1
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Wu W, Yin Y, Huang J, Yang R, Li Q, Pan J, Zhang J. CRISPR/Cas9-meditated gene knockout in pigs proves that LGALS12 deficiency suppresses the proliferation and differentiation of porcine adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159424. [PMID: 37956708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
LGALS12, also known as galectin12, belongs to the galectin family with β-galactoside-binding activity. We previously reported that LGALS12 is an important regulator of adipogenesis in porcine adipocytes in vitro, but its value in pig breeding needed to be explored in vivo. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to construct porcine fetal fibroblasts (PFFs) with a 43 bp deletion in LGALS12 exon 2. Using these PFFs as donor cells, a LGALS12 knockout pig model was generated via somatic cell nuclear transfer. Primary cultures of porcine intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipocytes were established using cells from LGALS12 knockout pigs and wild-type pigs. A comparison of these cells proved that LGALS12 deficiency suppresses cell proliferation via the RAS-p38MAPK pathway and promotes lipolysis via the PKA pathway in both IM and SC adipocytes. In addition, we observed AKT activation only in IM adipocytes and suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin only in SC adipocytes. Our findings suggest that LGALS12 deficiency affects the adipogenesis of IM and SC adipocytes through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Ruifei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Qiuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100000, China.
| | - Jianzhi Pan
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China; Jiaxing Bide Biotechnology Co., Ltd, China.
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2
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Pei X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, He Y, Li Y, Si Y. Placental galectins: a subfamily of galectins lose the ability to bind β-galactosides with new structural features†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:799-811. [PMID: 37672213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins. There are 16 different of galectins, each with a specific function determined by its distinct distribution and spatial structure. Galectin-13, galectin-14, and galectin-16 are distinct from other galectin members in that they are primarily found in placental tissue. These galectins, also referred to as placental galectins, play critical roles in regulating pregnancy-associated processes, such as placenta formation and maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. The unique structural characteristics and the inability to bind lactose of placental galectins have recently received significant attention. This review primarily examines the novel structural features of placental galectins, which distinguish them from the classic galectins. Furthermore, it explores the correlation between these structural features and the loss of β-galactoside binding ability. In addition, the newly discovered functions of placental galectins in recent years are also summarized in our review. A detailed understanding of the roles of placental galectins may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing numerous pregnancy diseases and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases, ultimately benefiting the health of mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Pei
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Xuzhou Tongshan Maocun High School, Xuzhou 221135, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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3
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Lee JL, Wang YC, Hsu YA, Chen CS, Weng RC, Lu YP, Chuang CY, Wan L. Galectin-12 modulates Kupffer cell polarization to alter the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Glycobiology 2023; 33:673-682. [PMID: 37504513 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is caused by an imbalance in lipid metabolism and immune response to pose a risk factor for liver fibrosis. Recent evidence indicates that M2 macrophages secrete transforming growth factor-β1, which contributes to liver fibrosis. Galectin-12 has been demonstrated to regulate lipid metabolism and macrophage polarization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of galectin-12 in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis. Liver tissue from wild-type C57BL/6 mice fed with a high-fat diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid for 4-12 weeks was used to examine galectin-12 expression and its correlation with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore, the effects of galectin-12 on M2 macrophages during the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were investigated by studying Kupffer cells from galectin-12 knockout mice and doxycycline-inducible Gal12-/-THP-1 cells. Ablation of galectin-12 promoted M2 polarization of Kupffer cells, as indicated by higher levels of M2 markers, such as arginase I and chitinase 3-like protein 3. Furthermore, the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 was significantly higher in Gal12-/- macrophages activated by interleukin-4, which was correlated with higher levels of transforming growth factor-β1. Moreover, Gal12-/- macrophage-conditioned medium promoted hepatic stellate cells myofibroblast differentiation, which was indicated by higher α-smooth muscle actin expression levels compared with those treated with LacZ control medium. Finally, we demonstrated that galectin-12 knockdown negatively regulated the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 levels. These findings suggested that galectin-12 balances M1/M2 polarization of Kupffer cells to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Lin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chien Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 427, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chen
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 401, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medicine University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Cian Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Pei Lu
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Instrument Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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4
