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Thippeswamy H, Davies W. A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:391-401. [PMID: 33219387 PMCID: PMC8116278 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-020-01093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum mood disorders develop shortly after childbirth in a significant proportion of women. These conditions are associated with a range of symptoms including abnormally high or low mood, irritability, cognitive disorganisation, disrupted sleep, hallucinations/delusions, and occasionally suicidal or infanticidal ideation; if not treated promptly, they can substantially impact upon the mother's health, mother-infant bonding, and family dynamics. The biological precipitants of such disorders remain unclear, although large changes in maternal immune and hormonal physiology following childbirth are likely to play a role. Pharmacological therapies for postpartum mood disorders can be effective, but may be associated with side effects, concerns relating to breastfeeding, and teratogenicity risks when used prophylactically. Furthermore, most of the drugs that are used to treat postpartum mood disorders are the same ones that are used to treat mood episodes during non-postpartum periods. A better understanding of the biological factors predisposing to postpartum mood disorders would allow for rational drug development, and the identification of predictive biomarkers to ensure that 'at risk' mothers receive earlier and more effective clinical management. We describe new findings relating to the role of the enzyme steroid sulfatase in maternal postpartum behavioural processes, and discuss how these point to a novel molecular risk pathway underlying postpartum mood disorders. Specifically, we suggest that aberrant steroid hormone-dependent regulation of neuronal calcium influx via extracellular matrix proteins and membrane receptors involved in responding to the cell's microenvironment might be important. Testing of this hypothesis might identify novel therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Thippeswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - William Davies
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. .,School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK. .,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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2
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Bentley SR, Khan S, Öchsner M, Premarathne S, Aslam Z, Fowdar JY, Iqbal J, Naeem M, Love CA, Wood SA, Mellick GD, Sykes AM. Evidence of a Recessively Inherited CCN3 Mutation as a Rare Cause of Early-Onset Parkinsonism. Front Neurol 2020; 11:331. [PMID: 32499748 PMCID: PMC7242651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of consanguineous families has provided novel insights into genetic causes of monogenic parkinsonism. Here, we present a family from the rural Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, where three siblings were diagnosed with early-onset parkinsonism. Homozygosity mapping of two affected siblings and three unaffected family members identified two candidate autozygous loci segregating with disease, 8q24.12-8q24.13 and 9q31.2-q33.1. Whole-exome sequence analysis identified a single rare homozygous missense sequence variant within this region, CCN3 p.D82G. Although unaffected family members were heterozygous for this putative causal mutation, it was absent in 3,222 non-Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects of Pakistani heritage. Screening of 353 Australian PD cases, including 104 early-onset cases and 57 probands from multi-incident families, also did not identify additional carriers. Overexpression of wild-type and the variant CCN3 constructs in HEK293T cells identified an impaired section of the variant protein, alluding to potential mechanisms for disease. Further, qPCR analysis complemented previous microarray data suggesting mRNA expression of CCN3 was downregulated in unrelated sporadic PD cases when compared to unaffected subjects. These data indicate a role for CCN3 in parkinsonism, both in this family as well as sporadic PD cases; however, the specific mechanisms require further investigation. Additionally, further screening of the rural community where the family resided is warranted to assess the local frequency of the variant. Overall, this study highlights the value of investigating underrepresented and isolated affected families for novel putative parkinsonism genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Bentley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Suliman Khan
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Marco Öchsner
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Susitha Premarathne
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Zain Aslam
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Javed Y Fowdar
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamila Iqbal
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Christopher A Love
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Wood
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - George D Mellick
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex M Sykes
