1
|
Somadder PD, Hossain MA, Ahsan A, Sultana T, Soikot SH, Rahman MM, Ibrahim SM, Ahmed K, Bui FM. Drug Repurposing and Systems Biology approaches of Enzastaurin can target potential biomarkers and critical pathways in Colorectal Cancer. Comput Biol Med 2023; 155:106630. [PMID: 36774894 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe health concern that results from a cocktail of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental abnormalities. Because it is the second most lethal malignancy in the world and the third-most common malignant tumor, but the treatment is unavailable. The goal of the current study was to use bioinformatics and systems biology techniques to determine the pharmacological mechanism underlying putative important genes and linked pathways in early-onset CRC. Computer-aided methods were used to uncover similar biological targets and signaling pathways associated with CRC, along with bioinformatics and network pharmacology techniques to assess the effects of enzastaurin on CRC. The KEGG and gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis revealed several significant pathways including in positive regulation of protein phosphorylation, negative regulation of the apoptotic process, nucleus, nucleoplasm, protein tyrosine kinase activity, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway. Later, the hub protein module identified from the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation represented that enzastaurin showed strong binding interaction with two hub proteins including CASP3 (-8.6 kcal/mol), and MCL1 (-8.6 kcal/mol), which were strongly implicated in CRC management than other the five hub proteins. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic features of enzastaurin revealed that it is an effective therapeutic agent with minimal adverse effects. Enzastaurin may inhibit the potential biological targets that are thought to be responsible for the advancement of CRC and this study suggests a potential novel therapeutic target for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratul Dipta Somadder
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Arju Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Tayeba Sultana
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Sadat Hossain Soikot
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Sobhy M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada; Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh.
| | - Francis M Bui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tarvainen I, Nunn RC, Tuominen RK, Jäntti MH, Talman V. Protein kinase A Mediated Effects of Protein kinase C Partial Agonist HMI-1a3 in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 380:54-62. [PMID: 34697230 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly occurring cancer in men and the second in women. The global burden of colorectal cancer is projected to increase to over 2 million new cases with over 1 million deaths within the next 10 years and there is a great need for new compounds with novel mechanisms of action. Our group has developed PKC modulating isophthalic acid derivatives that induce cytotoxicity towards human cervical and prostate cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of 5-(hydroxymethyl)isophthalate 1a3 (HMI-1a3) on colorectal cancer cell lines (Caco2, Colo205 and HT29). HMI-1a3 inhibited cell proliferation, decreased cell viability and induced an apoptotic response in all studied cell lines. These effects, however, were independent of PKC. Using serine/threonine kinome profiling and pharmacological kinase inhibitors we identified activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway as a new mechanism-of-action for HMI-1a3-induced anti-cancer activity in colorectal cancer cell lines. Our current results strengthen the hypothesis for HMI-1a3 as a potential anti-cancer agent against various malignancies. Significance Statement Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common solid organ malignancy. Here, we demonstrate that the protein kinase C (PKC) C1 domain-targeted isophthalatic acid derivative HMI-1a3 has anti-cancer activity on CRC cell lines independently of PKC. We identified protein kinase A (PKA) activation as a mechanism of HMI-1a3 induced anti-cancer effects. Our results reveal a new anti-cancer mechanism of action for the partial PKC agonist HMI-1a3 and thus provide new insights for the development of PKC and PKA modulators for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virpi Talman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Deng X, Wu D, Jin M, Yu B. PKCδ promotes fertilization of mouse embryos in early development via the Cdc25B signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3281-3290. [PMID: 31602201 PMCID: PMC6777331 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C type δ (PKCδ) is involved in B-cell signaling and the regulation of growth, apoptosis and differentiation of a variety of cell types. Cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25) is a key mediator of cell cycle progression that activates cyclin-dependent kinase complexes that drive the cell cycle and participates in the regulation of DNA damage checkpoints. Cdc25B is a member of the Cdc25 family of phosphatases. The present study investigated the role and mechanism of PKCδ in regulating the fertilization of mouse embryos in early development. The expression and subcellular localization of PKCδ and Cdc25B were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence in one-cell stage mouse embryos. Specific small interfering RNAs targeting PKCδ were used to knockdown the expression of PKCδ. Subsequently, Scansite software was used to predict the target of phosphorylated Cdc25B. Western blotting was used to measure the effects of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in one-cell stage mouse embryos at different cell cycle phases. PKCδ was expressed during M phase and served a positive role in one-cell stage mouse embryos. Immunofluorescence data revealed that PKCδ and Cdc25B were expressed during G1, S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, phosphorylated levels of Cdc25B-Ser96 were observed during G2 and M phases. Microinjection with mimics of phosphorylated Cdc25B-Ser96 mRNA promoted the development of one-cell stage mouse embryos. When PKCδ was suppressed, microinjection with mimics of phosphorylated Cdc25B-Ser96 mRNA reversed the inhibition of PKCδ. To conclude, PKCδ serves a positive role in the first cell cycle of mouse embryos by phosphorylating Cdc25B-Ser96, and provides novel insights for the regulation of early embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Liu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China.,Liaoning Blood Center, Shenyang, Liaoning 110044, P.R. China
