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Pachiyappan JK, Patel M, Roychowdhury P, Nizam I, Seenivasan R, Sudhakar S, Jeyaprakash MR, Karri VVSR, Venkatesan J, Mehta P, Kothandan S, Thirugnanasambandham I, Kuppusamy G. A review of the physiological effects of microgravity and innovative formulation for space travelers. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2024:10.1007/s10928-024-09938-3. [PMID: 39162918 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-024-09938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
During the space travel mission, astronauts' physiological and psychological behavior will alter, and they will start consuming terrestrial drug products. However, factors such as microgravity, radiation exposure, temperature, humidity, strong vibrations, space debris, and other issues encountered, the drug product undergo instability This instability combined with physiological changes will affect the shelf life and diminish the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of the drug product. Consequently, the physicochemical changes will produce a toxic degradation product and a lesser potency dosage form which may result in reduced or no therapeutic action, so the astronaut consumes an additional dose to remain healthy. On long-duration missions like Mars, the drug product cannot be replaced, and the astronaut may relay on the available medications. Sometimes, radiation-induced impurities in the drug product will cause severe problems for the astronaut. So, this review article highlights the current state of various space-related factors affecting the drug product and provides a comprehensive summary of the physiological changes which primarly focus on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Along with that, we insist some of the strategies like novel formulations, space medicine manufacturing from plants, and 3D printed medicine for astronauts in longer-duration missions. Such developments are anticipated to significantly contribute to new developments with applications in both human space exploration and on terrestrial healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jey Kumar Pachiyappan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manali Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Parikshit Roychowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Imrankhan Nizam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raagul Seenivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swathi Sudhakar
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - M R Jeyaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Jayakumar Venkatesan
- CEO, Harpy Aerospace International Private Limited, Chennai, 600056, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priti Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
| | - Sudhakar Kothandan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Indhumathi Thirugnanasambandham
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris, 643001, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Barzegari A, Saeedi N, Zarredar H, Barar J, Omidi Y. The search for a promising cell factory system for production of edible vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2497-502. [PMID: 25424962 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide vaccination against devastating diseases for decades, millions of children in remote and impoverished regions of the globe die every year from vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. The reasons for incomplete coverage of vaccination programs are based in part on the relatively high costs of conventional vaccinations, including mass production, refrigeration, transportation, and training as well as funding personnel for their administration. Plant-based edible vaccines (PEVs) have been introduced as a revolutionary cost-effective vaccination modality. However, they suffer from major deficiencies that have restricted their application to bench-scale. This article discusses the deficiencies of PEVs and also provides concise overview on the health-promoting, biological and biotechnological features of spirulina (Arthrospira). In short, we envision that spirulina could be considered as a potential alternative biofactory system to the plants toward the production of edible vaccines in high-yield with low-costs that other hosts cannot yet offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Barzegari
- a Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz, Iran
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Janssen PJD, Lambreva MD, Plumeré N, Bartolucci C, Antonacci A, Buonasera K, Frese RN, Scognamiglio V, Rea G. Photosynthesis at the forefront of a sustainable life. Front Chem 2014; 2:36. [PMID: 24971306 PMCID: PMC4054791 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a sustainable bio-based economy has drawn much attention in recent years, and research to find smart solutions to the many inherent challenges has intensified. In nature, perhaps the best example of an authentic sustainable system is oxygenic photosynthesis. The biochemistry of this intricate process is empowered by solar radiation influx and performed by hierarchically organized complexes composed by photoreceptors, inorganic catalysts, and enzymes which define specific niches for optimizing light-to-energy conversion. The success of this process relies on its capability to exploit the almost inexhaustible reservoirs of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to transform photonic energy into chemical energy such as stored in adenosine triphosphate. Oxygenic photosynthesis is responsible for most of the oxygen, fossil fuels, and biomass on our planet. So, even after a few billion years of evolution, this process unceasingly supports life on earth, and probably soon also in outer-space, and inspires the development of enabling technologies for a sustainable global economy and ecosystem. The following review covers some of the major milestones reached in photosynthesis research, each reflecting lasting routes of innovation in agriculture, environmental protection, and clean energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. D. Janssen
- Molecular and Cellular Biology - Unit of Microbiology, Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK•CENMol, Belgium
| | - Maya D. Lambreva
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences-CES, Ruhr-Universität BochumBochum, Germany
| | - Cecilia Bartolucci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Katia Buonasera
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
| | - Raoul N. Frese
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Biophysics, VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Giuseppina Rea
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of ItalyRome, Italy
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