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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Verver D, Poirier-Colame V, Tomasic G, Cherif-Rebai K, Grunhagen DJ, Verhoef C, Suciu S, Robert C, Zitvogel L, Eggermont AMM. Upregulation of intratumoral HLA class I and peritumoral Mx1 in ulcerated melanomas. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1660121. [PMID: 31646109 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1660121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the era of immune checkpoint blockade, a meta-analysis encompassing fifteen trials reported that adjuvant IFN-α significantly reduces the risk of relapse and improves survival of ulcerated melanoma (UM) with no benefit for higher doses compared to lower doses. IFNa2b affects many cell intrinsic features of tumor cells and modulates the host innate and cognate immune responses. To better understand the biological traits associated with ulceration that could explain the efficacy of prophylactic type 1 IFN, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of various molecules (major histocompatibility complex class I and class II, MX Dynamin Like GTPase 1 (MX1), inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase (iNOS) or CD47) in two retrospective cohorts of melanoma patients, one diagnosed with a primary cutaneous melanoma (1995-2013, N = 172, among whom 49% were ulcerated melanoma (UM)) and a second one diagnosed with metastatic melanoma amenable to lymph node resection (EORTC 18952 and 18991 trials, N = 98, among whom 44% were UM). We found that primary and metastatic UM exhibit higher basal expression of MHC class I molecules, independently of Breslow thickness, histology and lymphocytic infiltration compared with NUM and that primary UM harbored higher constitutive levels of the antiviral protein Mx1 at the border of tumor beds than NUM. These findings suggest that UM expand in a tumor microenvironment where chronic exposure to type 1 IFN could favor a response to exogenous IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Verver
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vichnou Poirier-Colame
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Gorana Tomasic
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Khadija Cherif-Rebai
- Department of Pathology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Dirk J Grunhagen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Verhoef
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Suciu
- Department of Biostatistics, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Robert
- Department of Medicine, Service of Dermatology Gustave Roussy and University Paris-Sud
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- INSERM U 1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander M M Eggermont
- INSERM U 1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus Grand Paris, Villejuif, France.,University Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France
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Yaw AM, Prosser RA, Jones PC, Garcia BJ, Jacobson DA, Glass JD. Epigenetic effects of paternal cocaine on reward stimulus behavior and accumbens gene expression in mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:68-81. [PMID: 30910707 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Paternal cocaine use causes phenotypic alterations in offspring behavior and associated neural processing. In rodents, changes in first generation (F1) offspring include drug reward behavior, circadian timing, and anxiety responses. This study, utilizing a murine (C57BL/6J) oral cocaine model, examines the effects of paternal cocaine exposure on fundamental characteristics of offspring reward responses, including: 1) the extent of cocaine-induced effects after different durations of sire drug withdrawal; 2) sex- and drug-dependent differences in F1 reward preference; 3) effects on second generation (F2) cocaine preference; and 4) corresponding changes in reward area (nucleus accumbens) mRNA expression. We demonstrate that paternal cocaine intake over a single ˜40-day spermatogenic cycle significantly decreased cocaine (but not ethanol or sucrose) preference in a sex-specific manner in F1 mice from sires mated 24 h after drug withdrawal. However, F1 offspring of sires bred 4 months after withdrawal did not exhibit altered cocaine preference. Altered cocaine preference also was not observed in F2's. RNASeq analyses of F1 accumbens tissue revealed changes in gene expression in male offspring of cocaine-exposed sires, including many genes not previously linked to cocaine addiction. Enrichment analyses highlight genes linked to CNS development, synaptic signaling, extracellular matrix, and immune function. Expression correlation analyses identified a novel target, Fam19a4, that may negatively regulate many genes in the accumbens, including genes already identified in addiction. Collectively, these results reveal that paternal cocaine effects in F1 offspring may involve temporally limited epigenetic germline effects and identify new genetic targets for addiction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Yaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH, 44242, United States
| | - Rebecca A Prosser
- Dept. of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States; NeuroNET Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Piet C Jones
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States; Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Benjamin J Garcia
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States
| | - Daniel A Jacobson
- NeuroNET Research Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, United States; Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - J David Glass
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State Univ., Kent, OH, 44242, United States.