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Nowowiejska J, Baran A, Hermanowicz JM, Sieklucka B, Pawlak D, Flisiak I. Evaluation of Plasma Concentrations of Galectins-1, 2 and 12 in Psoriasis and Their Clinical Implications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1472. [PMID: 37892153 PMCID: PMC10604582 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex disease that nowadays is considered not only a dermatosis but a kind of systemic disorder associated with many accompanying diseases. Metabolic complications leading to cardiovascular incidences are the cause of increased mortality in psoriatic patients. Galectins (gal) are beta-galactoside-binding lectins that exert different functions, including engagement in metabolic processes. Our aim was to assess the concentrations of gal-1, 2 and 12 in psoriatics, to establish their potential clinical implications, including in metabolic complications. Plasma galectins were assessed by ELISA in 60 psoriatic patients and 30 controls without dermatoses and a negative family history of psoriasis. Plasma concentrations of all galectins were significantly higher in patients than controls (gal-1 with p < 0.001, gal-2 and 12 with p < 0.05). There were no correlations between galectins concentrations and psoriasis severity in PASI or disease duration (p > 0.05). Gal-1 and 12 were significantly negatively correlated with GFR (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively) and gal-2 with HDL (p < 0.05). Gal-2 was significantly positively correlated with CRP (p < 0.05) and gal-12 with fasting glucose (p < 0.01). Based on the results and given the reported role of galectins in metabolic disorders we may conclude that gal-1, 2 and 12 could be potentially engaged in metabolic complications in psoriatics, most probably in atherosclerosis. Gal-2 could be perhaps further investigated as a marker of metabolically induced inflammation in psoriasis, gal-1 and gal-12 as predictors of renal impairment in psoriatics due to metabolic disorders. Potentially, gal-12 could be considered in the future as a marker of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in psoriatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nowowiejska
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Anna Baran
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Beata Sieklucka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C St., 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (B.S.); (D.P.)
| | - Iwona Flisiak
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Bialystok, Zurawia 14 St., 15-540 Bialystok, Poland; (A.B.); (I.F.)
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5
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Cárdenas-León CG, Mäemets-Allas K, Klaas M, Lagus H, Kankuri E, Jaks V. Matricellular proteins in cutaneous wound healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1073320. [PMID: 36506087 PMCID: PMC9730256 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1073320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process that encompasses alterations in all aspects of the skin including the extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM consist of large structural proteins such as collagens and elastin as well as smaller proteins with mainly regulative properties called matricellular proteins. Matricellular proteins bind to structural proteins and their functions include but are not limited to interaction with cell surface receptors, cytokines, or protease and evoking a cellular response. The signaling initiated by matricellular proteins modulates differentiation and proliferation of cells having an impact on the tissue regeneration. In this review we give an overview of the matricellular proteins that have been found to be involved in cutaneous wound healing and summarize the information known to date about their functions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Mäemets-Allas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Klaas
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Heli Lagus
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Wound Healing Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Clinics, Tartu, Estonia,*Correspondence: Viljar Jaks,
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6
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LONG-TERM IMPROVEMENT OF ADIPOCYTE INSULIN ACTION DURING BODY WEIGHT RELAPSE AFTER BARIATRIC SURGERY: A LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2022; 18:683-692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Cerri DG, Rodrigues LC, Fermino ML, Papoti M, Cummings RD, Stowell SR, Dias-Baruffi M. Investigation of Galectins in Frozen Tissue and Mammalian Cell Culture Using Confocal Miccroscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:289-306. [PMID: 35320532 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are multifunctional glycan-binding proteins present in various tissues that participate in multiple physiological and pathological processes and are considered as not only biomarkers of human diseases but also molecular targets for treating cancer and inflammatory illnesses in many organs. In the glycobiology field, it is crucial to determine the pattern of galectin expression and location in cells and tissues. Confocal microscopy is a powerful imaging technology that represents a unique approach to investigate the expression and location of biomolecules in various tissues and cells. The confocal microscope acquires images of the specimen through the reflected or fluorescent light from the objective's focal plane, using laser light focused on a small spot inside the tissue or cell. This technique provides high-resolution and high-contrast images without artifacts generated by conventional microscopy and enables reconstruction of virtual tridimensional images by acquiring multiple sections from several focal planes, which makes it possible to obtain the precise spatial location of any cellular structure or molecule. Furthermore, confocal microscopy is a non-invasive tissue imaging strategy used in clinical practices. We describe herein the immunofluorescence confocal method for examining galectins in frozen tissue sections and mammalian cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giuliano Cerri
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacênuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lilian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacênuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marise Lopes Fermino
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacênuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, National Center for Functional Glycomics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacênuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil.