| | - Xin Deng
- Experimental Center of The Functional Subjects China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Didi Wu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Minglin Jin
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Bingzhi Yu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mésange P, Bouygues A, Ferrand N, Sabbah M, Escargueil AE, Savina A, Chibaudel B, Tournigand C, André T, de Gramont A, Larsen AK. Combinations of Bevacizumab and Erlotinib Show Activity in Colorectal Cancer Independent of RAS Status. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:2548-2558. [PMID: 29490990 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: There is extensive cross-talk between VEGF- and EGFR-pathway signaling in colorectal cancer. However, combinations of VEGF- and EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibodies (mAb) show disappointing activity, in particular for patients with mutant RAS Previous results show that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) can be active in colorectal cancer models resistant to mAbs. This prompted us to examine whether the activity of bevacizumab can be increased by combination with erlotinib.Experimental Design: The antitumor activity of bevacizumab, erlotinib, and their combination was determined in colorectal cancer models with different RAS status and bevacizumab sensitivity. EGFR/VEGF pathway activation was characterized by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and ELISA assays. The influence of cetuximab and erlotinib on EGF-mediated migration and the EGFR-EGF ligand feedback loop was established in colorectal cancer cell lines with different RAS status.Results: The addition of erlotinib increased bevacizumab activity in all models independent of RAS status. Bevacizumab exposure was accompanied by marked EGFR activation in tumor cells as well as in tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) and resulted in strong accumulation of intracellular EGFR, which could be attenuated by erlotinib. In cellular models, erlotinib was able to attenuate EGF-mediated functions in all cell lines independent of RAS status while cetuximab only showed activity in RAS wild-type cells.Conclusions: These results should provide a molecular framework to better understand the increased activity of the bevacizumab-erlotinib combination, compared with bevacizumab alone, in the GERCOR DREAM phase III clinical trial. Differential activity of mAbs and TKIs targeting the same signaling pathway is likely applicable for other tumor types. Clin Cancer Res; 24(11); 2548-58. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mésange
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Bouygues
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Ferrand
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Alexandre E Escargueil
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ariel Savina
- Roche Scientific Partnerships, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Benoist Chibaudel
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Hospitalier Franco-Britannique, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Thierry André
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Aimery de Gramont
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Hospitalier Franco-Britannique, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Annette K Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France. .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U938, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Faculté de Médecine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dual inhibition of ATR and ATM potentiates the activity of trabectedin and lurbinectedin by perturbing the DNA damage response and homologous recombination repair. Oncotarget 2017; 7:25885-901. [PMID: 27029031 PMCID: PMC5041952 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Trabectedin (Yondelis®, ecteinascidin-743, ET-743) is a marine-derived natural product approved for treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Lurbinectedin is a novel anticancer agent structurally related to trabectedin. Both ecteinascidins generate DNA double-strand breaks that are processed through homologous recombination repair (HRR), thereby rendering HRR-deficient cells particularly sensitive. We here characterize the DNA damage response (DDR) to trabectedin and lurbinectedin in HeLa cells. Our results show that both compounds activate the ATM/Chk2 (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated/checkpoint kinase 2) and ATR/Chk1 (ATM and RAD3-related/checkpoint kinase 1) pathways. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of Chk1/2, ATR or ATM is not accompanied by any significant improvement of the cytotoxic activity of the ecteinascidins while dual inhibition of ATM and ATR strongly potentiates it. Accordingly, concomitant inhibition of both ATR and ATM is an absolute requirement to efficiently block the formation of γ-H2AX, MDC1, BRCA1 and Rad51 foci following exposure to the ecteinascidins. These results are not restricted to HeLa cells, but are shared by cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Together, our data identify ATR and ATM as central coordinators of the DDR to ecteinascidins and provide a mechanistic rationale for combining these compounds with ATR and ATM inhibitors.
