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Ryuno H, Naguro I, Kamiyama M. ASK family and cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 66:72-84. [PMID: 28552579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major problem in public health and is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many types of cancer cells exhibit aberrant cellular signal transduction in response to stress, which often leads to oncogenesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascades are one of the important intracellular stress signaling pathways closely related to cancer. The key molecules in MAPK signal cascades that respond to various types of stressors are apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members; ASK1, ASK2 and ASK3. ASK family members are activated by a wide variety of stressors, and they regulate various cellular responses, such as cell proliferation, inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss both the oncogenic and anti-oncogenic roles of the ASK family members in various contexts of cancer development with deeper insights into the involvement of ASK family members in cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ryuno
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Isao Naguro
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Miki Kamiyama
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Targeting the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Lung Cancer. Am J Med Sci 2016; 352:507-516. [PMID: 27865299 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite advances in its prevention and management, the prognosis of patients with lung cancer remains poor. Therefore, much attention is being given to factors that contribute to the development of this disease, the mechanisms that drive oncogenesis and tumor progression and the search for novel targets that could lead to the development of more effective treatments. One cellular pathway implicated in lung cancer development and progression is that of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Studies involving human tissues have linked lung cancer with abnormalities in this pathway. Furthermore, studies in vitro and in vivo using animal models of lung cancer reveal that targeting this pathway might represent an effective means of treating this disease. As a result, there is significant effort invested in the development of drugs targeting mammalian target of rapamycin and related pathways in the clinical setting.
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Xu JL, Wang ZW, Hu LM, Yin ZQ, Huang MD, Hu ZB, Shen HB, Shu YQ. Genetic variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway predict platinum-based chemotherapy response of advanced non-small cell lung cancers in a Chinese population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2157-62. [PMID: 22901187 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.5.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway has been implicated in resistance to cisplatin. In the current study, we determined whether common genetic variations in this pathway are associated with platinum-based chemotherapy response and clinical outcome in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS Seven common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in core genes of this pathway were genotyped in 199 patients and analyzed for associations with chemotherapy response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed an association between AKT1 rs2494752 and response to treatment. Patients carrying heterozygous AG had an increased risk of disease progression after two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy compared to those with AA genotype (Adjusted odds ratio (OR)=2.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-4.77, which remained significant in the stratified analyses). However, log-rank test and cox regression detected no association between these polymorphisms in the PI3K pathway genes and survival in advanced NSCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that genetic variants in the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway may predict platinum-based chemotherapy response in advanced NSCLC patients in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, and Department of Epidemioogy and Biostatistics, MOE Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Development and Treatment of Malignant DiseasesProteins of Bcl-2 family are key regulators of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Deregulation of apoptosis disrupts the complex and delicate balance between cell proliferation, survival and death and plays an important role in the development of malignant diseases. In addition to uncontrolled proliferation, alterations in apoptotic proteins are frequently associated with resistance of malignant cells to chemotherapy, leading to ineffective treatment with chemotherapy that primarily acts by apoptosis initiation. Despite the progress in combinatory and biologic therapy, response rates for treatment of different malignant diseases are not high enough. Therefore, new anti-cancer agents that selectively kill tumour cells and spare normal tissues are still urgently needed. Progress in biochemistry and cell biology leading to detailed dissection of cell signalling pathways allows development of new therapeutic strategies targeting different proteins involved in malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells. Emerging knowledge on molecular mechanisms of apoptosis deregulation in cancer development has revealed Bcl-2 family proteins as potential targets for drugs discovery. Structural analysis of these proteins together with studies of apoptosis mechanisms have outlined strategies for generation of new drugs, resulting in numerous novel chemical entities with mechanism-based activity. Many of the most logical targets for promoting apoptosis of malignant cells are technically challenging, involving often disruption of protein interactions or changes in gene expression, as opposed to traditional pharmaceutical approach that predominantly attacks enzymes. Understanding of the core components of the apoptotic machinery at the molecular and structural levels may lead to new era in cancer therapy where the intrinsic and acquired resistance of malignant cells to apoptosis can be pharmacologically reversed, reinstating natural pathways of cell suicide.