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8
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Ibrahim M, Ayoub D, Wasselin T, Van Dorsselaer A, Le Maho Y, Raclot T, Bertile F. Alterations in rat adipose tissue transcriptome and proteome in response to prolonged fasting. Biol Chem 2021; 401:389-405. [PMID: 31398141 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Various pathophysiological situations of negative energy balance involve the intense depletion of the body's energy reserves. White adipose tissue is a central place to store energy and a major endocrine organ. As a model of choice to better understand how the white adipose tissue dynamically responds to changes in substrate availability, we used the prolonged fasting paradigm, which is characterized by successive periods of stimulated (phase 2) and then reduced (phase 3) lipid mobilization/utilization. Using omics analyses, we report a regulatory transcriptional program in rat epididymal (EPI) adipose tissue favoring lipolysis during phase 2 and repressing it during phase 3. Changes in gene expression levels of lipases, lipid droplet-associated factors, and the proteins involved in cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent regulation of lipolysis are highlighted. The mRNA and circulating levels of adipose-secreted factors were consistent with the repression of insulin signaling during prolonged fasting. Other molecular responses are discussed, including the regulation of leptin and adiponectin levels, the specific changes reflecting an increased fibrinolysis and a possible protein catabolism-related energy saving mechanism in late fasting. Finally, some differences between internal and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues are also reported. These data provide a comprehensive molecular basis of adipose tissue responses when facing a major energetic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ibrahim
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Wasselin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Département Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Raclot
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Département Ecologie, Physiologie, Ethologie, 23 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Placental Galectin-2 Expression in Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic, Histological Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072404. [PMID: 32244351 PMCID: PMC7177347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common pregnancy-associated metabolic disorder that negatively impacts on the health of both mothers and their offspring in the long-term. The molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. As in other states of insulin resistance, a disproportionate immune response in GDM leads to a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Galectin-2 exerts regulatory effects on different immune cells. This study investigated galectin-2 expression in the placenta of 40 GDM patients and 40 controls, in a sex-specific manner. Immunohistochemistry was used for semi-quantitative analysis of expression strength. The phenotypes of galectin-2 expressing cells were characterized through double immunofluorescence. We found a significant up-regulation of galectin-2 in the fetal syncytiotrophoblast, as well as in the maternal decidua of GDM placentas. Double staining showed a strong galectin-2 expression in extra villous trophoblast cells and fetal endothelial cells in GDM. These findings present the first systematic investigation of galectin-2 in GDM. The findings contribute to the emerging understanding of the role of immunomodulation and inflammation in GDM and of galectin-2 itself. This might also have implications for the long-term cardiovascular health of the offspring.