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Jiang N, Wang Y, Yu Z, Hu L, Liu C, Gao X, Zheng S. WISP3 (CCN6) Regulates Milk Protein Synthesis and Cell Growth Through mTOR Signaling in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:524-33. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Hu
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Liu
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueli Gao
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zheng
- The Laboratory of Pathophysiology in College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Botti G, Cerrone M, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello A, Ascierto PA, Cantile M. Microenvironment and tumor progression of melanoma: New therapeutic prospectives. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:235-52. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.723767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Pal A, Huang W, Li X, Toy KA, Nikolovska-Coleska Z, Kleer CG. CCN6 modulates BMP signaling via the Smad-independent TAK1/p38 pathway, acting to suppress metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4818-28. [PMID: 22805309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CCN6 (WISP3) is an extracellular matrix protein that exerts tumor suppressive functions in breast cancer, where its decreased expression is a feature of advanced disease. However, neither its role nor mechanism of action in breast cancer metastasis has been established. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which constitute ligands of the TGF-β superfamily, are multifunctional cytokines that induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell invasion, and metastasis. In this study, we identify a CCN6-BMP4-TAK1 kinase signaling pathway that controls the ability of the p38 MAP kinase to regulate acinar morphogenesis and invasion of breast cells. ShRNA-mediated attenuation of CCN6 in human mammary epithelial cells led to BMP4 upregulation as a major response to exposure to the TGF-β superfamily. CCN6 attenuation also induced BMP4-mediated activation of the Smad-independent TAK1 and p38 kinases. Conversely, ectopic expression of CCN6 in breast cancer cells antagonized BMP4-mediated TAK1/p38 activation and invasive capacity, both by binding BMP4 protein as well as decreasing BMP4 protein levels. Effects on BMP4 and p38 were confirmed in vivo where they correlated with decreased metastasis. In clinical specimens, we found that CCN6 expression was inversely associated with BMP4 and phospho-p38 levels in 69% of invasive breast carcinomas examined, consistent with the functional results. Together our findings identify a novel modifier pathway through which CCN6 acts to limit breast cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Ouellet V, Siegel PM. CCN3 modulates bone turnover and is a novel regulator of skeletal metastasis. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:73-85. [PMID: 22427255 PMCID: PMC3368020 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins is composed of six secreted proteins (CCN1-6), which are grouped together based on their structural similarity. These matricellular proteins are involved in a large spectrum of biological processes, ranging from development to disease. In this review, we focus on CCN3, a founding member of this family, and its role in regulating cells within the bone microenvironment. CCN3 impairs normal osteoblast differentiation through multiple mechanisms, which include the neutralization of pro-osteoblastogenic stimuli such as BMP and Wnt family signals or the activation of pathways that suppress osteoblastogenesis, such as Notch. In contrast, CCN3 is known to promote chondrocyte differentiation. Given these functions, it is not surprising that CCN3 has been implicated in the progression of primary bone cancers such as osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma and chondrosarcoma. More recently, emerging evidence suggests that CCN3 may also influence the ability of metastatic cancers to colonize and grow in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ouellet
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 513, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Peter M. Siegel
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 513, Montreal, Quebec Canada H3A 1A3
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec Canada
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Yao L, Zhang Y, Chen K, Hu X, Xu LX. Discovery of IL-18 as a novel secreted protein contributing to doxorubicin resistance by comparative secretome analysis of MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24684. [PMID: 21931812 PMCID: PMC3169632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to chemotherapy is the major cause of failure in breast cancer treatment. Recent studies suggest that secreted proteins may play important roles in chemoresistance. We sought to systematically characterize secreted proteins associated with drug resistance, which may represent potential serum biomarkers or novel drug targets. