cumulus cells at 0 h (P < 0.01), and their mRNA and protein levels displayed relatively higher expression at 0 and 18 h, respectively. Compared with the control groups, cumulus cell expansion, oocyte nucleus maturation, and subsequent cleavage were not influenced by treatment of the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with ZO-1-shRNA1, ZO-2-shRNA2 or combined ZO-1-shRNA1 and ZO-2-shRNA2 lentivirus (P > 0.05). However, the blastocyst rate was reduced by treatment of COCs with ZO-1-shRNA1 but not ZO-2-shRNA2. The total cell number of blastocysts was decreased by downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 (P < 0.05). Downregulation of ZO-1 and ZO-2 also resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the expression of Cx43, Cx45, PTX3 and PTGS2 in cumulus cells, Cx45, BMP15, ZP3 and C-KIT in MII oocytes, and Nanog in blastocysts, with the exception of HAS2 expression in cumulus cells and Oct4 expression in blastocysts (P > 0.05). Altogether, the above results indicate that ZO-1 and ZO-2 display similar expression patterns during porcine oocyte IVM and are critical to porcine oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Shihai Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Xuedan Yun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Hanqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Deshun Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
| | - Xiangping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China.
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Vašíček O, Hájek J, Bláhová L, Hrouzek P, Babica P, Kubala L, Šindlerová L. Cyanobacterial lipopeptides puwainaphycins and minutissamides induce disruptive and pro-inflammatory processes in Caco-2 human intestinal barrier model. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 96:101849. [PMID: 32560836 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Puwainaphycins (PUW) and minutissamides (MIN) are cyanobacterial lipopeptides found in various cyanobacterial species. The first possible target of human exposure to them is intestinal epithelium but effect of PUW/MIN on enterocytes is not known at all. Using differentiated Caco-2 cells, PUW F was found to be cytotoxic from 5 µM concentration based on lactate dehydrogenase release assay and total protein concentration. However, it is also able to induce production of interleukin 8 in non-cytotoxic concentrations 1 and 2.5 µM detected by ELISA. Effects of MIN A and C were similar but less pronounced compared to PUW F. On the other hand, MIN D was the least toxic compound with no significant pro-inflammatory effects. Surprisingly, pro-inflammatory activation of the cells by PUW F and MIN C resulted in an increase in tight junction (TJ) protein claudin 4 expression determined by western blot analysis and confirmed by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, decrease in expression of zonula occludens 3, another TJ protein, was observed after the exposure to PUW F. Taken together, these cytotoxic lipopeptides, especially PUW F, are to be studied more deeply due to their capability to activate and/or deregulate human enterocytes in low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Vašíček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Hájek
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradska 237, Trebon 379 80, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Bláhová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Hrouzek
- Institute of Microbiology, Centre Algatech, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novohradska 237, Trebon 379 80, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Babica
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Šindlerová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic.
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González-Mariscal L, Miranda J, Gallego-Gutiérrez H, Cano-Cortina M, Amaya E. Relationship between apical junction proteins, gene expression and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183278. [PMID: 32240623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The apical junctional complex (AJC) is a cell-cell adhesion system present at the upper portion of the lateral membrane of epithelial cells integrated by the tight junction (TJ) and the adherens junction (AJ). This complex is crucial to initiate and stabilize cell-cell adhesion, to regulate the paracellular transit of ions and molecules and to maintain cell polarity. Moreover, we now consider the AJC as a hub of signal transduction that regulates cell-cell adhesion, gene transcription and cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular components of the AJC are multiple and diverse and depending on the cellular context some of the proteins in this complex act as tumor suppressors or as promoters of cell transformation, migration and metastasis outgrowth. Here, we describe these new roles played by TJ and AJ proteins and their potential use in cancer diagnostics and as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helios Gallego-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Misael Cano-Cortina
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elida Amaya
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center of Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
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Boivin FJ, Schmidt-Ott KM. Functional roles of Grainyhead-like transcription factors in renal development and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:181-190. [PMID: 30554362 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proper renal function relies on the tightly regulated development of nephrons and collecting ducts. This process, known as tubulogenesis, involves dynamic cellular and molecular changes that instruct cells to form highly organized tubes of epithelial cells which compartmentalize the renal interstitium and tubular lumen via assembly of a selective barrier. The integrity and diversity of the various renal epithelia is achieved via formation of intercellular protein complexes along the apical-basal axis of the epithelial cells. In recent years, the evolutionarily conserved family of Grainyhead-like (GRHL) transcription factors which encompasses three mammalian family members (Grainyhead-like 1, 2, 3) has emerged as a group of critical regulators for organ development, epithelial differentiation, and barrier formation. Evidence from transgenic animal models supports the presence of Grainyhead-like-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that promote formation and maintenance of epithelial barriers in the kidney. In this review, we highlight different Grhl-dependent mechanisms that modulate epithelial differentiation in the kidney. Additionally, we discuss how disruptions in these mechanisms result in impaired renal function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Boivin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai M Schmidt-Ott
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Nephrology, Charité Medical University, Berlin, Germany.