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Asiamah EK, Ekwemalor K, Adjei-Fremah S, Osei B, Newman R, Worku M. Natural and synthetic pathogen associated molecular patterns modulate galectin expression in cow blood. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 61:245-253. [PMID: 31602302 PMCID: PMC6778856 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2019.61.5.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) are highly conserved structural
motifs that are recognized by Pathogen Recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate
immune responses. Infection by these pathogens and the immune response to PAMPS
such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Peptidoglycan (PGN), bacterial
oligodeoxynucleotides [CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (CpG ODN2006) and CpG
oligodeoxynucleotides 2216 (CpG ODN2216)], and viral RNA
Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C), are associated with infectious and
metabolic diseases in animals impacting health and production. It is established
that PAMPs mediate the production of cytokines by binding to PRRs such as
Toll-like receptors (TLR) on immune cells. Galectins (Gal) are
carbohydrate-binding proteins that when expressed play essential roles in the
resolution of infectious and metabolic diseases. Thus it is important to
determine if the expression of galectin gene (LGALS) and Gal secretion in blood
are affected by exposure to LPS and PGN, PolyI:C and bacterial CpG ODNs. LPS
increased transcription of LGALS4 and 12 (2.5 and 2.02 folds respectively) and
decreased secretion of Gal 4 (p < 0.05). PGN increased
transcription of LGALS-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -12 (3.0, 2.3, 2.0, 4.1, 3.3, and
2.4 folds respectively) and secretion of Gal-8 and Gal-9 (p
< 0.05). Poly I:C tended to increase the transcription of LGALS1, LGALS4,
and LGALS8 (1.78, 1.88, and 1.73 folds respectively). Secretion of Gal-1, -3, -8
and nine were significantly increased in treated samples compared to control
(p < 0.05). CpG ODN2006 did not cause any
significant fold changes in LGALS transcription (FC < 2) but increased
secretion of Gal-1, and-3 (p < 0.05) in plasma compared
to control. Gal-4 was however reduced in plasma (p <
0.05). CpG ODN2216 increased transcription of LGALS1 and LGALS3 (3.8 and 1.6
folds respectively), but reduced LGALS2, LGALS4, LGALS7, and LGALS12
(–1.9, –2.0, –2.0 and; –2.7 folds respectively).
Secretion of Gal-2 and -3 in plasma was increased compared to control
(p < 0.05). Gal-4 secretion was reduced in plasma
(p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that PAMPs
differentially modulate galectin transcription and translation of galectins in
cow blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kwaku Asiamah
- Department of Agriculture-Animal Science, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA
| | - Kingsley Ekwemalor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Sarah Adjei-Fremah
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Bertha Osei
- Functional and Chemical Genomics, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, OK 73104, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
| | - Mulumebet Worku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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11
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Wu W, Zhang D, Yin Y, Ji M, Xu K, Huang X, Peng Y, Zhang J. Comprehensive transcriptomic view of the role of the LGALS12 gene in porcine subcutaneous and intramuscular adipocytes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:509. [PMID: 31215398 PMCID: PMC6582507 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Livestock production aims to provide meats of high and consistent eating quality. Insufficient intramuscular (IM) fat and excessive subcutaneous (SC) fat are paramount pork quality challenges. IM fat and SC fat, which are modulated by the adipogenesis of IM and SC adipocytes, play key roles in pork quality. Galectin-12 (LGALS12) was proven to be an important regulator of fat deposition in porcine. However, the current knowledge of the transcriptome-wide role of LGALS12 in adipocytes is still limited. This study was aimed to discover the different regulatory mechanisms of LGALS12 in porcine IM and SC adipocyte. Results The siRNA-mediated knockdown of the expression of LGALS12 identified 1075 and 3016 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IM and SC adipocytes, respectively. Among these, 585 were up- and 490 were downregulated in the IM adipocytes, while 2186 were up- and 830 were downregulated in the SC adipocytes. Moreover, 418 DGEs were observed only in the IM adipocytes, 2359 DGEs only in the SC adipocytes, and 657 DGEs in both types of adipocytes. According to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, DEGs in both IM and SC adipocytes were mainly enriched in categories related to lipids or fat cell differentiation. Pathway analysis of the DEGs revealed 88 changed signaling pathways in the IM adipocytes and 86 in the SC adipocytes. The signaling pathways present in only one type of adipocyte were identified from among the top 50 signaling pathways in each type of adipocyte. Four