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Wojtalla A, Arcaro A. Targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80:278-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Singhal S, Miller D, Ramalingam S, Sun SY. Gene expression profiling of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2008; 60:313-24. [PMID: 18440087 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional genomics has emerged over the past 10 years as a novel technology to study genetic alterations. Gene expression arrays are one genomic technique employed to discover changes in the DNA expression that occur in neoplastic transformation. Microarrays have been applied to investigating lung cancer. Specific applications include discovering novel genetic changes that occur in lung tumors. Microarrays can also be applied to improve diagnosis, staging and discover prognostic markers. The eventual goal of this technology is to discover new markers for therapy and to customize therapy based on an individual tumor genetic composition. In this review, we present the current state of gene expression array technology in its application to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Singhal
- General Thoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365 Clifton Road, NE, Building A, Suite 2100, CT Section, Room A-2212, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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E12-01: NCI Director's challenge gene profiling of lung adenocarcinomas: impact on histologic classification. J Thorac Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jto.0000283030.74046.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Marinov M, Fischer B, Arcaro A. Targeting mTOR signaling in lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 63:172-82. [PMID: 17540577 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, with more than 1 million deaths per year. Over the past years, lung cancer treatment has been based on cytotoxic agents and an improvement in the outcome and quality of life for patients has been observed. However, it has become clear that additional therapeutic strategies are urgently required in order to provide an improved survival benefit for patients. Two major intracellular signaling pathways, the Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathways have been extensively studied in neoplasia, including lung cancer. Furthermore, the study of constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and their downstream signaling mediators has opened a promising new field of investigation for lung cancer treatment. Since both the Ras/Raf/Erk and the PI3K/Akt pathways are downstream of a plethora of activated RTKs, they have been extensively studied for the development of novel anti-tumor agents. Moreover, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been identified as a downstream target of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Rapamycin and its derivatives are highly selective and very potent inhibitors of mTOR and initial pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported encouraging results for different tumor types. Nevertheless for lung cancer, this approach has not been successful yet. Here we will review the molecular basis of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in lung cancer and further discuss the therapeutic potential of multi-targeted strategies involving mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Marinov
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Schniewind B, Heintz K, Kurdow R, Ammerpohl O, Trauzold A, Emme D, Dohrmann P, Kalthoff H. Combination phenylbutyrate/gemcitabine therapy effectively inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of NSCLC by intrinsic apoptotic pathways. J Carcinog 2006; 5:25. [PMID: 17123441 PMCID: PMC1665446 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Standard chemotherapy protocols in NSCLC are of limited clinical benefit. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors represent a new strategy in human cancer therapy. In this study the combination of the HDAC inhibitor phenylbutyrate (PB) and the nucleoside analogue gemcitabine (GEM) was evaluated and the mechanisms underlying increased cell death were analyzed. Methods Dose escalation studies evaluating the cytotoxicity of PB (0.01–100 mM), GEM (0.01–100 μg/ml) and a combination of the two were performed on two NSCLC cell lines (BEN and KNS62). Apoptotic cell death was quantified. The involvement of caspase-dependent cell death and MAP-kinase activation was analyzed. Additionally, mitochondrial damage was determined. In an orthotopic animal model the combined effect of PB and GEM on therapy was analyzed. Results Applied as a single drug both GEM and PB revealed limited potential to induce apoptosis in KNS62 and Ben cells. Combination therapy was 50–80% (p = 0.012) more effective than either agent alone. On the caspase level, combination therapy significantly increased cleavage of the pro-forms compared to single chemotherapy. The broad spectrum caspase-inhibitor zVAD was able to inhibit caspase cleavage completely, but reduced the frequency of apoptotic cells only by 30%. Combination therapy significantly increased changes in MTP and the release of cyto-c, AIF and Smac/Diabolo into the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the inhibitors of apoptosis c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 were downregulated and it was shown that in combination therapy JNK activation contributed significantly to induction of apoptosis. The size of the primary tumors growing orthotopically in SCID mice treated for 4 weeks with GEM and PB was significantly reduced (2.2–2.7 fold) compared to GEM therapy alone. The Ki-67 (KNS62: p = 0.015; Ben: p = 0.093) and topoisomerase IIα (KNS62: p = 0.008; Ben: p = 0.064) proliferation indices were clearly reduced in tumors treated by combination therapy, whereas the apoptotic index was comparably low in all groups. Conclusion Therapy combining GEM and the HDAC inhibitor PB initiates a spectrum of apoptosis-inducing mitochondrial and further JNK-dependent events, thereby overcoming the therapeutic resistance of NSCLC tumor cells. In vivo, the combination therapy substantially reduced tumor cell proliferation, suggesting that the well tolerated PB is a useful supplemental therapeutic agent in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Schniewind
- Hospital for General and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kirsten Heintz
- Molecular Oncology Section, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Roland Kurdow
- Hospital for General and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ole Ammerpohl
- Molecular Oncology Section, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Molecular Oncology Section, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Doris Emme
- Molecular Oncology Section, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Peter Dohrmann
- Hospital for General and Thoracic Surgery, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Molecular Oncology Section, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospitals, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str 7, Kiel, Germany