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ZO-2 Is a Master Regulator of Gene Expression, Cell Proliferation, Cytoarchitecture, and Cell Size. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174128. [PMID: 31450555 PMCID: PMC6747478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ZO-2 is a cytoplasmic protein of tight junctions (TJs). Here, we describe ZO-2 involvement in the formation of the apical junctional complex during early development and in TJ biogenesis in epithelial cultured cells. ZO-2 acts as a scaffold for the polymerization of claudins at TJs and plays a unique role in the blood–testis barrier, as well as at TJs of the human liver and the inner ear. ZO-2 movement between the cytoplasm and nucleus is regulated by nuclear localization and exportation signals and post-translation modifications, while ZO-2 arrival at the cell border is triggered by activation of calcium sensing receptors and corresponding downstream signaling. Depending on its location, ZO-2 associates with junctional proteins and the actomyosin cytoskeleton or a variety of nuclear proteins, playing a role as a transcriptional repressor that leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and transformation. ZO-2 regulates cell architecture through modulation of Rho proteins and its absence induces hypertrophy due to inactivation of the Hippo pathway and activation of mTOR and S6K. The interaction of ZO-2 with viral oncoproteins and kinases and its silencing in diverse carcinomas reinforce the view of ZO-2 as a tumor regulator protein.
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Propofol attenuates monocyte-endothelial adhesion via modulating connexin43 expression in monocytes. Life Sci 2019; 232:116624. [PMID: 31276689 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Monocyte-endothelial adhesion is considered to be the primary initiator of inflammatory vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Connexin 43 (Cx43) has been reported to play an important part in this process, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Intravenous anesthetics, propofol is commonly used in the perioperative period and in the intensive care unit, and considered to have good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Thus, we speculate that propofol could influence monocyte-endothelial adhesion, and explore whether its possible mechanism is relative with Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes influencing cell adhesion of U937 monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). MAIN METHODS Cx43-siRNAs or pc-DNA-Cx43 were used to alter Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes. Propofol was given as pretreatments to U937 monocytes. Then, cell adhesion, ZO-1, LFA-1, VLA-4, COX and MCP-1 were determined. PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway was explored to clarify the possible mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Alternation of Cx43 expression affects cell adhesion and adhesion molecules significantly, such as ZO-1, LFA-1, VLA-4, COX-2 and MCP-1, the mechanism of which is relative with Cx43 influencing the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Preconditioning with propofol at its clinically relevant anesthesia concentration attenuates cell adhesion. Propofol not only decreases Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes, but also depresses the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE Modulation Cx43 expression in U937 monocytes could affect cell adhesion via regulating the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Propofol attenuates cell adhesion via inhibiting Cx43 and its downstream signaling pathway of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB.