signaling pathways, encompassing PI3K-AKT, cardiac muscle contraction, fatty acid metabolism and Ras, were significantly enriched in the IM adipocytes. On the other hand, four different signaling pathways, encompassing TNF, WNT, cGMP-PKG and NF-kappa B, were greatly enriched in the SC ones. The pathway changes were confirmed by chemical inhibition assays. Conclusions Our data reveals that LGALS12 knockdown alters the expression of numerous genes involved in key biological processes in the development of adipocytes. These observations provide a global view of the role of LGALS12 in porcine IM and SC adipocytes; thus, improving our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which this gene acts in fat development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5891-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Miao Ji
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
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12
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Wu W, Yin Y, Xu K, Peng Y, Zhang J. Knockdown of LGALS12 inhibits porcine adipocyte adipogenesis via PKA-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:960-967. [PMID: 30165571 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing intramuscular (IM) fat while concomitantly decreasing subcutaneous (SC) fat content is one major goal of pig breeding. Identifying genes involved in lipid metabolism is critical for this goal. Galectin-12 (LGALS12) has been proven to be an important regulator of fat deposition in mouse models; however, the effect and regulatory mechanisms of LGALS12 on porcine adipogenesis are still unknown. In this study, the effects of LGALS12 on fat deposition were explored with primary culture of porcine SC and IM adipocytes. Analysis of LGALS12 expression across different tissues revealed that LGALS12 was predominantly expressed in adipose tissue. The LGALS12 expression patterns across stages of adipocyte differentiation were also evaluated, with differences observed between SC and IM fat. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of LGALS12 was designed and transfected into porcine adipocytes derived from SC and IM fat. After transfection, the expression level of LGALS12 was significantly reduced, and the number of lipid droplets was reduced in adipocytes from both SC and IM fat. Simultaneously, the levels of adipogenic markers, including PPARγ and aP2, were decreased, whereas hydrolysis markers, including adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), were increased. Furthermore, the activation of lipolysis signals, such as the phosphorylation of PKA and Erk1/2, were observed with LGALS12 knockdown in terminally differentiated adipocytes from both SC and IM sources. Taken together, these results suggest that LGALS12 knockdown can inhibit adipogenesis of porcine adipocytes by downregulating lipogenic genes and activating the PKA-Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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13
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Hsu YA, Kuo YH, Chen CS, Chen YC, Huang CC, Chang CY, Lin CJ, Lin CW, Lin HJ, Liu FT, Wan L. Galectin-12 is Involved in Corn Silk-Induced Anti-Adipogenesis and Anti-Obesity Effects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1045-1063. [PMID: 29976086 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant risk factor for various diseases. It is a clinical condition caused by the excessive accumulation of fat, which has a negative impact on human health. Galactin-12 is an adipocyte-expressed protein and possesses adipocyte-inducing activity. We investigated the expression level of candidate proteins involved in galactin-12-mediated adipocyte differentiation pathway. We performed a high-throughput screening assay to monitor galectin-12 promoter activity using 105 traditional Chinese herbs. Corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol reduced the expression of galactin-12 promoter in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol decreased the level of lipid droplets and downregulated the gene and protein expression level of C/EBP[Formula: see text], C/EBP[Formula: see text], PPAR[Formula: see text], Ap2, and adipsin in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes via AKT and ERK1/2 inhibition. In vivo study with the oral administration of corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol in a mouse model showed a significant weight reduction and decrease in adipocytes in several organs such as the liver and adipose tissue. Taken together, corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol may effectively reduce pre-adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting galectin-12 activity and exerting anti-obesity effects. These findings highlight the potential use of corn silk extract and [Formula: see text]-sitosterol as potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Kuo