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Hayes DN, Monti S, Parmigiani G, Gilks CB, Naoki K, Bhattacharjee A, Socinski MA, Perou C, Meyerson M. Gene expression profiling reveals reproducible human lung adenocarcinoma subtypes in multiple independent patient cohorts. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:5079-90. [PMID: 17075127 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.05.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Published reports suggest that DNA microarrays identify clinically meaningful subtypes of lung adenocarcinomas not recognizable by other routine tests. This report is an investigation of the reproducibility of the reported tumor subtypes. METHODS Three independent cohorts of patients with lung cancer were evaluated using a variety of DNA microarray assays. Using the integrative correlations method, a subset of genes was selected, the reliability of which was acceptable across the different DNA microarray platforms. Tumor subtypes were selected using consensus clustering and genes distinguishing subtypes were identified using the weighted difference statistic. Gene lists were compared across cohorts using centroids and gene set enrichment analysis. RESULTS Cohorts of 31, 72, and 128 adenocarcinomas were generated for a total of 231 microarrays, each with 2,553 reliable genes. Three adenocarcinoma subtypes were identified in each cohort. These were named bronchioid, squamoid, and magnoid according to their respective correlations with gene expression patterns from histologically defined bronchioalveolar carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large-cell carcinoma. Tumor subtypes were distinguishable by many hundreds of genes, and lists generated in one cohort were predictive of tumor subtypes in the two other cohorts. Tumor subtypes correlated with clinically relevant covariates, including stage-specific survival and metastatic pattern. Most notably, bronchioid tumors were correlated with improved survival in early-stage disease, whereas squamoid tumors were associated with better survival in advanced disease. CONCLUSION DNA microarray analysis of lung adenocarcinomas identified reproducible tumor subtypes which differ significantly in clinically important behaviors such as stage-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Hayes
- University of North Carolina, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, CB #7295, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
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Boelens MC, van den Berg A, Vogelzang I, Wesseling J, Postma DS, Timens W, Groen HJM. Differential expression and distribution of epithelial adhesion molecules in non-small cell lung cancer and normal bronchus. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:608-14. [PMID: 16489176 PMCID: PMC1955047 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.031443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in epithelial cell interactions have been implicated in carcinogenesis, tumour invasion and metastasis. AIM To screen for altered expression of epithelial adhesion genes in lung cancer development. METHODS Gene expression profiles were assessed with cDNA expression arrays in eight non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and eight normal bronchi obtained from the same patient. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RNA in situ hybridisation (ISH) were used to confirm the most prominently expressed adhesion molecules and to investigate their distribution at protein and mRNA levels. RESULTS 43 differentially expressed cancer-related genes were identified in adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and normal bronchus. Five of these genes are related to epithelial adhesion-that is, integrin alpha3 (ITGA3), integrin beta4 (ITGB4), desmoplakin I and II (DSP), plakoglobin, and desmocollin 3 (DSC3). ITGA3 and ITGB4, showing predominantly cell-matrix staining, were up regulated in adenocarcinoma and SCC, respectively. ITGB4 also showed strong staining in SCC with IHC and ISH. Components of the desmosome adhesion complex DSP, plakoglobin and DSC3 were strongly up regulated in SCC and showed a distinct cell-cell staining pattern. DSP and plakoglobin were predominantly present at central, more differentiated tumour cells, whereas DSC3 showed a stronger staining in the peripheral basal cells of SCC tumour areas. CONCLUSIONS Lack of cellular adhesion may have an important role in the metastatic potency of a primary tumour. A possible association of strong presence and normal-distributed desmosomal molecules in SCC with the less frequent and late pattern of metastasis in SCC as compared with adenocarcinoma is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Boelens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Caputi M, Russo G, Esposito V, Mancini A, Giordano A. Role of cell-cycle regulators in lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2006; 205:319-27. [PMID: 15965963 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Histologically, 80% of lung cancers are classified as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the remaining 20% as small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Lung carcinoma is the result of molecular changes in the cell, resulting in the deregulation of pathways controlling normal cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review summarizes some of the most recent findings about the role of cell-cycle proteins in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caputi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Granville CA, Dennis PA. An Overview of Lung Cancer Genomics and Proteomics. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32:169-76. [PMID: 15713815 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.f290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the cause of nearly 170,000 cancer deaths in the United States each year, accounting for nearly 25% of all deaths from cancer. The 5-yr survival rate for lung cancer is < 15% from the time of diagnosis. This is largely due to the late stage of diagnosis and the lack of effective treatments, reflecting the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie lung carcinogenesis. Unlike the study of a single gene, protein, or pathway, genomic and proteomic technologies enable a systematic overview that provides the potential to improve our understanding of this disease. Ultimately, this could improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of patients with lung cancer. Here, we review studies that generated profiles of gene and protein expression in lung cancer specimens and relevant model systems, and make recommendations to facilitate the clinical application of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Granville
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Building 8, Room 5101, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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Haura EB, Cress WD, Chellappan S, Zheng Z, Bepler G. Antiapoptotic signaling pathways in non-small-cell lung cancer: biology and therapeutic strategies. Clin Lung Cancer 2004; 6:113-22. [PMID: 15476597 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2004.n.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of lung cancer is the deregulation of apoptotic or programmed cell death mechanisms usually found in normal cells that allow for corrupted cells to undergo cellular suicide. This includes mechanisms that attenuate proapoptotic pathways and/or amplify antiapoptotic pathways. Increasing evidence suggests that lung cancer cells use multiple and perhaps redundant pathways to maintain survival. Increasing knowledge of these pathways offers a better understanding of the biology of lung cancer as well as novel therapeutic strategies that can enhance lung cancer cell death. This review discusses the apoptotic machinery and signal transduction pathways that regulate apoptosis, methods of identifying the presence of activated survival signaling pathways in human lung cancers, and the clinical significance and relevance for therapy for patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B Haura
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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