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Liu M, Yang J, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Cui X, Zhang L, Fung KM, Zheng W, Allard FD, Yee EU, Ding K, Wu H, Liang Z, Zheng L, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Li YP, Bronze MS, Morris KT, Postier RG, Houchen CW, Yang J, Li M. ZIP4 Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Progression by Repressing ZO-1 and Claudin-1 through a ZEB1-Dependent Transcriptional Mechanism. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3186-3196. [PMID: 29615456 PMCID: PMC7006048 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: ZIP4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and promotes tumor growth. However, little is known about the role of ZIP4 in advanced stages of this dismal neoplasm. Our goal is to study the underlying mechanism and define a novel signaling pathway controlled by ZIP4-modulating pancreatic tumor metastasis.Experimental Design: The expression of ZIP4, ZO-1, claudin-1, and ZEB1 in human pancreatic cancer tissues, genetically engineered mouse model, xenograft tumor model, and pancreatic cancer cell lines were examined, and the correlations between ZIP4 and those markers were also analyzed. Functional analysis of ZO-1, claudin-1, and ZEB1 was investigated in pancreatic cancer cell lines and orthotopic xenografts.Results: Genetic inactivation of ZIP4 inhibited migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer and increased the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1. Conversely, overexpression of ZIP4 promoted migration and invasion and increased the expression of ZEB1 and downregulation of the aforementioned epithelial genes. ZIP4 downregulation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 requires the transcriptional repressor ZEB1. Further analysis demonstrated that ZIP4-mediated repression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 leads to upregulation of their targets FAK and Paxillin. Silencing of ZIP4 caused reduced phosphorylation of FAK and Paxillin, which was rescued by simultaneous blocking of ZO-1 or claudin-1. Clinically, we demonstrated that ZIP4 positively correlates with the levels of ZEB1 and inversely associates with the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1.Conclusions: These findings suggest a novel pathway activated by ZIP4-controlling pancreatic cancer invasiveness and metastasis, which could serve as a new therapeutic target for this devastating disease. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3186-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xiaobo Cui
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Felicia D Allard
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael S Bronze
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Katherine T Morris
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Russell G Postier
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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14
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He L, Zhou Z, Shao Y, Yang Z, Zhou S, Zou X, Zhou Y, Tan G. Bradykinin potentially stimulates cell proliferation in rabbit corneal endothelial cells through the ZO‑1/ZONAB pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:71-80. [PMID: 29568941 PMCID: PMC5979832 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) has been demonstrated to induce proliferation in several types of cell in ex vivo corneas. However, the mechanisms underlying the action of BK on corneal endothelial cells (CECs) remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of BK on rabbit corneal endothelial cell (RCEC) proliferation, and assess the involvement of the zonula occludens‑1(ZO‑1)/ZO‑1associated nucleic acid binding protein (ZONAB) pathway. Cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution was analyzed following treatment with BK (0.01, 0.1,1.0 or 10.0 µM) for the indicated time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96 h), or following BK treatment combined with transfection of ZONAB‑small interfering (si)RNA for 72 h. In addition, the expression of tight junction ZO‑1, nuclear ZONAB, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and cyclin D1 were evaluated using western blotting or immunofluorescence. BK treatment was demonstrated to induce time‑ and concentration‑dependent cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, along with the upregulation of tight junction ZO‑1 and nuclear ZONAB, as well as PCNA and cyclin D1 protein expression. Furthermore, knockdown with ZONAB‑siRNA inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest and downregulated PCNA and cyclin D1 protein expression. ZONAB knockdown therefore successfully reversed the increase in proliferation induced by BK treatment. Taken together, these results suggested that BK stimulated RCEC proliferation, potentially via the ZO‑1/ZONAB pathway. The signaling paradigm disclosed in the present study potentially serves as an important therapeutic target for cornea regeneration and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixian He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Xuexiang Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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15
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Loss of DLG5 promotes breast cancer malignancy by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42125. [PMID: 28169360 PMCID: PMC5294562 DOI: 10.1038/srep42125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discs Large Homolog 5 (DLG5) plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell polarity. Recent research showed that DLG5 is decreased in Yes-associated protein (YAP)-overexpressing cells. However, the exact relationship between DLG5 and YAP is not clear. In this study, we showed that loss of DLG5 promoted breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP expression. Furthermore, depletion of DLG5 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and disrupted epithelial cell polarity, which was associated with altered expression of Scribble, ZO1, E-cadherin and N-cadherin and their mislocalization. Interestingly, we first reported that loss of DLG5 inhibited the interaction of Mst1 and Lats1 with Scribble, which was crucial for YAP activation and the transcription of TEA domain (TEAD) family members. In summary, loss of DLG5 expression promoted breast cancer malignancy by inactivating the Hippo signaling pathway and increasing nuclear YAP.