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present work, we adopted the proteomic strategy of one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to compare the secretome of MCF-7 and doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/Dox. A total of 2,084 proteins were identified with at least two unique peptides in the conditioned media of two cell lines. By quantification with label-free spectral counting, 89 differentially expressed secreted proteins (DESPs) between the two cell lines were found. Among them, 57 DESPs were first found to be related to doxorubicin resistance in this work, including 24 extracellular matrix related proteins, 2 cytokines and 31 unclassified proteins. We focused on 13 novel DESPs with confirmed roles in tumor metastasis. Among them, the elevated expression of IL-18 in doxorubicin-resistant cell lines and breast tumor tissues was validated and its role in doxorubicin resistance was further confirmed by cell viability experiments in the presence or absence of this protein. Conclusions/Significance Comparative analysis of the secretome of MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox identified novel secreted proteins related to chemotherapy resistance. IL-18 was further validated to contribute to doxorubicin resistance, in addition to its confirmed role in breast cancer metastasis. Due to its dual roles in both drug resistance and tumor metastasis, IL-18 may represent a useful drug target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yao
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Keying Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (LXX)
| | - Lisa X. Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (LXX)
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Peuvrel L, Nguyen JM, Khammari A, Quereux G, Brocard A, Dreno B. Is primary melanoma ulceration a factor of good response to adoptive immunotherapy? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:1311-7. [PMID: 21348897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.03978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary melanoma ulceration is a factor of poor prognosis at the local and regional stage. The physiopathological mechanisms which explain its prognostic impact are still little known. However, two recent studies suggest that it could be a predictive factor of good response to a non-specific immunotherapy (interferon-alpha) and to an active immunotherapy (vaccine). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether ulceration could be a factor of good prognosis in the context of an adoptive immunotherapy with tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in stage III regional lymph node metastatic melanoma (sixth American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system) and whether it was associated with an improvement in the effectiveness of this treatment compared with the control group. METHODS We have included all the patients treated in open prospective randomized TIL vs. control protocols in our unit from 1997 to 2009. Clinical data were derived retrospectively from patient files. Statistical analysis was performed using log-rank tests, Cox models and tests for interaction. RESULTS A total of 144 patients were included. In the group of 80 patients treated with TIL, primary melanoma ulceration remained a pejorative factor for relapse-free and overall survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. The presence of ulceration did not change the effectiveness of TIL treatment in comparison with the control group with regards to relapse-free and overall survival. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that primary melanoma ulceration does not have any impact on the response to TIL adoptive immunotherapy and thus does not confirm its positive prognostic value suggested by two other immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peuvrel
- Nantes University Hospital Centre, Skin Cancer Unit, Alexis Ricordeau CIC biothérapie, INSERM 0305, Nantes, France
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Huang W, Gonzalez ME, Toy KA, Banerjee M, Kleer CG. Blockade of CCN6 (WISP3) activates growth factor-independent survival and resistance to anoikis in human mammary epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3340-50. [PMID: 20395207 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CCN6 is a secreted cysteine-rich matricellular protein (36.9 kDa) that exerts growth-inhibitory functions in breast cancer. Reduction or loss of CCN6 protein has been reported in invasive carcinomas of the breast with lymph node metastasis and in inflammatory breast cancer. However, the mechanism by which CCN6 loss promotes breast cancer growth remains to be defined. In the present study, we developed lentiviral-mediated short hairpin RNA CCN6 knockdown (KD) in nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells MCF10A and HME. We discovered that CCN6 KD protects mammary epithelial cells from apoptosis and activates growth factor-independent survival. In the absence of exogenous growth factors, CCN6 KD was able to promote growth under anchorage-independent conditions and triggered resistance to detachment-induced cell death (anoikis). On serum starvation, CCN6 KD was sufficient for activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Growth factor-independent cell survival was stunted in CCN6 KD cells when treated with either human recombinant CCN6 protein or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Targeted inhibition of Akt isoforms revealed that the survival advantage rendered by CCN6 KD requires specific activation of Akt-1. The relevance of our studies to human breast cancer is highlighted by the finding that low CCN6 protein levels are associated with upregulated expression of phospho-Akt-1 (Ser(473)) in 21% of invasive breast carcinomas. These results enable us to pinpoint one mechanism by which CCN6 controls survival of breast cells mediated by the PI3K/Akt-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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