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Traumatology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children’s Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Lo CW, Chen CS, Chen YC, Hsu YA, Huang CC, Chang CY, Lin CJ, Lin CW, Lin HJ, Liu FT, Wan L. Allyl Isothiocyanate Ameliorates Obesity by Inhibiting Galectin-12. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700616. [PMID: 29345776 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study is to investigate the signaling pathways by which allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) reduces adipocyte differentiation and the efficacy of AITC in suppressing galectin-12 levels as a therapeutic for high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS AITC presents anti-adipogenic effects on 3T3-L1 cells by decreasing lipid droplet accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. AITC suppresses 3T3-L1 differentiation into adipocytes by decreasing galectin-12 expression and by downregulating key adipogenic transcription factors. AITC influences the expression of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes by modulating adipokine expression (leptin and resistin) and by regulating the protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) pathway. In HFD-fed mice, oral administration of AITC reduces the body weight, accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, and white adipocyte size. CONCLUSION In summary, the results indicate that AITC inhibits adipocyte differentiation by suppressing galectin-12 levels in 3T3L1 cells and has antiobesity effects in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Lo
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Chinese Traumatology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Chinese Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Science, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Yu-An Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yao Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Changhua Christian Children's Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Galectin-12 in Cellular Differentiation, Apoptosis and Polarization. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010176. [PMID: 29316658 PMCID: PMC5796125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-12 is a member of a family of mammalian lectins characterized by their affinity for β-galactosides and consensus amino acid sequences. The protein structure consists of a single polypeptide chain containing two carbohydrate-recognition domains joined by a linker region. Galectin-12 is predominantly expressed in adipose tissue, but is also detected in macrophages and other leukocytes. Downregulation of galectin-12 in mouse 3T3-L1 cells impairs their differentiation into adipocytes. Conversely, overexpression of galectin-12 in vitro induces cell cycle arrest in G1 and apoptosis. Upregulation of galectin-12 and initiation of G1 cell cycle arrest are associated with driving pre-adipocytes toward terminal differentiation. Galectin-12 deficiency increases insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in obese animals. Galectin-12 inhibits macrophage polarization to the M2 population, enhancing inflammation and decreasing insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Galectin-12 also affects myeloid differentiation, which is associated with chemotherapy resistance. In addition to highlighting the above-mentioned aspects, this review also discusses the potential clinical applications of modulating the function of galectin-12.
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16
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Thiemann S, Baum LG. Galectins and Immune Responses—Just How Do They Do Those Things They Do? Annu Rev Immunol 2016; 34:243-64. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thiemann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; ,
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17
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Prototype and Chimera-Type Galectins in Placentas with Spontaneous and Recurrent Miscarriages. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050644. [PMID: 27136536 PMCID: PMC4881470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactose binding proteins and, in addition, factors for a wide range of pathologies in pregnancy. We have analyzed the expression of prototype (gal-1, -2, -7, -10) and chimera-type (gal-3) galectins in the placenta in cases of spontaneous abortions (SPA) and recurrent abortions (RA) in the first trimester. Fifteen placental samples from healthy pregnancies were used as a control group. Nine placentas were examined for spontaneous abortions, and 12 placentas for recurrent abortions. For differentiation and evaluation of different cell types of galectin-expression in the decidua, immunofluorescence was used. For all investigated prototype galectins (gal-1, -2, -7, -10) in SPA and RA placenta trophoblast cells the expression is significantly decreased. In the decidua/extravillous trophoblast only gal-2 expression was significantly lowered, which could be connected to its role in angiogenesis. In trophoblasts in first-trimester placentas and in cases of SPA and RA, prototype galectins are altered in the same way. We suspect prototype galectins have a similar function in placental tissue because of their common biochemical structure. Expression of galectin 3 as a chimera type galectin was not found to be significantly altered in abortive placentas.