Collapse
|
6
|
Steen NVD, Potze L, Giovannetti E, Cavazzoni A, Ruijtenbeek R, Rolfo C, Pauwels P, Peters GJ. Molecular mechanism underlying the pharmacological interactions of the protein kinase C-β inhibitor enzastaurin and erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:816-830. [PMID: 28469955 PMCID: PMC5411790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erlotinib is commonly used as a second line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations. In EGFR-wild type patients, however the results are limited. Therefore we evaluated whether the combination of the Protein kinase C-β inhibitor enzastaurin with erlotinib could enhance the effect in the A549 and H1650 cell lines. Cytotoxicity of erlotinib, enzastaurin and their 72-h simultaneous combination was assessed with the MTT assay. The pharmacologic interaction was studied using the method of Chou and Talalay, cell cycle perturbations were assessed by flow cytometry and modulation of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation was determined with ELISA. For protein phosphorylation of GSK3β we performed Western Blot analysis and a Pamgene phosphorylation array, while RT-PCR was used to investigate VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression before and after drug treatments. A synergistic interaction was found in both cell lines with mean CI of 0.58 and 0.63 in A549 and H1650 cells, respectively. Enzastaurin alone and in combination with erlotinib increased the percentage of cells in S and G2M phase, mostly in H1650 cells, while AKT, ERK1/2 and GSK3β phosphorylation were reduced in both cell lines. VEGF expression decreased 5.0 and 6.9 fold in A549 cells after enzastaurin alone and with erlotinib, respectively, while in H1650 only enzastaurin caused a relevant reduction in VEGF expression. The array showed differential phosphorylation of EGFR, GSK3β, EphA1 and MK14. In conclusion, enzastaurin is a protein kinase Cβ inhibitor, working on several cellular signaling pathways that are involved in proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. These features make it a good compound for combination therapy. In the present study the combination of enzastaurin and erlotinib gives synergistic results, warranting further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Van Der Steen
- Dept. Medical Oncology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Oncological Research, University of AntwerpBelgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University HospitalBelgium
| | - Lisette Potze
- Dept. Medical Oncology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Dept. Medical Oncology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cavazzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of ParmaParma, Italy
| | | | - Christian Rolfo
- Center for Oncological Research, University of AntwerpBelgium
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University HospitalBelgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of AntwerpBelgium
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University HospitalBelgium
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Dept. Medical Oncology, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ayadi M, Bouygues A, Ouaret D, Ferrand N, Chouaib S, Thiery JP, Muchardt C, Sabbah M, Larsen AK. Chronic chemotherapeutic stress promotes evolution of stemness and WNT/beta-catenin signaling in colorectal cancer cells: implications for clinical use of WNT-signaling inhibitors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18518-33. [PMID: 26041882 PMCID: PMC4621907 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most solid tumors contain a subfraction of cells with stem/progenitor cell features. Stem cells are naturally chemoresistant suggesting that chronic chemotherapeutic stress may select for cells with increased “stemness”. We carried out a comprehensive molecular and functional analysis of six independently selected colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with acquired resistance to three different chemotherapeutic agents derived from two distinct parental cell lines. Chronic drug exposure resulted in complex alterations of stem cell markers that could be classified into three categories: 1) one cell line, HT-29/5-FU, showed increased “stemness” and WNT-signaling, 2) three cell lines showed decreased expression of stem cell markers, decreased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, attenuated WNT-signaling and lost the capacity to form colonospheres and 3) two cell lines displayed prominent expression of ABC transporters with a heterogeneous response for stem cell markers. While WNT-signaling could be attenuated in the HT-29/5-FU cells by the WNT-signaling inhibitors ICG-001 and PKF-118, this was not accompanied by any selective growth inhibitory effect suggesting that the cytotoxic activity of these compounds is not directly linked to WNT-signaling inhibition. We conclude that classical WNT-signaling inhibitors have toxic off-target activities that need to be addressed for clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Ayadi
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Bouygues
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Djamila Ouaret
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Ferrand
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Paul Thiery
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Muchardt
- Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Annette K Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|