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Chen Y, Romeis J, Meissle M. Addressing the challenges of non-target feeding studies with genetically engineered plant material - stacked Bt maize and Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112721. [PMID: 34478987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies reported adverse effects of genetically engineered maize that produces insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the water flea Daphnia magna. In the current study, effects of flour, leaves, or pollen from stacked Bt maize that contains six Bt proteins (SmartStax) in two plant backgrounds on life table parameters of D. magna were investigated. Adverse effects were observed for Bt maize flour, originating from different production fields and years, but not for leaves or pollen, produced from plants grown concurrently in a glasshouse. Because leaves contained eight to ten times more Cry protein than flour, the effects of the flour were probably not caused by the Cry proteins, but by compositional differences between the plant backgrounds. Furthermore, considering the natural range of variation in the response of D. magna to conventional maize lines, the observed effects of Bt maize flour were unlikely to be of biological relevance. Our study demonstrates how Cry protein effects can be separated from plant background effects in non-target studies using Bt plant material as the test substance and how detected effects can be judged for their biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Romeis
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meissle
- Research Division Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Chen Y, Gao Y, Zhu H, Romeis J, Li Y, Peng Y, Chen X. Effects of straw leachates from Cry1C-expressing transgenic rice on the development and reproduction of Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:630-636. [PMID: 30241091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The transgenic rice line T1C-19 provides high resistance to lepidopteran pests because of the synthesis of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal protein Cry1C. It thus shows good prospect for commercial planting in China. Species of Cladocera, an order of aquatic arthropods commonly found in aquatic ecosystems such as rice paddies, might be exposed to the insecticidal protein released from Bt-transgenic rice-straw residues. For the study reported herein, we used Daphnia magna (water flea) as a representative of Cladocera to evaluate whether aquatic arthropods are adversely affected when exposed to Bt rice-straw leachates. We exposed D. magna to M4 medium containing various volume percentages of medium that had been incubated with T1C-19 rice straw or rice straw from its non-transformed near-isoline Minghui 63 (MH63) for 21 days. Compared with pure M4 medium (control), the fitness and developmental and reproduction parameters of D. magna decreased significantly when exposed to rice-straw leachates; conversely, no significant differences between the T1C-19 and MH63 rice-straw leachate treatments were observed, indicating that the Bt rice straw leachate did not adversely affect this non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Agroscope, Research Devision Agroecology and Environment, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yanjie Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haojun Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jörg Romeis
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Agroscope, Research Devision Agroecology and Environment, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Pott A, Otto M, Schulz R. Impact of genetically modified organisms on aquatic environments: Review of available data for the risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:687-698. [PMID: 29680759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is strongly connected to the surrounding agricultural landscapes, which regularly serve as sources of stressors such as agrochemicals. Genetically modified crops, which are cultivated on a large scale in many countries, may also act as stressors. Despite the commercial use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for over 20years, their impact on the aquatic environment came into focus only 10years ago. We present the status quo of the available scientific data in order to provide an input for informed aquatic risk assessment of GMOs. We could identify only 39 publications, including 84 studies, dealing with GMOs in the aquatic environment, and our analysis shows substantial knowledge gaps. The available information is restricted to a small number of crop plants, traits, events, and test organisms. The analysis of effect studies reveals that only a narrow range of organisms has been tested and that studies on combinatorial actions of stressors are virtually absent. The analysis of fate studies shows that many aspects, such as the fate of leached toxins, degradation of plant material, and distribution of crop residues in the aquatic habitat, are insufficiently investigated. Together with these research needs, we identify standardization of test methods as an issue of high priority, both for research and risk assessment needed for GMO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Pott
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Mathias Otto
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Konstantinstrasse 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Stromer BS, Roy S, Limbacher MR, Narzary B, Bordoloi M, Waldman J, Kumar CV. Multicolored Protein Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cell Uptake. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2576-2585. [PMID: 29932667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, characterization, and applications of strongly fluorescent, multicolored protein nanoparticles (GlowDots) are reported here. Bovine serum albumin was cross-linked under controlled conditions to form nanoparticles, where particle size was controlled from 20 to 100 ± 10 nm by choosing appropriate reaction conditions. The absorption as well as the emission wavelengths were controlled without changing the particle size, unlike quantum dots. Each GlowDot was loaded with up to 214 ± 50 chromophores, and hence, the particles have high molar absorptivities (106 M-1 cm-1) as well as high brightness (105 to 106 M-1 cm-1). A large number of functional groups cover the particle surface and these are further functionalized to enhance cellular uptake. GlowDots that were labeled with fluorescein and functionalized with taurine, for example, were quickly taken up by HeLa, MDA-MB-231, PC3, and L6 myoblast cells, as interrogated by fluorescence imaging studies. GlowDots were biocompatible, size tunable, biodegradable, strongly fluorescent, and stable for months at room temperature, and they may serve as substitutes for quantum dots in a variety of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S Stromer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Sonali Roy
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology , Jorhat , Assam 785006 , India
| | - Melissa R Limbacher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Bardwi Narzary
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology , Jorhat , Assam 785006 , India
| | - Manobjyoti Bordoloi
- Natural Product Chemistry Group, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division , CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology , Jorhat , Assam 785006 , India
| | - Julia Waldman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Challa Vijaya Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of Connecticut , 91 North Eagleville Road , U-3125, Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3125 , United States
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