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18
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Yang RY, Xue H, Yu L, Velayos-Baeza A, Monaco AP, Liu FT. Identification of VPS13C as a Galectin-12-Binding Protein That Regulates Galectin-12 Protein Stability and Adipogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153534. [PMID: 27073999 PMCID: PMC4830523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-12, a member of the galectin family of β-galactoside-binding animal lectins, is preferentially expressed in adipocytes and required for adipocyte differentiation in vitro. This protein was recently found to regulate lipolysis, whole body adiposity, and glucose homeostasis in vivo. Here we identify VPS13C, a member of the VPS13 family of vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, as a major galectin-12-binding protein. VPS13C is upregulated during adipocyte differentiation, and is required for galectin-12 protein stability. Knockdown of Vps13c markedly reduces the steady-state levels of galectin-12 by promoting its degradation through primarily the lysosomal pathway, and impairs adipocyte differentiation. Our studies also suggest that VPS13C may have a broader role in protein quality control. The regulation of galectin-12 stability by VPS13C could potentially be exploited for therapeutic intervention of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Yao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817, United States of America
| | - Huiting Xue
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817, United States of America
| | | | - Anthony P. Monaco
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, OX3 7BN, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, 95817, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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19
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Placental Expression Patterns of Galectin-1, Galectin-2, Galectin-3 and Galectin-13 in Cases of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:523. [PMID: 27070577 PMCID: PMC4848979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (gal) are members of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding proteins and recognize Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Galβ1-4GalNac (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF)) sequences of several cell surface oligosaccharides. In this study, gal-1, -2, -3 and -13 were investigated systematically in the trophoblast and decidua compartment of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) placentas and normal third trimester control placentas and stratified by fetal gender and gestational age. Within this study, 29 third trimester placentas after delivery were analyzed. Fetal gender was equally divided within both groups, and immunohistochemical staining was analyzed according to fetal gender and gestational age. Double immune-fluorescence with trophoblast-specific markers was used to identify galectin-expressing cells at the feto-maternal interface in the decidua. Gal-3 was significantly downregulated only in the extravillous trophoblast of IUGR placentas. In contrast, expressions of gal-2 and gal-13 were downregulated in both villous and extravillous trophoblast cells of IUGR placentas. In addition, gal-2 and gal-13 showed a highly correlated expression scheme in the placenta. There are significant gender-specific expression patterns for single prototype galectins with downregulation of gal-2 and gal-13 of male gender placentas in cases of IUGR. Gal-3 as the chimera type galectin shows only little gender-specific differences in expression, which disappear in IUGR cases.
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20
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Timoshenko AV. Towards molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of galectins in cancer cells under microenvironmental stress conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 26245305 PMCID: PMC11113283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins, serve as mediators of fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, survival, and death. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the ways in which the expression of individual galectins differs in normal and transformed human cells exposed to various stimuli mimicking physiological and pathological microenvironmental stress conditions. A conceptual point is being made and grounded that the modulation of galectin expression profiles is a key aspect of cellular stress responses. Moreover, this modulation might be precisely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in the context of non-overlapping transcription factors and miRNAs specific to galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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21
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Galectin 2 (gal-2) expression is downregulated on protein and mRNA level in placentas of preeclamptic (PE) patients. Placenta 2015; 36:438-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.01.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Arikawa T, Simamura E, Shimada H, Nakamura T, Hatta T, Shoji H. Significance of sugar chain recognition by galectins and its involvement in disease-associated glycosylation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2014; 54:77-81. [PMID: 24450300 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins that participate in a wide range of biological processes. Galectins are distributed both inside and outside cells and are believed to have roles in both intra- and extracellular milieus. One of the well-recognized functions of galectins is stabilization of glycoproteins on the cell surface, thereby promoting stable signal transduction and transport of substances such as glucose. Glycoprotein-associated diseases, including congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG, previously called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome), comprise a disease family established only in the last decade. Although numerous in vitro glycobiology studies have been performed, including investigation of glycan-galectin interactions and of galectin action in cultured cells, a few in vivo studies have investigated molecular mechanisms of galectin actions in animal models. Both in vitro and in vivo studies are needed in order to better determine the biological significance of sugar chain recognition. Hitherto, some reports have focused on the role of impaired sugar chain recognition and galectin function in the development of diverse diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, colitis, and cancer. We recently focused on the function of galectins in immunity and embryogenesis, and in this review we summarize the diseases related to disorders of sugar chain-galectin interaction and discuss the role of galectins as potential risk factors for some congenital and acquired diseases. These diseases are disorders of immunity, metabolism, and cell differentiation. This approach to understanding the significance of sugar chain recognition by galectins may open up a new field into the nature of glycoprotein-related diseases, including CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Arikawa
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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