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16
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Wang L, Zhang R, Chen J, Wu Q, Kuang Z. Baicalin Protects against TNF-α-Induced Injury by Down-Regulating miR-191a That Targets the Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 in IEC-6 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:435-443. [PMID: 28111380 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in the developing process of inflammatory bowel disease. Tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), one of epithelial junctional proteins, maintains the permeability of intestinal barrier. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the protective effect of baicalin on TNF-α-induced injury and ZO-1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We found that baicalin pretreatment significantly improved cell viability and cell migration following TNF-α stimulation. miR-191a inhibitor increased the protective effect of baicalin on cell motility injured by TNF-α. In addition, miR-191a down-regulated the mRNA and protein level of its target gene ZO-1. TNF-α stimulation increased miR-191a expression, leading to the decline of ZO-1 mRNA and protein. Moreover, pretreatment with baicalin reversed TNF-α induced decrease of ZO-1 and increase of miR-191a, miR-191a inhibitor significantly enhanced ZO-1 protein expression restored by baicalin. These results indicate that baicalin exerts a protective effect on IEC-6 (rat small intestinal epithelial cells) cells against TNF-α-induced injury, which is at least partly via inhibiting the expression of miR-191a, thus increasing ZO-1 mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
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17
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Babkair H, Yamazaki M, Uddin MS, Maruyama S, Abé T, Essa A, Sumita Y, Ahsan MS, Swelam W, Cheng J, Saku T. Aberrant expression of the tight junction molecules claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 mediates cell growth and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2016; 57:51-60. [PMID: 27436828 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We reported that altered cell contact mediated by E-cadherin is an initial event in the pathogenesis of oral epithelial malignancies. To assess other effects of cell adhesion, we examined the expression levels of tight junction (TJ) molecules in oral carcinoma in situ (CIS) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To identify changes in the expression of TJ molecules, we conducted an analysis of the immunohistochemical profiles of claudin-1 (CLDN-1) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in surgical specimens acquired from patients with oral SCC containing foci of epithelial dysplasia or from patients with CIS. We used immunofluorescence, Western blotting, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and RNA interference to evaluate the functions of CLDN-1 and ZO-1 in cultured oral SCC cells. TJ molecules were not detected in normal oral epithelial tissues but were expressed in SCC/CIS cells. ZO-1 was localized within the nucleus of proliferating cells. When CLDN-1 expression was inhibited by transfecting cells with specific small interference RNAs, SCC cells dissociated, and their ability to proliferate and invade Matrigel was inhibited. In contrast, although RNA interference-mediated inhibition of ZO-1 expression did not affect cell morphology, it inhibited cell proliferation and invasiveness. Our findings indicated that the detection of TJ molecules in the oral epithelia may serve as a marker for the malignant phenotype of cells in which CLDN-1 regulates proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Babkair
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 41311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.
| | - Md Shihab Uddin
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Ahmed Essa
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sumita
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Md Shahidul Ahsan
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Wael Swelam
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Basic and Clinical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Medina 41311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Takashi Saku
- Division of Oral Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
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18
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Baschieri F, Uetz-von Allmen E, Legler DF, Farhan H. Loss of GM130 in breast cancer cells and its effects on cell migration, invasion and polarity. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1139-47. [PMID: 25892554 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1007771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatially distinct pools of the small GTPase Cdc42 were observed, but the major focus of research so far has been to investigate its signaling at the plasma membrane. We recently showed that the Golgi pool of Cdc42 is relevant for cell polarity and that it is regulated by GM130, a Golgi matrix protein. Loss of GM130 abrogated cell polarity and consistent with the notion that polarity is frequently impaired in cancer, we found that GM130 is downregulated in colorectal cancer. Whether the loss of GM130 solely affects polarity, or whether it affects other processes relevant for tumorigenesis remains unclear. In a panel of breast cancer cells lines, we investigated the consequences of GM130 depletion on traits of relevance for tumor progression, such as survival, proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion. We show that cellular assays that depend on polarity, such as chemotaxis and wound scratch assays, are only of limited use to investigate the role of polarity modulators in cancer. Depletion of GM130 increases cellular velocity and increases the invasiveness of breast cancer cells, therefore supporting the view that alterations of polarity contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baschieri
- a Biotechnology Institute Thurgau; University of Konstanz ; Kreuzlingen , Switzerland
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Cordenonsi
- a Department of Molecular Medicine ; University of Padua School of Medicine ; Padua , Italy ;
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